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Corazza M, Catani M, Franchina FA, Cavazzini A, Bianchi A, Borghi A, Pacetti L, Schettini N. Allergic Contact Dermatitis to Petrolatum: A Timeless Problem. Dermatitis 2024. [PMID: 38447127 DOI: 10.1089/derm.2024.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
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De Luca C, Felletti S, Franchina FA, Bozza D, Compagnin G, Nosengo C, Pasti L, Cavazzini A, Catani M. Recent developments in the high-throughput separation of biologically active chiral compounds via high performance liquid chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 238:115794. [PMID: 37890321 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive compounds, including active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), are often chiral molecules where stereoisomers have different biological and therapeutic activity. Nevertheless, the preparation of these molecules can lead to racemic or scalemic mixtures (it is not trivial to produce just the optically pure compound). The evaluation of the enantiomeric purity of bioactive compounds, and therefore quality, is indeed of fundamental importance for regulatory scopes. Chiral high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is the gold standard technique to separate and to purify enantiomers. This comes from the wide availability of commercial chiral stationary phases (CSPs) and operational modes, which makes the technique extremely versatile. In recent years, the most relevant trend in the field of chiral analytical HPLC has been the development of CSPs suitable for fast or even ultrafast separations, thus favoring the high throughput screening of biologically active chiral compounds. This process has somehow lagged behind compared to achiral HPLC, due to a series of practical and fundamental issues. The experience has shown how in chiral chromatography even very basic concepts, such as the supposed kinetic superiority of core-shell (pellicular) particles over fully porous ones to improve the chromatographic efficiency, cannot be taken for granted. In this review, the most relevant fundamental and practical features that must be taken into consideration to design successful high-throughput, fast enantioseparations will be discussed. Afterwards, the main classes of CSPs and the most relevant, recent (last five-year) high-throughput applications in the field of the separation of chiral bioactive compounds (for pharmaceutical, forensic, food, and omics applications) will be considered.
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Felletti S, De Luca C, Mazzoccanti G, Gasparrini F, Manetto S, Franchina FA, Chenet T, Pasti L, Cavazzini A, Catani M. Understanding the Transition from High-Selective to High-Efficient Chiral Separations by Changing the Organic Modifier with Zwitterionic-Teicoplanin Chiral Stationary Phase. Anal Chem 2023. [PMID: 37294639 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The retention behavior of small molecules and N-protected amino acids on a zwitterionic teicoplanin chiral stationary phase (CSP), prepared on superficially porous particles (SPPs) of 2.0 μm particle diameter, has shown that efficiency and enantioselectivity, and so enantioresolution, dramatically change depending on the employed organic modifier. In particular, it was found that while methanol permits the boost of enantioselectivity and resolution of the amino acids, at the cost of efficiency, acetonitrile allows for the ability to reach extraordinary efficiency even at high flow rates (with reduced plate height <2 and up to 300,000 plates/m at the optimum flow rate). To understand these features, an approach based on the investigation of mass transfer through the CSP, the estimation of the binding constants of amino acids on the CSP, and the assessment of compositional properties of the interfacial region between bulk mobile phase and solid surface has been adopted.
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Zanella D, Henin A, Mascrez S, Stefanuto P, Franchina FA, Focant J, Purcaro G. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatographic platforms comparison for exhaled breath metabolites analysis. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:3542-3555. [PMID: 35853166 PMCID: PMC9804543 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The high potential of exhaled breath for disease diagnosis has been highlighted in numerous studies. However, exhaled breath analysis is suffering from a lack of standardized sampling and analysis procedures, impacting the robustness of inter-laboratory results, and thus hampering proper external validation. The aim of this work was to verify compliance and validate the performance of two different comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry platforms in different laboratories by monitoring probe metabolites in exhaled breath following the Peppermint Initiative guidelines. An initial assessment of the exhaled breath sampling conditions was performed, selecting the most suitable sampling bag material and volume. Then, a single sampling was performed using Tedlar bags, followed by the trapping of the volatile organic compounds into thermal desorption tubes for the subsequent analysis using two different analytical platforms. The thermal desorption tubes were first analyzed by a (cryogenically modulated) comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography system coupled to high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The desorption was performed in split mode and the split part was recollected in the same tube and further analyzed by a different (flow modulated) comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography system with a parallel detection, specifically using a quadrupole mass spectrometer and a vacuum ultraviolet detector. Both the comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography platforms enabled the longitudinal tracking of the peppermint oil metabolites in exhaled breath. The increased sensitivity of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography enabled to successfully monitor over a 6.5 h period a total of 10 target compounds, namely α-pinene, camphene, β-pinene, limonene, cymene, eucalyptol, menthofuran, menthone, isomenthone, and neomenthol.
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Henderson B, Ruszkiewicz DM, Wilkinson M, Beauchamp JD, Cristescu SM, Fowler SJ, Salman D, Francesco FD, Koppen G, Langejürgen J, Holz O, Hadjithekli A, Moreno S, Pedrotti M, Sinues P, Slingers G, Wilde M, Lomonaco T, Zanella D, Zenobi R, Focant JF, Grassin-Delyle S, Franchina FA, Malásková M, Stefanuto PH, Pugliese G, Mayhew C, Thomas CLP. A benchmarking protocol for breath analysis: the peppermint experiment. J Breath Res 2020; 14:046008. [PMID: 32604084 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/aba130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Sampling of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has shown promise for detection of a range of diseases but results have proved hard to replicate due to a lack of standardization. In this work we introduce the 'Peppermint Initiative'. The initiative seeks to disseminate a standardized experiment that allows comparison of breath sampling and data analysis methods. Further, it seeks to share a set of benchmark values for the measurement of VOCs in breath. Pilot data are presented to illustrate the standardized approach to the interpretation of results obtained from the Peppermint experiment. This pilot study was conducted to determine the washout profile of peppermint compounds in breath, identify appropriate sampling time points, and formalise the data analysis. Five and ten participants were recruited to undertake a standardized intervention by ingesting a peppermint oil capsule that engenders a predictable and controlled change in the VOC profile in exhaled breath. After collecting a pre-ingestion breath sample, five further samples are taken at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 h after ingestion. Samples were analysed using ion mobility spectrometry coupled to multi-capillary column and thermal desorption gas chromatography mass spectrometry. A regression analysis of the washout data was used to determine sampling times for the final peppermint protocol, and the time for the compound measurement to return to baseline levels was selected as a benchmark value. A measure of the quality of the data generated from a given technique is proposed by comparing data fidelity. This study protocol has been used for all subsequent measurements by the Peppermint Consortium (16 partners from seven countries). So far 1200 breath samples from 200 participants using a range of sampling and analytical techniques have been collected. The data from the consortium will be disseminated in subsequent technical notes focussing on results from individual platforms.
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Franchina FA, Zanella D, Lazzari E, Stefanuto P, Focant J. Front Cover: Investigating aroma diversity combining purge‐and‐trap, comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography, and mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202070091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Franchina FA, Zanella D, Lazzari E, Stefanuto P, Focant J. Investigating aroma diversity combining purge‐and‐trap, comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography, and mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2019; 43:1790-1799. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Franchina FA, Lazzari E, Scholl G, Focant JF. Assessment of a New GC-MS/MS System for the Confirmatory Measurement of PCDD/Fs and (N)DL-PCBs in Food under EU Regulation. Foods 2019; 8:foods8080302. [PMID: 31374850 PMCID: PMC6722952 DOI: 10.3390/foods8080302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychloro-dibenzofurans (PCDFs), dioxin-like (DL), and non dioxin-like (NDL) polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are currently regulated in food and feed within the European territory (EU 2017/644-771). The confirmatory methods of analysis for checking compliance with maximum levels (MLs) for these involve either the historically-established GC-magnetic sector high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS) and, more recently, GC-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry operating in tandem mode (GC-QQQMS/MS). In this study, the performance of a novel triple quadrupole GC-QQQMS/MS system equipped with a programable temperature vaporization (PTV) injector was evaluated for the analysis of regulated PCDD/Fs and PCBs in food and feed. The MS analyzer was equipped with a titanium ionization chamber and a new short collision cell capable to accumulate and eject ions by means of very narrow pulses that allow to minimize the noise and to adapt accumulation times for sensitive multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). The analytical capability of the system was confronted by the strict requirements (selectivity, reproducibility, linearity, quant/qual MRM transitions, accuracy, robustness) set by the EU Regulation for a range of standards, quality control (QC) and food/feed samples. In this respect, the approach showed high precision (1.9–15% relative standard deviation (RSD) at low pg/µL) and accuracy (>80%, except for one hexa-CDD). The quantitative results were also compared to the most used GC-HRMS. In this case, comparable results in terms of single congener concentration basis and total toxic equivalent (TEQ) basis for PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs were obtained for the QC samples analyzed.
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Rees CA, Franchina FA, Nordick KV, Kim PJ, Hill JE. Expanding the Klebsiella pneumoniae volatile metabolome using advanced analytical instrumentation for the detection of novel metabolites. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 122:785-795. [PMID: 27930839 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The purpose of this study was to identify the volatile molecules produced by the pathogenic Gram-negative bacterium Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 13883) during in vitro growth using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS). METHODS AND RESULTS Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883 was incubated in lysogeny broth to mid-exponential and stationary growth phases. Headspace volatile molecules from culture supernatants were concentrated using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and analysed via GC×GC-TOFMS. Ninety-two K. pneumoniae-associated volatile molecules were detected, of which 78 (85%) were detected at both phases of growth and 14 (15%) were detected at either mid-exponential or stationary growth phases. CONCLUSIONS This study has increased the total number of reported K. pneumoniae-associated volatile molecules from 77 to 150, demonstrating the sensitivity and resolution achieved by employing GC×GC-TOFMS for the analysis of bacterial headspace volatiles. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study represents an early-stage comprehensive volatile metabolomic analysis of an opportunistic bacterial pathogen. Characterizing the volatile molecules produced by K. pneumoniae during in vitro growth could provide us with a better understanding of this organisms' metabolism, an area that has not been extensively studied to date.
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Franchina FA, Machado ME, Tranchida PQ, Zini CA, Caramão EB, Mondello L. Determination of aromatic sulphur compounds in heavy gas oil by using (low-)flow modulated comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography–triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1387:86-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.01.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Tranchida PQ, Zoccali M, Franchina FA, Bonaccorsi I, Dugo P, Mondello L. Fast gas chromatography combined with a high-speed triple quadrupole mass spectrometer for the analysis of unknown and target citrus essential oil volatiles. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:511-6. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Tranchida PQ, Zoccali M, Franchina FA, Dugo P, Mondello L. Measurement of fundamental chromatography parameters in conventional and split-flow comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: A focus on the importance of second-dimension injection efficiency. J Sep Sci 2012; 36:212-8. [PMID: 23034883 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The present manuscript reports a comparative study between conventional and split-flow comprehensive GC×GC-MS. Conventional GC×GC-MS was performed by using a single GC oven, and with a widely employed apolar (30 m × 0.25 mm id)-polar (1 m × 0.10 mm id) column combination. Split-flow GC×GC-MS experiments were carried out by using the same first and second analytical columns, and by diverting part of the primary-capillary flow to waste, via a waste line. The latter was located at the conjunction point between the two dimensions. The measurement of fundamental gas chromatography parameters (efficiency, resolution), in both dimensions and under different experimental conditions, enabled the attainment of detailed information related to GC×GC-MS method optimization. Finally, the results derived from the present investigation highlight an important GC×GC issue, namely the efficiency of band reinjection onto the second-dimension capillary.
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Mondello L, Zoccali M, Purcaro G, Franchina FA, Sciarrone D, Moret S, Conte L, Tranchida PQ. Determination of saturated-hydrocarbon contamination in baby foods by using on-line liquid–gas chromatography and off-line liquid chromatography-comprehensive gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1259:221-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.03.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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