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Pierce DM, Buchanan FJT, Macrae FL, Mills JT, Cox A, Abualsaoud KM, Ward JC, Ariëns RAS, Harris M, Stonehouse NJ, Herod MR. Thrombin cleavage of the hepatitis E virus polyprotein at multiple conserved locations is required for genome replication. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011529. [PMID: 37478143 PMCID: PMC10395923 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The genomes of positive-sense RNA viruses encode polyproteins that are essential for mediating viral replication. These viral polyproteins must undergo proteolysis (also termed polyprotein processing) to generate functional protein units. This proteolysis can be performed by virally-encoded proteases as well as host cellular proteases, and is generally believed to be a key step in regulating viral replication. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a leading cause of acute viral hepatitis. The positive-sense RNA genome is translated to generate a polyprotein, termed pORF1, which is necessary and sufficient for viral genome replication. However, the mechanism of polyprotein processing in HEV remains to be determined. In this study, we aimed to understand processing of this polyprotein and its role in viral replication using a combination of in vitro translation experiments and HEV sub-genomic replicons. Our data suggest no evidence for a virally-encoded protease or auto-proteolytic activity, as in vitro translation predominantly generates unprocessed viral polyprotein precursors. However, seven cleavage sites within the polyprotein (suggested by bioinformatic analysis) are susceptible to the host cellular protease, thrombin. Using two sub-genomic replicon systems, we demonstrate that mutagenesis of these sites prevents replication, as does pharmacological inhibition of serine proteases including thrombin. Overall, our data supports a model where HEV uses host proteases to support replication and could have evolved to be independent of a virally-encoded protease for polyprotein processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Pierce
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Frazer J T Buchanan
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Fraser L Macrae
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Jake T Mills
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Abigail Cox
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Khadijah M Abualsaoud
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Department of Laboratory and Blood Bank, Al Mikhwah General Hospital, Al Mikhwah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Joseph C Ward
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A S Ariëns
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Harris
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola J Stonehouse
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Morgan R Herod
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Gauer JS, Duval C, Xu RG, Macrae FL, McPherson HR, Tiede C, Tomlinson D, Watson SP, Ariëns RAS. Fibrin-glycoprotein VI interaction increases platelet procoagulant activity and impacts clot structure. J Thromb Haemost 2023; 21:667-681. [PMID: 36696196 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2022.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The glycoprotein VI (GPVI) signaling pathway was previously reported to direct procoagulant platelet activity through collagen binding. However, the impact of GPVI-fibrin interaction on procoagulant platelet development and how it modulates the clot structure are unknown. OBJECTIVES To determine the effect of GPVI-fibrin interaction on the platelet phenotype and its impact on the clot structure. METHODS Procoagulant platelets in platelet-rich plasma clots were determined by scanning electron microscopy (wild-type and GPVI-deficient murine samples) and confocal microscopy. Procoagulant platelet number, clot density, clot porosity, and clot retraction were determined in platelet-rich plasma or whole blood clots of healthy volunteers in the presence of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (PRT-060318, ibrutinib, and dasatinib) and eptifibatide. RESULTS GPVI-deficient clots showed a higher nonprocoagulant vs procoagulant platelet ratio than wild-type clots. The fiber density and the procoagulant platelet number decreased in the presence of Affimer proteins, inhibiting GPVI-fibrin(ogen) interaction and the tyrosine kinase inhibitors. The effect of GPVI signaling inhibitors on the procoagulant platelet number was exacerbated by eptifibatide. The tyrosine kinase inhibitors led to an increase in clot porosity; however, no differences were observed in the final clot weight, following clot retraction with the tyrosine kinase inhibitors, except for ibrutinib. In the presence of eptifibatide, clot retraction was impaired. CONCLUSION Our findings showed that GPVI-fibrin interaction significantly contributes to the development of procoagulant platelets and that inhibition of GPVI signaling increases clot porosity. Clot contractibility was impaired by the integrin αIIbβ3 and Btk pathway inhibition. Thus, inhibition of GPVI-fibrin interactions can alleviate structural characteristics that contribute to a prothrombotic clot phenotype, having potential important implications for novel antithrombotic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia S Gauer
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Cédric Duval
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Rui-Gang Xu
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Fraser L Macrae
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Helen R McPherson
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Tiede
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Darren Tomlinson
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Steve P Watson
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A S Ariëns
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
Fibrinogen, one of the most abundant plasma proteins playing a key role in hemostasis, is an important modulator of wound healing and host defense against microbes. In the current review, we address the role of fibrin(ogen) throughout the process of wound healing and subsequent tissue repair. Initially fibrin(ogen) acts as a provisional matrix supporting incoming leukocytes and acting as reservoir for growth factors. It later goes on to support re-epithelialization, angiogenesis, and fibroplasia. Importantly, removal of fibrin(ogen) from the wound is essential for wound healing to progress. We also discuss how fibrin(ogen) functions through several mechanisms to protect the host against bacterial infection by providing a physical barrier, entrapment of bacteria in fibrin(ogen) networks, and by directing immune cell function. The central role of fibrin(ogen) in defense against bacterial infection has made it a target of bacterial proteins, evolved to interact with fibrin(ogen) to manipulate clot formation and degradation for the purpose of promoting microbial virulence and survival. Further understanding of the dual roles of fibrin(ogen) in wound healing and infection could provide novel means of therapy to improve recovery from surgical or chronic wounds and help to prevent infection from highly virulent bacterial strains, including those resistant to antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J Kearney
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A S Ariëns
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Fraser L Macrae
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Thrombosis is a major complication of cardiovascular disease, leading to myocardial infarction, acute ischemic stroke, or venous thromboembolism. Thrombosis occurs when a thrombus forms inside blood vessels disrupting blood flow. Developments in thrombectomy to remove thrombi from vessels have provided new opportunities to study thrombus composition which may help to understand mechanisms of disease and underpin improvements in treatments. We aimed to review thrombus compositions, roles of components in thrombus formation and stability, and methods to investigate thrombi. Also, we summarize studies on thrombus structure obtained from cardiovascular patients and animal models. Thrombi are composed of fibrin, red blood cells, platelets, leukocytes, and neutrophil extracellular traps. These components have been analyzed by several techniques, including scanning electron microscopy, laser scanning confocal microscopy, histochemistry, and immunohistochemistry; however, each technique has advantages and limitations. Thrombi are heterogenous in composition, but overall, thrombi obtained from myocardial infarction are composed of mainly fibrin and other components, including platelets, red blood cells, leukocytes, and cholesterol crystals. Thrombi from patients with acute ischemic stroke are characterized by red blood cell- and platelet-rich regions. Thrombi from patients with venous thromboembolism contain mainly red blood cells and fibrin with some platelets and leukocytes. Thrombus composition from patients with myocardial infarction is influenced by ischemic time. Animal thrombosis models are crucial to gain further mechanistic information about thrombosis and thrombus structure, with thrombi being similar in composition compared with those from patients. Further studies on thrombus composition and function are key to improve treatment and clinical outcome of thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghadir Alkarithi
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (G.A., C.D., Y.S., F.L.M., R.A.S.A.).,Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia (G.A.)
| | - Cédric Duval
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (G.A., C.D., Y.S., F.L.M., R.A.S.A.)
| | - Yu Shi
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (G.A., C.D., Y.S., F.L.M., R.A.S.A.)
| | - Fraser L Macrae
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (G.A., C.D., Y.S., F.L.M., R.A.S.A.)
| | - Robert A S Ariëns
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (G.A., C.D., Y.S., F.L.M., R.A.S.A.)
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Macrae FL, Peacock‐Young B, Bowman P, Baker SR, Quested S, Linton E, Hillmen P, Griffin M, Munir T, Payne D, McKinley C, Clarke D, Newton DJ, Hill A, Ariëns RAS. Patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria demonstrate a prothrombotic clotting phenotype which is improved by complement inhibition with eculizumab. Am J Hematol 2020; 95:944-952. [PMID: 32311169 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.25841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a rare hematological disorder, characterized by complement-mediated intravascular hemolysis and thrombosis. The increased incidence of PNH-driven thrombosis is still poorly understood, but unlike other thrombotic disorders, is thought to largely occur through complement-mediated mechanisms. Treatment with a C5 inhibitor, eculizumab, has been shown to significantly reduce the number of thromboembolic events in these patients. Based on previously described links between changes in fibrin clot structure and thrombosis in other disorders, our aim was to investigate clot structure as a possible mechanism of thrombosis in patients with PNH and the anti-thrombotic effects of eculizumab treatment on clot structure. Clot structure, fibrinogen levels and thrombin generation were examined in plasma samples from 82 patients from the National PNH Service in Leeds, UK. Untreated PNH patients were found to have increased levels of fibrinogen and thrombin generation, with subsequent prothrombotic changes in clot structure. No link was found between increasing disease severity and fibrinogen levels, thrombin generation, clot formation or structure. However, eculizumab treated patients showed decreased fibrinogen levels, thrombin generation and clot density, with increasing time spent on treatment augmenting these antithrombotic effects. These data suggest that PNH patients have a prothrombotic clot phenotype due to increased fibrinogen levels and thrombin generation, and that the antithrombotic effects of eculizumab are, in-part, due to reductions in fibrinogen and thrombin generation with downstream effects on clot structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraser L. Macrae
- Discovery and Translational Science DepartmentLeeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds Leeds UK
| | - Barnaby Peacock‐Young
- Discovery and Translational Science DepartmentLeeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds Leeds UK
| | - Polly Bowman
- Discovery and Translational Science DepartmentLeeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds Leeds UK
| | - Stephen R. Baker
- Discovery and Translational Science DepartmentLeeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds Leeds UK
- Department of PhysicsWake Forest University Winston Salem North Carolina USA
| | - Sam Quested
- Discovery and Translational Science DepartmentLeeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds Leeds UK
| | - Emma Linton
- Discovery and Translational Science DepartmentLeeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds Leeds UK
| | - Peter Hillmen
- Department of HaematologyLeeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust Leeds UK
| | - Morag Griffin
- Department of HaematologyLeeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust Leeds UK
| | - Talha Munir
- Department of HaematologyLeeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust Leeds UK
| | - Daniel Payne
- Department of HaematologyLeeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust Leeds UK
| | - Claire McKinley
- Division of Haematology and ImmunologyLeeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds Leeds UK
| | - Deborah Clarke
- Division of Haematology and ImmunologyLeeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds Leeds UK
| | - Darren J Newton
- Division of Haematology and ImmunologyLeeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds Leeds UK
| | - Anita Hill
- Department of HaematologyLeeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust Leeds UK
| | - Robert A. S. Ariëns
- Discovery and Translational Science DepartmentLeeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds Leeds UK
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Baker SR, Zabczyk M, Macrae FL, Duval C, Undas A, Ariëns RAS. Recurrent venous thromboembolism patients form clots with lower elastic modulus than those formed by patients with non-recurrent disease. J Thromb Haemost 2019; 17:618-626. [PMID: 30725502 PMCID: PMC6487944 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Essentials Venous thromboembolism (VTE) recurrence leads to decreased clot elastic modulus in plasma. Recurrent VTE is not linked to changes in clot structure, fiber radius, or factor XIII activity. Other plasma components may play a role in VTE recurrence. Prospective studies should resolve if clot stiffness can be used as predictor for recurrent VTE. SUMMARY: Background Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is associated with a high risk of recurrent events after withdrawal of anticoagulation. Objectives To determine the difference in plasma clot mechanical properties between patients with recurrent VTE (rVTE) and those with non-recurrent VTE (nrVTE). Methods We previously developed a system for determining clot mechanical properties by use of an in-house magnetic tweezers system. This system was used to determine the mechanical properties of clots made from plasma of 11 patients with rVTE and 33 with nrVTE. Plasma was mixed with micrometer-sized beads, and thrombin and calcium were added to induce clotting; the mixture was then placed in small capillary tubes, and clotting was allowed to proceed overnight. Bead displacements upon manipulation with magnetic forces were analyzed to determine clot elastic and viscous moduli. Fibrin clot structure was analyzed with turbidimetry and confocal microscopy. Factor XIII was measured by pentylamine incorporation into fibrin. Results Clots from rVTE patients showed nearly two-fold less elastic and less viscous moduli than clots from nrVTE patients, regardless of male sex, unprovoked events, family history of VTE, fibrinogen concentration, or body mass index. No differences were observed in clot structure, fibrinolysis rates, or FXIII levels. Conclusion Using magnetic tweezers for the first time in patient samples, we found that plasma clots from rVTE patients showed a reduced elastic modulus and a reduced viscous modulus as compared with clots from nrVTE patients. These data indicate a possible role for fibrin clot viscoelastic properties in determining VTE recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R. Baker
- Leeds Thrombosis CollectiveDepartment of Discovery and Translational ScienceLeeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic MedicineUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Michal Zabczyk
- Institute of CardiologyJagiellonian University Medical CollegeKrakowPoland
- John Paul II HospitalKrakowPoland
| | - Fraser L. Macrae
- Leeds Thrombosis CollectiveDepartment of Discovery and Translational ScienceLeeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic MedicineUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Cédric Duval
- Leeds Thrombosis CollectiveDepartment of Discovery and Translational ScienceLeeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic MedicineUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Anetta Undas
- Institute of CardiologyJagiellonian University Medical CollegeKrakowPoland
- John Paul II HospitalKrakowPoland
| | - Robert A. S. Ariëns
- Leeds Thrombosis CollectiveDepartment of Discovery and Translational ScienceLeeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic MedicineUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
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7
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Guedes AF, Carvalho FA, Domingues MM, Macrae FL, McPherson HR, Sabban A, Martins IC, Duval C, Santos NC, Ariëns RA. Impact of γ'γ' fibrinogen interaction with red blood cells on fibrin clots. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2018; 13:2491-2505. [PMID: 30311540 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM γ' fibrinogen has been associated with thrombosis. Here the interactions between γ'γ' or γAγA fibrinogen and red blood cells (RBCs), and their role on fibrin clot properties were studied. MATERIALS & METHODS Atomic Force microscopy (AFM)-based force spectroscopy, rheological, electron and confocal microscopy, and computational approaches were conducted for both fibrinogen variants. RESULTS & CONCLUSION AFM shows that the recombinant human (rh)γ'γ' fibrinogen increases the binding force and the frequency of the binding to RBCs compared with rhγAγA, promoting cell aggregation. Structural changes in rhγ'γ' fibrin clots, displaying a nonuniform fibrin network were shown by microscopy approaches. The presence of RBCs decreases the fibrinolysis rate and increases viscosity of rhγ'γ' fibrin clots. The full length of the γ' chain structure, revealed by computational analysis, occupies a much wider surface and is more flexible, allowing an increase of the binding between γ' fibers, and eventually with RBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Filipa Guedes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisbon, Portugal
- Thrombosis & Tissue Repair Group, Discovery & Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine & Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Centre, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Filomena A Carvalho
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marco M Domingues
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisbon, Portugal
- Thrombosis & Tissue Repair Group, Discovery & Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine & Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Centre, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Fraser L Macrae
- Thrombosis & Tissue Repair Group, Discovery & Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine & Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Centre, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Helen R McPherson
- Thrombosis & Tissue Repair Group, Discovery & Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine & Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Centre, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Aliaa Sabban
- Thrombosis & Tissue Repair Group, Discovery & Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine & Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Centre, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Ivo C Martins
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cédric Duval
- Thrombosis & Tissue Repair Group, Discovery & Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine & Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Centre, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Nuno C Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Robert As Ariëns
- Thrombosis & Tissue Repair Group, Discovery & Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine & Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Centre, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Macrae FL, Duval C, Papareddy P, Baker SR, Yuldasheva N, Kearney KJ, McPherson HR, Asquith N, Konings J, Casini A, Degen JL, Connell SD, Philippou H, Wolberg AS, Herwald H, Ariëns RA. A fibrin biofilm covers blood clots and protects from microbial invasion. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:3356-3368. [PMID: 29723163 PMCID: PMC6063501 DOI: 10.1172/jci98734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemostasis requires conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin fibers that generate a characteristic network, interact with blood cells, and initiate tissue repair. The fibrin network is porous and highly permeable, but the spatial arrangement of the external clot face is unknown. Here we show that fibrin transitioned to the blood-air interface through Langmuir film formation, producing a protective film confining clots in human and mouse models. We demonstrated that only fibrin is required for formation of the film, and that it occurred in vitro and in vivo. The fibrin film connected to the underlying clot network through tethering fibers. It was digested by plasmin, and formation of the film was prevented with surfactants. Functionally, the film retained blood cells and protected against penetration by bacterial pathogens in a murine model of dermal infection. Our data show a remarkable aspect of blood clotting in which fibrin forms a protective film covering the external surface of the clot, defending the organism against microbial invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraser L Macrae
- Thrombosis and Tissue Repair Group, Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Cédric Duval
- Thrombosis and Tissue Repair Group, Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Praveen Papareddy
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Stephen R Baker
- Thrombosis and Tissue Repair Group, Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Nadira Yuldasheva
- Thrombosis and Tissue Repair Group, Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine J Kearney
- Population and Clinical Sciences Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Helen R McPherson
- Thrombosis and Tissue Repair Group, Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan Asquith
- Thrombosis and Tissue Repair Group, Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Joke Konings
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, School of Medicine, and.,Synapse Research Institute, CARIM, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Alessandro Casini
- Division of Angiology and Haemostasis, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jay L Degen
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Simon D Connell
- Molecular and Nanoscale Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Philippou
- Thrombosis and Tissue Repair Group, Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Alisa S Wolberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Heiko Herwald
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Robert As Ariëns
- Thrombosis and Tissue Repair Group, Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, School of Medicine, and
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Carvalho FA, Guedes AF, Duval C, Macrae FL, Swithenbank L, Farrell DH, Ariëns RA, Santos NC. The 95RGD 97 sequence on the Aα chain of fibrinogen is essential for binding to its erythrocyte receptor. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:1985-1992. [PMID: 29662311 PMCID: PMC5892956 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s154523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Erythrocyte aggregation, a cardiovascular risk factor, is increased by high plasma fibrinogen levels. Here, the effect of different fibrinogen mutations on binding to its human erythrocyte receptor was assessed in order to identify the interaction sites. Methods Three fibrinogen variants were tested, specifically mutated in their putative integrin recognition sites on the Aα chain (mutants D97E, D574E and D97E/D574E) and compared with wild-type fibrinogen. Results Atomic force microscopy-based force spectroscopy measurements showed a significant decrease both on the fibrinogen-erythrocyte binding force and on its frequency for fibrinogen with the D97E mutation, indicating that the corresponding arginine-glycine-aspartate sequence (residues 95-97) is involved in this interaction, and supporting that the fibrinogen receptor on erythrocytes has a β3 subunit. Changes in the fibrin clot network structure obtained with the D97E mutant were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Conclusion These findings may lead to innovative perspectives on the development of new therapeutic approaches to overcome the risks of fibrinogen-driven erythrocyte hyperaggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filomena A Carvalho
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Filipa Guedes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cedric Duval
- Theme Thrombosis, Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute for Genetics, Health and Therapeutics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Fraser L Macrae
- Theme Thrombosis, Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute for Genetics, Health and Therapeutics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Luke Swithenbank
- Theme Thrombosis, Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute for Genetics, Health and Therapeutics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - David H Farrell
- Department of Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Robert As Ariëns
- Theme Thrombosis, Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute for Genetics, Health and Therapeutics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Nuno C Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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10
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Guedes AF, Carvalho FA, Domingues MM, Macrae FL, McPherson HR, Santos NC, Ariёns RAS. Sensing adhesion forces between erythrocytes and γ' fibrinogen, modulating fibrin clot architecture and function. Nanomedicine 2018; 14:909-918. [PMID: 29410160 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Plasma fibrinogen includes an alternatively spliced γ-chain variant (γ'), which mainly exists as a heterodimer (γAγ') and has been associated with thrombosis. We tested γAγ' fibrinogen-red blood cells (RBCs) interaction using atomic force microscopy-based force spectroscopy, magnetic tweezers, fibrin clot permeability, scanning electron microscopy and laser scanning confocal microscopy. Data reveal higher work necessary for RBC-RBC detachment in the presence of γAγ' rather than γAγA fibrinogen. γAγ' fibrinogen-RBCs interaction is followed by changes in fibrin network structure, which forms an heterogeneous clot structure with areas of denser and highly branched fibrin fibers. The presence of RBCs also increased the stiffness of γAγ' fibrin clots, which are less permeable and more resistant to lysis than γAγA clots. The modifications on clots promoted by RBCs-γAγ' fibrinogen interaction could alter the risk of thrombotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Filipa Guedes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Thrombosis and Tissue Repair Group, Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Filomena A Carvalho
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marco M Domingues
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Thrombosis and Tissue Repair Group, Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Fraser L Macrae
- Thrombosis and Tissue Repair Group, Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Helen R McPherson
- Thrombosis and Tissue Repair Group, Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Nuno C Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Robert A S Ariёns
- Thrombosis and Tissue Repair Group, Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.
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11
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Spronk HMH, Padro T, Siland JE, Prochaska JH, Winters J, van der Wal AC, Posthuma JJ, Lowe G, d'Alessandro E, Wenzel P, Coenen DM, Reitsma PH, Ruf W, van Gorp RH, Koenen RR, Vajen T, Alshaikh NA, Wolberg AS, Macrae FL, Asquith N, Heemskerk J, Heinzmann A, Moorlag M, Mackman N, van der Meijden P, Meijers JCM, Heestermans M, Renné T, Dólleman S, Chayouâ W, Ariëns RAS, Baaten CC, Nagy M, Kuliopulos A, Posma JJ, Harrison P, Vries MJ, Crijns HJGM, Dudink EAMP, Buller HR, Henskens YMC, Själander A, Zwaveling S, Erküner O, Eikelboom JW, Gulpen A, Peeters FECM, Douxfils J, Olie RH, Baglin T, Leader A, Schotten U, Scaf B, van Beusekom HMM, Mosnier LO, van der Vorm L, Declerck P, Visser M, Dippel DWJ, Strijbis VJ, Pertiwi K, Ten Cate-Hoek AJ, Ten Cate H. Atherothrombosis and Thromboembolism: Position Paper from the Second Maastricht Consensus Conference on Thrombosis. Thromb Haemost 2018; 118:229-250. [PMID: 29378352 DOI: 10.1160/th17-07-0492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Atherothrombosis is a leading cause of cardiovascular mortality and long-term morbidity. Platelets and coagulation proteases, interacting with circulating cells and in different vascular beds, modify several complex pathologies including atherosclerosis. In the second Maastricht Consensus Conference on Thrombosis, this theme was addressed by diverse scientists from bench to bedside. All presentations were discussed with audience members and the results of these discussions were incorporated in the final document that presents a state-of-the-art reflection of expert opinions and consensus recommendations regarding the following five topics: 1. Risk factors, biomarkers and plaque instability: In atherothrombosis research, more focus on the contribution of specific risk factors like ectopic fat needs to be considered; definitions of atherothrombosis are important distinguishing different phases of disease, including plaque (in)stability; proteomic and metabolomics data are to be added to genetic information. 2. Circulating cells including platelets and atherothrombosis: Mechanisms of leukocyte and macrophage plasticity, migration, and transformation in murine atherosclerosis need to be considered; disease mechanism-based biomarkers need to be identified; experimental systems are needed that incorporate whole-blood flow to understand how red blood cells influence thrombus formation and stability; knowledge on platelet heterogeneity and priming conditions needs to be translated toward the in vivo situation. 3. Coagulation proteases, fibrin(ogen) and thrombus formation: The role of factor (F) XI in thrombosis including the lower margins of this factor related to safe and effective antithrombotic therapy needs to be established; FXI is a key regulator in linking platelets, thrombin generation, and inflammatory mechanisms in a renin-angiotensin dependent manner; however, the impact on thrombin-dependent PAR signaling needs further study; the fundamental mechanisms in FXIII biology and biochemistry and its impact on thrombus biophysical characteristics need to be explored; the interactions of red cells and fibrin formation and its consequences for thrombus formation and lysis need to be addressed. Platelet-fibrin interactions are pivotal determinants of clot formation and stability with potential therapeutic consequences. 4. Preventive and acute treatment of atherothrombosis and arterial embolism; novel ways and tailoring? The role of protease-activated receptor (PAR)-4 vis à vis PAR-1 as target for antithrombotic therapy merits study; ongoing trials on platelet function test-based antiplatelet therapy adjustment support development of practically feasible tests; risk scores for patients with atrial fibrillation need refinement, taking new biomarkers including coagulation into account; risk scores that consider organ system differences in bleeding may have added value; all forms of oral anticoagulant treatment require better organization, including education and emergency access; laboratory testing still needs rapidly available sensitive tests with short turnaround time. 5. Pleiotropy of coagulation proteases, thrombus resolution and ischaemia-reperfusion: Biobanks specifically for thrombus storage and analysis are needed; further studies on novel modified activated protein C-based agents are required including its cytoprotective properties; new avenues for optimizing treatment of patients with ischaemic stroke are needed, also including novel agents that modify fibrinolytic activity (aimed at plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M H Spronk
- Laboratory for Clinical Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - T Padro
- Cardiovascular Research Center (ICCC), Hospital Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J E Siland
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J H Prochaska
- Center for Cardiology/Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis/DZHK, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - J Winters
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - A C van der Wal
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J J Posthuma
- Laboratory for Clinical Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - G Lowe
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - E d'Alessandro
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P Wenzel
- Department of Cardiology, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - D M Coenen
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - P H Reitsma
- Einthoven Laboratory, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - W Ruf
- Center for Cardiology/Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis/DZHK, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - R H van Gorp
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - R R Koenen
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - T Vajen
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - N A Alshaikh
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - A S Wolberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - F L Macrae
- Thrombosis and Tissue Repair Group, Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - N Asquith
- Thrombosis and Tissue Repair Group, Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - J Heemskerk
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - A Heinzmann
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - M Moorlag
- Synapse, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - N Mackman
- Department of Medicine, UNC McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - P van der Meijden
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - J C M Meijers
- Department of Plasma Proteins, Sanquin, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Heestermans
- Einthoven Laboratory, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - T Renné
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - S Dólleman
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - W Chayouâ
- Synapse, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - R A S Ariëns
- Thrombosis and Tissue Repair Group, Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - C C Baaten
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - M Nagy
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - A Kuliopulos
- Tufts University School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Biochemistry/Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - J J Posma
- Laboratory for Clinical Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - P Harrison
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - M J Vries
- Laboratory for Clinical Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - H J G M Crijns
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - E A M P Dudink
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - H R Buller
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Y M C Henskens
- Laboratory for Clinical Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - A Själander
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - S Zwaveling
- Laboratory for Clinical Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Synapse, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - O Erküner
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - J W Eikelboom
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - A Gulpen
- Laboratory for Clinical Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - F E C M Peeters
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - J Douxfils
- Department of Pharmacy, Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center, Faculty of Medicine, Namur University, Namur, Belgium
| | - R H Olie
- Laboratory for Clinical Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - T Baglin
- Department of Haematology, Addenbrookes Hospital Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - A Leader
- Laboratory for Clinical Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center, Institute of Hematology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - U Schotten
- Center for Cardiology/Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis/DZHK, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - B Scaf
- Laboratory for Clinical Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - H M M van Beusekom
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L O Mosnier
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | | | - P Declerck
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - D W J Dippel
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - K Pertiwi
- Department of Cardiovascular Pathology, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A J Ten Cate-Hoek
- Laboratory for Clinical Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - H Ten Cate
- Laboratory for Clinical Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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12
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Peacock-Young B, Macrae FL, Newton DJ, Hill A, Ariëns RAS. The prothrombotic state in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria: a multifaceted source. Haematologica 2017; 103:9-17. [PMID: 29246924 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2017.177618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria is a rare acquired hematologic disorder, the most serious complication of which is thrombosis. The increased incidence of thrombosis in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria is still poorly understood, but unlike many other thrombotic disorders, predominantly involves complement-mediated mechanisms. This review article discusses the different factors that contribute to the increased risk of thrombosis in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria leads to a complex and multifaceted prothrombotic state due to the pathological effects of platelet activation, intravascular hemolysis and neutrophil/monocyte activation. Platelet and endothelial microparticles as well as oxidative stress may play a role. Impaired fibrinolysis has also been observed and may be caused by several mechanisms involving interactions between complement activation, coagulation and fibrinolysis. While many factors may affect thrombosis in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, the relative contribution of each mechanism that has been implicated is difficult to quantify. Further studies, including novel in vivo and in vitro thrombosis models, are required in order to define the role of the individual mechanisms contributing to thrombosis, impaired fibrinolysis and clarify other complement-driven prothrombotic mechanisms in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barnaby Peacock-Young
- Thrombosis and Tissue Repair Group, Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Fraser L Macrae
- Thrombosis and Tissue Repair Group, Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Darren J Newton
- Section of Experimental Haematology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Anita Hill
- Department of Haematology, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Robert A S Ariëns
- Thrombosis and Tissue Repair Group, Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds, UK
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13
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Bridge KI, Bollen L, Zhong J, Hesketh M, Macrae FL, Johnson A, Philippou H, Scott DJ, Gils A, Ariёns RAS. Thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor in human abdominal aortic aneurysm disease. J Thromb Haemost 2017; 15:2218-2225. [PMID: 28834317 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Essentials Patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) develop dense clots that are resistant to lysis. This study explores the role of thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) in human AAA. There is evidence of chronically increased TAFI activation in patients with AAA. TAFI may represent a pharmacological target for cardiovascular risk reduction in AAA. SUMMARY Background Intra-luminal thrombosis is a key factor in growth of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). Patients with AAA form dense clots that are resistant to fibrinolysis. Thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) has been shown to influence AAA development in murine models. Objective The aim of this study is to characterize the role of TAFI in human AAA. Methods Plasma levels of TAFI, TAFI activation peptide (TAFI-AP), activated/inactivated TAFI (TAFIa/ai) and plasmin-α2-antiplasmin complex were measured by ELISAs in patients with AAA (n = 202) and controls (n = 188). Results TAFIa/ai and TAFI-AP levels were higher in patients than controls (median [IQR], 20.3 [14.6-32.8] ng mL-1 vs. 14.2 [11.2-19.3] ng mL-1 and 355.0 [232.4-528.1] ng mL-1 vs. 248.6 [197.1-328.1] ng mL-1 ). TAFIa/ai was positively correlated with TAFI-AP (r = 0.164). Intact TAFI levels were not different between patients and controls (13.4 [11.2-16.1] μg mL-1 vs. 12.8 [10.6-15.4] μg mL-1 ). Plasmin-α2-antiplasmin was higher in AAA patients than controls (690.0 [489.1-924.3] ng mL-1 vs. 480.7 [392.6-555.3] ng mL-1 ). Conclusions The increase in TAFIa/ai and TAFI-AP suggests an increased TAFI activation in patients with AAA. Prospective studies are required to further elucidate the role of TAFI and fibrinolysis in AAA pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K I Bridge
- Thrombosis and Tissue Repair Group, Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - L Bollen
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Laboratory for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Antibodies, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Zhong
- Department of Radiology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK
| | - M Hesketh
- Thrombosis and Tissue Repair Group, Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - F L Macrae
- Thrombosis and Tissue Repair Group, Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - A Johnson
- Thrombosis and Tissue Repair Group, Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- The Leeds Vascular Institute, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK
| | - H Philippou
- Thrombosis and Tissue Repair Group, Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - D J Scott
- Thrombosis and Tissue Repair Group, Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- The Leeds Vascular Institute, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK
| | - A Gils
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Laboratory for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Antibodies, Leuven, Belgium
| | - R A S Ariёns
- Thrombosis and Tissue Repair Group, Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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14
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Scipione CA, McAiney JT, Simard DJ, Bazzi ZA, Gemin M, Romagnuolo R, Macrae FL, Ariëns RA, Hegele RA, Auld J, Gauld JW, Boffa MB, Koschinsky ML. Characterization of the I4399M variant of apolipoprotein(a): implications for altered prothrombotic properties of lipoprotein(a). J Thromb Haemost 2017; 15:1834-1844. [PMID: 28632940 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Essentials Elevated lipoproteinp(a) is an independent and causal risk factor for atherothrombotic diseases. rs3798220 (Ile/Met substitution in apo(a) protease-like domain) is associated with disease risk. Recombinant I4399M apo(a) altered clot structure to accelerate coagulation/delay fibrinolysis. Evidence was found for increased solvent exposure and oxidation of Met residue. SUMMARY Background Lipoprotein(a) (Lp[a]) is a causal risk factor for a variety of cardiovascular diseases. Apolipoprotein(a) (apo[a]), the distinguishing component of Lp(a), is homologous with plasminogen, suggesting that Lp(a) can interfere with the normal fibrinolytic functions of plasminogen. This has implications for the persistence of fibrin clots in the vasculature and hence for atherothrombotic diseases. A single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (rs3798220) in the gene encoding apo(a) has been reported that results in an Ile→Met substitution in the protease-like domain (I4399M variant). In population studies, the I4399M variant has been correlated with elevated plasma Lp(a) levels and higher coronary heart disease risk, and carriers of the SNP had increased cardiovascular benefit from aspirin therapy. In vitro studies suggested an antifibrinolytic role for Lp(a) containing this variant. Objectives We performed a series of experiments to assess the effect of the Ile→Met substitution on fibrin clot formation and lysis, and on the architecture of the clots. Results We found that the Met variant decreased coagulation time and increased fibrin clot lysis time as compared with wild-type apo(a). Furthermore, we observed that the presence of the Met variant significantly increased fibrin fiber width in plasma clots formed ex vivo, while having no effect on fiber density. Mass spectrometry analysis of a recombinant apo(a) species containing the Met variant revealed sulfoxide modification of the Met residue. Conclusions Our data suggest that the I4399M variant differs structurally from wild-type apo(a), which may underlie key differences related to its effects on fibrin clot architecture and fibrinolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Scipione
- Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - J T McAiney
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - D J Simard
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Z A Bazzi
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - M Gemin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - R Romagnuolo
- University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - F L Macrae
- Thrombosis and Tissue Repair Group, Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - R A Ariëns
- Thrombosis and Tissue Repair Group, Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - R A Hegele
- Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Auld
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - J W Gauld
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - M B Boffa
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - M L Koschinsky
- Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Abstract
Fibrinogen γ' is a splice variant of the fibrinogen γ-chain, which leads to a negatively charged extension at the C-terminus of the γ-chain. In fibrinogen, the splice variant appears mainly as a heterodimer with the common γA chain, as γA/γ' fibrinogen. This variant has been shown to modulate thrombin and factor XIII (FXIII) activity, influence clot architecture, and lack a platelet-binding site. Clinically γA/γ' fibrinogen levels have been associated with arterial and venous thromboses, indicating that the functional effects of γA/γ' fibrinogen may contribute to the pathology of thrombosis. In view of the fact that the splice variant has several functional effects and is found so far in all individuals, this review provides an up-to-date summary of the key biologic aspects of this fibrinogen variant and discusses any inconsistencies in current reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraser L Macrae
- Thrombosis and Tissue Repair Group, Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Marco M Domingues
- Thrombosis and Tissue Repair Group, Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandro Casini
- Thrombosis and Tissue Repair Group, Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A S Ariëns
- Thrombosis and Tissue Repair Group, Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Macrae FL, Evans HL, Bridge KI, Johnson A, Scott DJA, Ariëns RAS. Common FXIII and fibrinogen polymorphisms in abdominal aortic aneurysms. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112407. [PMID: 25384012 PMCID: PMC4226572 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) are characterized by a progressive dilatation of the abdominal aorta, and are associated with a high risk of rupture once the dilatation exceeds 55 mm in diameter. A large proportion of AAA develops an intraluminal thrombus, which contributes to hypoxia, inflammation and tissue degradation. We have previously shown that patients with AAA produce clots with altered structure which is more resistant to fibrinolysis. The aim of this study was to investigate genetic polymorphisms of FXIII and fibrinogen in AAA to identify how changes to these proteins may play a role in the development of AAA. Methods Subjects of Western/European descent, ≥55 years of age (520 AAA patients and 449 controls) were genotyped for five polymorphisms (FXIII-A Val34Leu, FXIII-B His95Arg, FXIII-B Splice Variant (intron K nt29576C-G), Fib-A Thr312Ala and Fib-B Arg448Lys) by RT-PCR. Data were analysed by χ2 test and CubeX. Results The FXIII-B Arg95 allele associated with AAA (Relative risk - 1.240, CI 1.093–1.407, P = 0.006). There was no association between FXIII-A Val34Leu, FXIII-B Splice Variant, Fib-A Thr312Ala or Fib-B Arg448Lys and AAA. FXIII-B His95Arg and FXIII-B Splice variant (intron K nt29576C-G) were in negative linkage disequilibrium (D’ = −0.609, p = 0.011). Discussion The FXIII-B Arg95 variant is associated with an increased risk of AAA. These data suggest a possible role for FXIII in AAA pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraser L Macrae
- Theme Thrombosis, Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Lee Evans
- Theme Thrombosis, Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine I Bridge
- Theme Thrombosis, Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; Leeds Vascular Institute, The General Infirmary at Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Johnson
- Theme Thrombosis, Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; Leeds Vascular Institute, The General Infirmary at Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - D Julian A Scott
- Theme Thrombosis, Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; Leeds Vascular Institute, The General Infirmary at Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A S Ariëns
- Theme Thrombosis, Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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