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A PAK family kinase and the Hippo/Yorkie pathway modulate WNT signaling to functionally integrate body axes during regeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2321919121. [PMID: 38713625 PMCID: PMC11098123 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2321919121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Successful regeneration of missing tissues requires seamless integration of positional information along the body axes. Planarians, which regenerate from almost any injury, use conserved, developmentally important signaling pathways to pattern the body axes. However, the molecular mechanisms which facilitate cross talk between these signaling pathways to integrate positional information remain poorly understood. Here, we report a p21-activated kinase (smed-pak1) which functionally integrates the anterior-posterior (AP) and the medio-lateral (ML) axes. pak1 inhibits WNT/β-catenin signaling along the AP axis and, functions synergistically with the β-catenin-independent WNT signaling of the ML axis. Furthermore, this functional integration is dependent on warts and merlin-the components of the Hippo/Yorkie (YKI) pathway. Hippo/YKI pathway is a critical regulator of body size in flies and mice, but our data suggest the pathway regulates body axes patterning in planarians. Our study provides a signaling network integrating positional information which can mediate coordinated growth and patterning during planarian regeneration.
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Hox genes regulate asexual reproductive behavior and tissue segmentation in adult animals. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6706. [PMID: 34795249 PMCID: PMC8602322 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26986-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hox genes are highly conserved transcription factors renowned for their roles in the segmental patterning of the embryonic anterior-posterior (A/P) axis. We report functions for Hox genes in A/P tissue segmentation and transverse fission behavior underlying asexual reproduction in adult planarian flatworms, Schmidtea mediterranea. Silencing of each of the Hox family members identifies 5 Hox genes required for asexual reproduction. Among these, silencing of hox3 genes results in supernumerary fission segments, while silencing of post2b eliminates segmentation altogether. The opposing roles of hox3 and post2b in segmentation are paralleled in their respective regulation of fission behavior. Silencing of hox3 increases the frequency of fission behavior initiation while silencing of post2b eliminates fission behavior entirely. Furthermore, we identify a network of downstream effector genes mediating Hox gene functions, providing insight into their respective mechanisms of action. In particular, we resolve roles for post2b and effector genes in the functions of the marginal adhesive organ in fission behavior regulation. Collectively, our study establishes adult stage roles for Hox genes in the regulation of tissue segmentation and behavior associated with asexual reproduction.
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Identification of rare, transient post-mitotic cell states that are induced by injury and required for whole-body regeneration in Schmidtea mediterranea. Nat Cell Biol 2021; 23:939-952. [PMID: 34475533 PMCID: PMC8855990 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-021-00734-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Regeneration requires the coordination of stem cells, their progeny and distant differentiated tissues. Here, we present a comprehensive atlas of whole-body regeneration in Schmidtea mediterranea and identify wound-induced cell states. An analysis of 299,998 single-cell transcriptomes captured from regeneration-competent and regeneration-incompetent fragments identified transient regeneration-activated cell states (TRACS) in the muscle, epidermis and intestine. TRACS were independent of stem cell division with distinct spatiotemporal distributions, and RNAi depletion of TRACS-enriched genes produced regeneration defects. Muscle expression of notum, follistatin, evi/wls, glypican-1 and junctophilin-1 was required for tissue polarity. Epidermal expression of agat-1/2/3, cyp3142a1, zfhx3 and atp1a1 was important for stem cell proliferation. Finally, expression of spectrinβ and atp12a in intestinal basal cells, and lrrk2, cathepsinB, myosin1e, polybromo-1 and talin-1 in intestinal enterocytes regulated stem cell proliferation and tissue remodelling, respectively. Our results identify cell types and molecules that are important for regeneration, indicating that regenerative ability can emerge from coordinated transcriptional plasticity across all three germ layers.
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Decellularization Enables Characterization and Functional Analysis of Extracellular Matrix in Planarian Regeneration. Mol Cell Proteomics 2021; 20:100137. [PMID: 34416386 PMCID: PMC8503668 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2021.100137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a three-dimensional network of macromolecules that provides a microenvironment capable of supporting and regulating cell functions. However, only a few research organisms are available for the systematic dissection of the composition and functions of the ECM, particularly during regeneration. We utilized the free-living flatworm Schmidtea mediterranea to develop an integrative approach consisting of decellularization, proteomics, and RNAi to characterize and investigate ECM functions during tissue homeostasis and regeneration. ECM-enriched samples were isolated from planarians, and their proteomes were characterized by LC-MS/MS. The functions of identified ECM components were interrogated using RNA interference. Using this approach, we found that heparan sulfate proteoglycan is essential for tissue regeneration. Our strategy provides an experimental approach for identifying both known and novel ECM components involved in regeneration.
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Deactivation of the GATA Transcription Factor ELT-2 Is a Major Driver of Normal Aging in C. elegans. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1005956. [PMID: 27070429 PMCID: PMC4829211 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To understand the molecular processes underlying aging, we screened modENCODE ChIP-seq data to identify transcription factors that bind to age-regulated genes in C. elegans. The most significant hit was the GATA transcription factor encoded by elt-2, which is responsible for inducing expression of intestinal genes during embryogenesis. Expression of ELT-2 decreases during aging, beginning in middle age. We identified genes regulated by ELT-2 in the intestine during embryogenesis, and then showed that these developmental genes markedly decrease in expression as worms grow old. Overexpression of elt-2 extends lifespan and slows the rate of gene expression changes that occur during normal aging. Thus, our results identify the developmental regulator ELT-2 as a major driver of normal aging in C. elegans.
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Systematic identification of balanced transposition polymorphisms in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PLoS Genet 2009; 5:e1000502. [PMID: 19503594 PMCID: PMC2682701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2008] [Accepted: 05/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
High-throughput techniques for detecting DNA polymorphisms generally do not identify changes in which the genomic position of a sequence, but not its copy number, varies among individuals. To explore such balanced structural polymorphisms, we used array-based Comparative Genomic Hybridization (aCGH) to conduct a genome-wide screen for single-copy genomic segments that occupy different genomic positions in the standard laboratory strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S90) and a polymorphic wild isolate (Y101) through analysis of six tetrads from a cross of these two strains. Paired-end high-throughput sequencing of Y101 validated four of the predicted rearrangements. The transposed segments contained one to four annotated genes each, yet crosses between S90 and Y101 yielded mostly viable tetrads. The longest segment comprised 13.5 kb near the telomere of chromosome XV in the S288C reference strain and Southern blotting confirmed its predicted location on chromosome IX in Y101. Interestingly, inter-locus crossover events between copies of this segment occurred at a detectable rate. The presence of low-copy repetitive sequences at the junctions of this segment suggests that it may have arisen through ectopic recombination. Our methodology and findings provide a starting point for exploring the origins, phenotypic consequences, and evolutionary fate of this largely unexplored form of genomic polymorphism. Balanced structural polymorphisms are differences in the relative arrangement of genomic features within species that do not affect DNA copy number. Little is known about their prevalence or importance because they are difficult to observe. Here, we present a novel methodology for systematically identifying such polymorphisms based on the idea that single-copy DNA that occupies different genomic locations in two parents will segregate independently during meiosis and will therefore reveal itself as a copy number difference among a fraction of progeny. Comparative hybridization reveals multiple balanced structural polymorphisms that involve changes to gene order in two strains of yeast; the results are independently validated using paired-end whole genome shotgun sequencing. The longest transposed segment we identify comprises 13.5 kb near the telomere of chromosome XV in the S288C reference strain and contains several annotated genes. We map the location of this polymorphism in the non-reference strain using genome-wide genotypic data, which also reveals an appreciable frequency of ectopic recombination among transposed segment pairs. The breakpoints of the remaining polymorphisms are localized by the paired-end sequence data. Our work provides proof-of-principle for a very general approach to systematically identify all balanced genomic polymorphisms in two different genotypes and is a starting point for understanding the frequency, evolutionary origins, and functional consequences of this seldom-studied class of genomic structural variation in eukaryotes.
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Further studies in the chemistry of 2,3-dihydro-1,2,3-triphenyl-1H-1,2,3-benzotriphosphole and related compounds. Part II. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1972. [DOI: 10.1039/p19720002548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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Further studies in the chemistry of 2,3-dihydro-1,2,3-triphenyl-1H-1,2,3-benzotriphosphole and related compounds. Part I. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1972. [DOI: 10.1039/p19720001631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Four- and five-co-ordinate complexes of heterocyclic tertiary phosphines with nickel(II), palladium(II), and platinum(II) dihalides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1971. [DOI: 10.1039/j39710003937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Co-ordination of NNN′N′-tetramethylethylenediamine and 1,4-dimethylpiperazine with certain transition metals. The identity of the supposed iridium derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1970. [DOI: 10.1039/j19700000999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Preparation, reactions, and structure of 5,10-epoxy-, 5,10-epithio-, 5,10-episeleno-, and 5,10-epitelluro-5,10-dihydroarsanthren. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1970. [DOI: 10.1039/j39700000810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Correlation of spectroscopic properties and crystal structure of two closely related five-co-ordinate complexes of nickel(II) cyanide with monodentate heterocyclic phosphine ligands. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1969. [DOI: 10.1039/c29690001004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Preparation and properties of nickel(II) and palladium(II) complexes of 2,2′-biphenylylenebisdiethylphosphine. Spectroscopic, magnetic, and proton magnetic resonance studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1969. [DOI: 10.1039/j19690001097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Five-co-ordinate complexes of 9-substituted 9-phosphafluorenes with certain Group VIII transition-metal halides and cyanides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1969. [DOI: 10.1039/j19690001101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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761. The dealkylation of alkyl aryl ethers and sulphides by diaryl-phosphide and -arsenide ions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1965. [DOI: 10.1039/jr9650004120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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1179. Cyclic diarsines. Part IX. O -terphenyl derivatives containing nine-, ten-, eleven-, and twelve-membered diarsine ring systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1965. [DOI: 10.1039/jr9650006342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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760. The mechanism of methyl group migration from oxygen to phosphorus in m-methoxyphenylphenylphosphine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1965. [DOI: 10.1039/jr9650004115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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20
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353. The constitution of complex metallic salts. Part XXI. The copper(I), silver(I), and gold(I) derivatives of 2-phenylisophosphindoline. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1964. [DOI: 10.1039/jr9640001819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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351. The constitution of complex metallic salts. Part XIX. The 2-phenylisophosphindoline derivatives of platinum (II), palladium (II), and nickel(II). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1964. [DOI: 10.1039/jr9640001803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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726. The synthesis and stereochemistry of 5,10-disubstituted 5,10-dihydrophosphanthrens and their derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1964. [DOI: 10.1039/jr9640003770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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1175. The mechanism of the reduction of diphenylphosphinic acid and its ethyl ester by lithium aluminium hydride. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1964. [DOI: 10.1039/jr9640006121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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414. Triethylenediamine (1,4-diazabicyclo[2,2,2]octane) and hexaethylenetetramine. Part IV. The interaction of triethylenediamine and dibromomethane, 1,2-dibromoethane, and 1,3-dibromopropane. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1964. [DOI: 10.1039/jr9640002248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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352. The constitution of complex metallic salts. Part XX. The co-ordinated derivatives of 2-phenylisophosphindoline with cobalt, rhodium, and iridium halides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1964. [DOI: 10.1039/jr9640001815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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728. The constitution of complex metallic salts. Part XXII. The stereochemistry of four-co-ordinated gold(I) salts and some related gold(III) salts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1964. [DOI: 10.1039/jr9640003791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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28
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29
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213. The abnormal hydrolysis of certain β-diarylphosphinopropionic esters. Part II. Correction and extension. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1963. [DOI: 10.1039/jr9630001155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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844. The structure and properties of certain polycyclic indole- and quinolino-derivatives. Part XIV. Derivatives of 2,3-dihydro-1-oxo-1H-pyrrolizine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1962. [DOI: 10.1039/jr9620004346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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31
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985. The structure and properties of certain polycyclic indolo- and quinolino-derivatives. Part XV. Derivatives of 1-phenyl-4-piperidone and its phosphorus and arsenic analogues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1962. [DOI: 10.1039/jr9620005110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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177. The synthesis and reactions of certain 6-substituted benzimidazo[1,2-c]quinazolines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1962. [DOI: 10.1039/jr9620000945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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33
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1074. The abnormal hydrolysis of certain β-(diarylphosphino)-propionic esters. Part I. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1961. [DOI: 10.1039/jr9610005454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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34
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178. Infrared spectra and hydrogen bonding in compounds containing X(:O).OH groups. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1959. [DOI: 10.1039/jr9590000868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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35
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121. Cyclic keto-amines. Part IV. The synthesis and reactions of 1 : 2 : 3 : 4-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4-oxoisoquinoline. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1959. [DOI: 10.1039/jr9590000599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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773. The structure and properties of certain polycyclic indolo- and quinolino-derivatives. Part XIII. The cyclisation of certain 4-pyridyl- and 4-quinolyl-hydrazones. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1959. [DOI: 10.1039/jr9590003830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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37
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38
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682. The structure and properties of certain polycyclic indolo- and quinolino-derivatives. Part X. Some applications of the Friedländer reaction, and further studies of the quinolino-bases prepared from cyclic keto-amines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1958. [DOI: 10.1039/jr9580003368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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39
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40
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41
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683. The structure and properties of certain polycyclic indolo- and quinolino-derivatives. Part XI. Derivatives of 4 : 5: 6: 7-tetrahydro-1-methyl-4-oxo-2 : 3-benzazepine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1958. [DOI: 10.1039/jr9580003377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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42
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83. Cyclic keto-amines. Part III. The reactions of substituted 1 : 2 : 3 : 4-tetrahydro-4-oxoquinolines and of 1 : 6-dioxojulolidines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1958. [DOI: 10.1039/jr9580000467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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43
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565. The constitution of complex metallic salts. Part XVIII. The chelated metallic derivatives of NNN′N′-tetramethylethylene-diamine and of 1 : 4-dimethylpiperazine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1958. [DOI: 10.1039/jr9580002772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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44
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45
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781. Cyclic diarsines. Part V. Diphenyl derivatives containing seven-, eight-, nine-, and ten-membered diarsine ring systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1958. [DOI: 10.1039/jr9580003838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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46
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566. An infrared absorption band of the N-methyl group in the region of 2800 cm.–1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1958. [DOI: 10.1039/jr9580002780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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47
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305. The synthesis of indolo(2′ : 3′-1 : 2)- and indolo(3′ : 2′-1 : 2)-carbazole. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1958. [DOI: 10.1039/jr9580001525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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48
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838. Seven-membered heterocyclic systems. Part I. The attempted Friedel–Crafts cyclisation of γ-arylsulphonamidobutyric acids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1957. [DOI: 10.1039/jr9570004174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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49
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50
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666. The synthesis and properties of substituted 1 : 2 : 3 : 4-tetrahydro-4-oxoarsinolines and of 1 : 6-dioxoarsulolidines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1957. [DOI: 10.1039/jr9570003336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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