New genomic insights into the conformation of Lipizzan horses

Conformation traits are important selection criteria in equine breeding, as they describe the exterior aspects of the horse (height, joint angles, shape). However, the genetic architecture of conformation is not well understood, as data of these traits mainly consist of subjective evaluation scores. Here, we performed genome-wide association studies on two-dimensional shape data of Lipizzan horses. Based on this data, we identified significant quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with cresty neck on equine chromosome (ECA)16 within the MAGI1 gene, and with type, hereby differentiating heavy from light horses on ECA5 within the POU2F1 gene. Both genes were previously described to affect growth, muscling and fatty deposits in sheep, cattle and pigs. Furthermore, we pin-pointed another suggestive QTL on ECA21, near the PTGER4 gene, associated with human ankylosing spondylitis, for shape differences in the back and pelvis (roach back vs sway back). Further differences in the shape of the back and abdomen were suggestively associated with the RYR1 gene, involved in core muscle weakness in humans. Therefore, we demonstrated that horse shape space data enhance the genomic investigations of horse conformation.

Genome-wide SNP analysis clearly distinguished the Belarusian Red cattle from other European cattle breeds

Local breeds can serve as an important source of genetic variability in domestic animal species. This study aimed to assess the genetic diversity and population structure of Belarusian Red cattle and their differentiation from other European cattle populations based on genome-wide SNP genotypes. Twenty pedigree-recorded non-closely related cows of Belarusian Red cattle were genotyped using the Illumina BovineHD BeadChip. Genotypes of 22 other European cattle breeds were included in the study for comparison. A total of 28 562 SNPs passed through the quality control checks and were selected for analysis. The Belarusian Red cattle displayed a moderate level of genetic variability (_U H_E  = 0.341, H_O  = 0.368), and the highest heterozygote excess (_U F_IS  = -0.066), among the studied breeds; this reflects the contribution of multiple breeds to their formation. The principal component analysis, F_ST -based Neighbor-Net tree and Admixture clustering, clearly distinguished the Belarusian Red cattle from the other European cattle breeds. Moreover, the presence of ancestral genomic components of Danish Red and Brown Swiss breeds were clearly visible, which agrees with the breed's history and its recent development. Our study highlights the importance of maintaining the specific genomic components, which makes a significant contribution to the global genetic diversity in the modern population of Belarusian Red cattle, allowing us to consider them a valuable national genetic resource. Our research results will be useful for the development of conservation programs for this local cattle breed.

Production of a Cloned Offspring and CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing of Embryonic Fibroblasts in Cattle

Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) technique was used to produce the first viable cloned cattle offspring in Russia. Whole-genome SNP genotyping confirmed that the cloned calf was identical to the fibroblast cell line that was used for SCNT. CRISPR/Cas9 approach was subsequently used to knock out genes for beta-lactoglobulin gene (PAEP) and the beta-lactoglobulin-like protein gene (LOC100848610) in the fibroblast cells. Gene editing (GE) efficiency was 4.4% for each of these genes. We successfully obtained single-cell-derived fibroblast colonies containing PAEP and LOC100848610 knockouts, which will be used to produce beta-lactoglobulin-deficient cattle.

Analysis of ROH patterns in the Noriker horse breed reveals signatures of selection for coat color and body size

Overlapping runs of homozygosity (ROH islands) shared by the majority of a population are hypothesized to be the result of selection around a target locus. In this study we investigated the impact of selection for coat color within the Noriker horse on autozygosity and ROH patterns. We analyzed overlapping homozygous regions (ROH islands) for gene content in fragments shared by more than 50% of horses. Long‐term assortative mating of chestnut horses and the small effective population size of leopard spotted and tobiano horses resulted in higher mean genome‐wide ROH coverage (S_ROH) within the range of 237.4–284.2 Mb, whereas for bay, black and roan horses, where rotation mating is commonly applied, lower autozygosity (S_ROH from 176.4–180.0 Mb) was determined. We identified seven common ROH islands considering all Noriker horses from our dataset. Specific islands were documented for chestnut, leopard spotted, roan and bay horses. The ROH islands contained, among others, genes associated with body size (ZFAT, LASP1 and LCORL/NCAPG), coat color (MC1R in chestnut and the factor PATN1 in leopard spotted horses) and morphogenesis (HOXB cluster in all color strains except leopard spotted horses). This study demonstrates that within a closed population sharing the same founders and ancestors, selection on a single phenotypic trait, in this case coat color, can result in genetic fragmentation affecting levels of autozygosity and distribution of ROH islands and enclosed gene content.

Evaluation of current gene pool of Kholmogor and Black-and-white cattle breeds based on whole genome SNP analysis

Conservation of local cattle genetic resources is an important strategy for achieving Russia’s food security. During last decades, in the Russian Federation, local livestock populations were either crossbred or replaced by highly productive imported breeds, which led to a loss of the major part of original breeds identities. The objective of our study was to identify genetic differences between the populations of Kholmogor and Black-and-white cattle with varying degrees of admixture with the Holstein breed. The aforementioned breeds were studied using their whole-genome single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotypes. The Kholmogor breed was subdivided into three groups: purebred (KHLM, n = 3), admixed with Holsteins (KHLM-HLST, n = 4) and representatives of old-type breed (KHLM-INTA, n = 15). Blackand-white was subdivided into four groups: purebred (BLWT, n = 9), with a low (BLWT-75, n = 8) and a high (BLWT-HLST, n = 10) level of admixture with Holstein, and represented by archival samples from the 1970s and 1980s (BLWT-OLD, n = 15). The Holsteins genetic profiles (HLST, n = 27) were taken as a comparison group. PLINK 1.07, Admixture 1.3, SplitsTree 4.14.6 and R package StAMPP were used to infer genetic relationship between the studied groups. After quality control, 29 688 SNPs were selected for analysis. Multidimensional scaling (MDS), Admixture analysis and a dendrogram constructed using the Neighbor-Net method, revealed the presence of three clusters belonging to the Kholmogor, Black-and-white and Holstein breeds. The first one included KHLM and KHLM-INTA, the second – BLWT and BLWT-OLD, and the third – HLST, KHLM-HLST and BLWT-HLST. The BLWT-75 samples were placed between HLST and BLWT. Thus, our results showed that currently the populations of native cattle breeds with valuable genotypes still exist. The populations with a high level of admixture with Holsteins could be considered neither as the Kholmogor nor as Blackand-white breeds, and would rather be referred as the Holstein breed of local breeding.

Novel insights into Sabino1 and splashed white coat color patterns in horses

Within the framework of genome‐wide analyses using the novel Axiom^® genotyping array, we investigated the distribution of two previously described coat color patterns, namely sabino1 (SBI), associated with the KIT gene (KI16+1037A), and splashed white, associated with the PAX3 gene (ECA6:g.11429753C>T; PAX3^C70Y), including a total of 899 horses originating from eight different breeds (Achal Theke, Purebred Arabian, Partbred Arabian, Anglo‐Arabian, Shagya Arabian, Haflinger, Lipizzan and Noriker). Based on the data we collected we were able to demonstrate that, besides Quarter horses, the PAX3^C70Y allele is also present in Noriker (seven out of 189) and Lipizzan (three out of 329) horses. The SB1 allele was present in three breeds (Haflinger, 14 out of 98; Noriker, four out of 189; Lipizzan one out of 329). Furthermore, we examined the phenotypes of SB1‐ and PAX3^C70Y‐carrier horses for their characteristic white spotting patterns. None of the SB1/sb1‐carrier horses met the criteria defining the Sabino1 pattern according to current applied protocols. From 10 heterozygous PAX3^C70Y‐carrier horses, two had nearly a splashed white phenotype. The results of this large‐scale experiment on the genetic association of white spotting patterns in horses underline the influence of gene interactions and population differences on complex traits such as Sabino1 and splashed white.

Asian horses deepen the MSY phylogeny

Humans have shaped the population history of the horse ever since domestication about 5500 years ago. Comparative analyses of the Y chromosome can illuminate the paternal origin of modern horse breeds. This may also reveal different breeding strategies that led to the formation of extant breeds. Recently, a horse Y-chromosomal phylogeny of modern horses based on 1.46 Mb of the male-specific Y (MSY) was generated. We extended this dataset with 52 samples from five European, two American and seven Asian breeds. As in the previous study, almost all modern European horses fall into a crown group, connected via a few autochthonous Northern European lineages to the outgroup, the Przewalski's Horse. In total, we now distinguish 42 MSY haplotypes determined by 158 variants within domestic horses. Asian horses show much higher diversity than previously found in European breeds. The Asian breeds also introduce a deep split to the phylogeny, preliminarily dated to 5527 ± 872 years. We conclude that the deep splitting Asian Y haplotypes are remnants of a far more diverse ancient horse population, whose haplotypes were lost in other lineages.

131 Effect of Oviductal Fluid During In Vitro Culture on Bovine Embryo Development and Quality

The aim of this work was to establish an in vitro culture approach using bovine oviducal fluid (OF) to improve embryo quality and to provide an in vitro system to study oviduct function. Bovine oviducts ipsilateral to ovulation were collected at the slaughterhouse, 1 to 4 days after ovulation. The OF was collected by flushing the oviducts with 1 mL of Charles Rosenkrans 1 medium (CR1). Samples from 21 oviducts were pooled and proteins were concentrated using centrifugal filter devices. Aliquots of 3 different protein concentrations, determined by Bradford assay, were prepared and stored at –20°C. Abattoir-retrieved cumulus–oocyte complexes were used for standard in vitro maturation (IVM) and IVF (Day 0). On Day 1, presumptive zygotes (n = 1498) were randomly allocated to 4 different culture groups and cultured up to Day 9. The presumptive zygotes of the control group (n = 364) were cultured in CR1 with 5% oestrous cow serum (OCS) supplemented with 1 mg mL−1 hyaluronan. In the experimental groups, OCS was replaced by OF, resulting in 3 groups with final protein concentrations of 0.1 mg mL−1 (n = 380), 0.5 mg mL−1 (n = 380) or 1 mg mL−1 (n = 374). Cleavage rate was recorded on Day 2 and blastocyst yield on Days 7, 8, and 9 after fertilization. On Day 7, blastocysts were removed and either stained (Hoechst 33342) for cell number or subjected to a slow freezing protocol using 1.5 M ethylene glycol. After thawing, the re-expansion and hatching rate of blastocysts were determined at 24, 48 and 72 h. Eight replicates were carried out and data were analysed by ANOVA. Cleavage rate increased with increasing protein concentration (0.1 mg mL−1: 80.9 ± 4.2%; P > 0.05; 0.5 mg mL−1: 83.4 ± 2.5%; P < 0.1) and was significantly higher in the 1 mg mL−1 group (84.5 ± 4.4%; P < 0.05) compared with the control group (79.7 ± 3.4%). The cumulative blastocyst rate on Day 9 was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in all experimental groups (0.1 mg mL−1: 15.8 ± 8.9%; 0.5 mg mL−1: 18.7 ± 12.0%; 1 mg mL−1: 17.0 ± 11.2%) compared with the control group (34.1 ± 5.4%). The total number of cells was not affected by OF (P > 0.05). There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in the post-thaw re-expansion rate between the experimental groups (0.1 mg mL−1: n = 26 thawed blastocysts; 0.5 mg mL−1: n = 27; 1 mg mL−1: n = 23) and the control group (n = 58). The post-thaw hatching rate was significantly higher at 24 and 72 h, respectively, in the 0.5 mg mL−1 group (44.4% and 74.1%; P < 0.05) and the 1 mg mL−1 group (47.8%; P < 0.05; and 82.6%; P < 0.01) compared with the control group (18.9% and 44.8%). The replacement of serum with OF during in vitro culture of bovine embryos had a stage specific effect, resulting in higher cleavage rates but lower blastocyst rates. To address this issue, OF will be collected at different stages and applied in the matching in vitro culture phases in future studies. Interestingly, the post-thaw hatching rate was up to twice as high in the experimental groups, indicating better quality of those embryos developing to blastocyst stage.

119 Genetic Highlights for Reproduction and Health Traits in Russian Black-and-White and Holstein Animals Selected for Production of High-Quality Embryos

The aim of genetic improvement in cattle breeding is to create animals, which are characterised by high economic efficiency while maintaining the high breeding values for health and reproduction traits. In Russia dairy cattle industry the integrated approaches based on application of genomic methods for cows’ fertility and health traits along with milk production are being developed. However, their efficiency depends largely on the ability for multiple replicating outstanding individuals by embryo transfer. Therefore, the target of our research was to develop a strategy for the integrated genetic improvements of fertility and udder health traits towards the production of embryos with high estimated breeding values (EBV). We analysed the culling factors of more than 23,400 Black-and-White and Holstein cows of the Moscow region cattle population. Using the genotyping procedure by Illumina Bovine SNP50 BeadChip (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA, USA), the regional training group consisted of 401 proven bulls and 60 pre-selected cows was formed. After the quality check based on Plink 1.90, we selected 39,631 single nucleotide polymorphisms for the analysis. The GBLUP methodology was used to calculate genomic EBV (GEBV). The cows were additionally tested by PCR or PCR-RFLP (restricted fragment length polymorphism) for LoF mutations in the genes FANCI, APAF1, SMC2, GART, ITGB2, SLC35A3, and APOB, associated with fertility haplotypes HH0, HH1, HH34, HH4, HHB, HHC, and HCD, respectively. The evaluation of genetic variances and EBV for days open (DO), breeding per conception (BC), calving ease (CE), somatic cell score (SCS), milk yield (MY), fat yield (FY), and protein yield (PY) was carried out using the BLUPF90 family of programs. Cows’ culling rate for reproductive traits was 21% and for udder diseases was 8%. The genetic correlations, rg, between SCS and cows’ fertility traits were rg = 0.132 for BC, rg = 0.067 for DO, and rg = –0.056 for CE that can be used as an indicator for the monitoring reproductive disorders at the different stages of lactation. The frequencies of fertility haplotypes’ carriers among the potential donor dams were 6.6, 1.1, 8.8, 0.0, 1.1, 0.0, and 4.4% for HH0, HH1, HH3, HH4, HHB, HHC, and HCD, respectively. Based on EBV and carrier status for LoF mutations, we selected 46 dams and 28 sires to produce embryos with high GEBV for MY (+633, ..., +884 kg), FY (+26 kg), PY (+18 kg), and SCS (106 points) and higher as population average GEBV for fertility and udder health traits. Genome-wide association study analysis by the reliability of Bonferroni correction test (P < 1.2 × 10−6) showed the presence of quantitative trait loci on BTA1, BTA5, BTA9, BTA11, BTA12, BTA27, and BTX. Our results will be used to construct Russian fitness index for dairy cattle and for implementing embryo production technology into the Russian breeding system. Research supported by the Russian Science Foundation within Project no. 15-16-00020.

132 OVERVIEW OF FERTILITY TRAITS IN RUSSIAN HOLSTEIN BULLS USING GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION

Holsteins are the most widely distributed cattle breed in Russia. To achieve improvement of both milk production and fertility traits, principles were elaborated to use genomic approaches together with breeding strategies to develop a common breeding index. Combining semen-quality measures for sires with the cows’ reproduction records makes it possible to resolve the problems with decreased conception rates and semen production. Our objective was to search the genomic regions and associated markers for bulls’ fertility traits in Russian Holstein cattle. For the first step, 282 bulls were genotyped using the Bovine SNP50 BeadChip (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA, USA). The data set originated from the Moscow AI station including records for semen volume (SV), sperm concentration (SC), average SV for multiple ejaculates collected from one sire (ASV), motility (Mt), and number of spermatozoa (NS). The data set consisted of 14,490 records, which varied between 10 and 328 per animal, with 104 sires in the data set. The average age of sires was 80.1 ± 0.3 months. For sires with own records, the deregressed estimated breeding values were calculated using BLUP AM, whereas for the sires without records direct genomic values (DGV) were calculated through GBLUP. The DGV values were used as the animal’s pseudo-phenotypes for a common data set. After quality check in Plink 1.07, 41,435 SNP were taken. Bonferroni correction test for detection of significant associations was applied as P < 1.21 × 10−6. The values for the heritability were 0.322, 0.202, 0.366, 0.014, and 0.169 for SV, SC, ASV, Mt, and NS, respectively. The SNP with a direct significant effect on SV and ASV were identified: ARS-BFGL-NGS-100206 (P = 1.5 × 10−7), BTA-89872-no-rs (P = 6.0 × 10−8), ARS-BFGL-NGS-33119 (P = 2.7 × 10−7), Hapmap26947-BTA-133787 (P = 5.0 × 10−7), BTA-30092-no-rs (P = 9.8 × 10−7), ARS-BFGL-BAC-6515 (P = 1.0 × 10−7), and BTB-01625220 (P = 4.2 × 10−8). For SC and NS traits, the polymorphisms ARS-BFGL-NGS-57433 (P = 7.4 × 10−7) and ARS-BFGL-NGS-12662 (P = 5.1 × 10−7) were found. Two QTL for Mt including 11 SNP were detected on BTA1 (146.3–146.9 Mb) and BTA9 (76.9–77.1 Mb). The DGV effect of SNP (R2) ranged from 8.0 to 10.4% of additive genetic variance. The genes SOX5 (BTA12), PERP (BTA9), and EPT1 (BTA11) were associated with embryonic development, cell death, or apoptosis and synthesis of selenoproteins. Our results may be used to select donor cows for oocytes or embryo collection in the focus of genomic selection. Supported by the Federal Agency for Scientific Organizations #0600–2014–0007.6 and by the Russian Ministry of Education and Science #RFMEFI60414X0062.

Whole genome SNP scanning of snow sheep (Ovis nivicola)

This is the first report performing the whole genome SNP scanning of snow sheep (Ovis nivicola). Samples of snow sheep (n = 18) collected in six different regions of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) from 64° to 71° N. For SNP genotyping, we applied Ovine 50K SNP BeadChip (Illumina, United States), designed for domestic sheep. The total number of genotyped SNPs (call rate 90%) was 47796 (88.1% of total SNPs), wherein 1006 SNPs were polymorphic (2.1%). Principal component analysis (PCA) showed the clear differentiation within the species O. nivicola: studied individuals were distributed among five distinct arrays corresponding to the geographical locations of sampling points. Our results demonstrate that the DNA chip designed for domestic sheep can be successfully used to study the allele pool and the genetic structure of snow sheep populations.

Association between population structure and allele frequencies of the glycogen synthase 1 mutation in the Austrian Noriker draft horse

The aim of this study was to determine the allele frequency of the glycogen synthase 1 (GYS1) mutation associated with polysaccharide storage myopathy type 1 in the Austrian Noriker horse. Furthermore, we examined the influence of population substructures on the allele distribution. The study was based upon a comprehensive population sample (208 breeding stallions and 309 mares) and a complete cohort of unselected offspring from the year 2014 (1553 foals). The mean proportion of GYS1 carrier animals in the foal cohort was 33%, ranging from 15% to 50% according to population substructures based on coat colours. In 517 mature breeding horses the mutation carrier frequency reached 34%, ranging on a wider scale from 4% to 62% within genetic substructures. We could show that the occurrence of the mutated GYS1 allele is influenced by coat colour; genetic bottlenecks; and assortative, rotating and random mating strategies. Highest GYS1 carrier frequencies were observed in the chestnut sample comprising 50% in foals, 54% in mares and 62% in breeding stallions. The mean inbreeding of homozygous carrier animals reached 4.10%, whereas non-carrier horses were characterized by an inbreeding coefficient of 3.48%. Lowest GYS1 carrier frequencies were observed in the leopard spotted Noriker subpopulation. Here the mean carrier frequency reached 15% in foals, 17% in mares and 4% in stallions and inbreeding decreased from 3.28% in homozygous non-carrier horses to 2.70% in heterozygous horses and 0.94% in homozygous carriers. This study illustrates that lineage breeding and specified mating strategies result in genetic substructures, which affect the frequencies of the GYS1 gene mutation.

143 GENOMIC ASSESSMENT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE PATERNAL EFFECT FOR DAUGHTER FERTILITY TRAITS IN HOLSTEIN CATTLE

A worldwide decline of fertility in Holsteins requires the reliable evaluation of fertility traits. Because of the low heritability of most fertility traits, the reliabilities of bull estimated breeding values (EBV) for these traits are usually low. Recent developments in molecular genetics have opened the possibilities of identifying and using genomic variation that can significantly boost the reliabilities of EBV. Furthermore, some of the fertility problems can be caused by embryonic lethality due to LoF (loss of function) mutations. The objective of our study was to identify loci associated with fertility-related traits in Russian Holstein cattle and to evaluate the distribution of several LoF mutations associated with fertility in the Russian Holstein bull population. A genome-wide scan was performed on 195 progeny-tested and 61 young bulls genotyped with the 50K Illumina BeadChip (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA, USA). The analysis was carried out using EBV for gestation length (GL), calving interval (CI), conception rate (CR), and days to the first insemination (DI) calculated by best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) SM methodology. To increase the prediction reliability of associations, genomic EBV (GEBV) for young bulls were obtained using an genomic BLUP (GBLUP) approach. Furthermore, the bulls were genotyped by PCR or PCR-RFLP for LoF mutations in FANCI, APAF1, and GART genes, which are associated with brachyspina (BY) and fertility haplotypes HH1 and HH3. The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) quality check and association analysis was performed using Plink (1.09) software. In total, 43 101 SNP passed quality control. The average number of daughters per sire was ~215. Bonferroni correction test for detection significant associations was applied as P < 1.2E × 10–6. The values for heritability were 0.036, 0.063, 0.035, and 0.068 for GL, CI, CR, and DI, respectively. Frequencies of the late abortions and stillbirths were 1.7 and 3.6% respectively. We identified some SNP with direct significant effects for fertility-related traits: BTA-31636-no-rs on BTA1 for GL (P = 1.2E × 10–6), Hapmap26774-BTA-163037 on BTA27 for CI (P = 1.1E × 10–6), and ARS-BFGL-NGS-89711 on BTA27 for CR (P = 2.1E × 10–7). One SNP (ARS-BFGL-NGS-92135) was found on BTA10 that was close to being significant for DI (P = 2.8E × 10–6). The direct EBV effect of SNP (R2) ranged from 8.4 to 9.0% of additive genetic variances. Genotyping bulls for LoF mutations revealed carrier frequencies of 2.0% for BY, 2.0% for HH1, and 4.3% for HH3. Our results will be useful to improve cow fertility traits in Holstein dairy herds in Russia. Furthermore, they allow selection of donor cows and bulls with more reliable EBV for fertility-related traits and that are free of LoF mutations associated with embryonic death for application in embryo transfer programs. The study was supported by the Federal Agency for Scientific Organizations and by the Russian Ministry of Education and Science, project no. RFMEFI60414X0062.

[Comparative Analysis of the Effectiveness of STR and SNP Markers for Intraspecific and Interspecific Differentiation of the Genus Ovis]

A comparative study of the informativeness of SNP and STR markers for interspecific and intraspecific differentiation of the two species of the genus Ovis, snow sheep (O. nivicola) and domestic sheep (O. aries), was conducted. Eleven STR loci combined into two multiplex panels were examined. SNP analysis was performed with the DNA microarray OvineSNP50K BeadChip featuring 54241 SNPs. The possibility of clear differentiation of the studied Ovis species with both types of genetic markers was demonstrated. The advantages of SNP markers for intraspecific differentiation of the O. aries breeds and O. nivicola geographical groups were revealed. The areas of application of the studied types of DNA markers are discussed.

9 ENDOSCOPY-MEDIATED INTRATUBAL INSEMINATION IN THE COW – A PRELIMINARY REPORT ABOUT THE APPLICATION OF A NOVEL MINIMALLY INVASIVE INSEMINATION TECHNIQUE

On their long path through the female reproductive tract to the fertilization site, spermatozoa are exposed to diverse influences and hazards of the cervical, uterine, and oviducal environment that naturally select viable sperms for the following fertilization. Consequently, this results in a reduction from several billions of sperms in the ejaculate to a functional sperm reservoir within the range of 102 in the isthmus of the Fallopian tube. A technique to deposit spermatozoa directly into the ampulla, thus bypassing most of the reproductive tract, enables a rigorous reduction in number of sperms deposited. Furthermore, it provides a direct assessment of sperm fertility. The aim of our study was to establish an endoscopy-assisted intratubal insemination technique using different sperm dosages, fresh or cryopreserved, to determine adequate conditions for optimal fertilization. Eighteen Simmental heifers were inseminated with fresh semen, and 9 heifers were inseminated with frozen semen using this novel technique. The heifers were synchronized using a modified Ovsynch protocol, and insemination was conducted 18 to 20 h after the second gonadotropin-releasing hormone application. Insemination of heifers was performed under epidural anaesthesia. A tubing system bearing the endoscope and an insemination device was introduced through the vaginal wall into the peritoneal cavity. The insemination device consisted of a tube connected to a curved glass capillary tube loaded with semen. After a visual examination of the ovaries for the presence of an ovulatory Graafian follicle, the capillary tube was inserted directly via the infundibulum into the ipsilateral ampulla and the semen dose was deposited. The entire procedure took ~10 min. Two days later the oviduct was flushed by the same technique. A tubing system connected to a metal catheter served for flushing the embryos and unfertilized oocytes from the oviduct into the uterine horn. Afterward, embryos and oocytes were collected by flushing the uterine horn using an embryo flushing catheter and an embryo filter (EmCon). Embryos were stained using a Hoechst dye to visualise the numbers of attached spermatozoa to the zonae pellucidae. From 18 inseminations with fresh semen doses of 7 to 28 million sperms, 7 embryos at the 2- to 8-cell stage were found. Two of these embryos had more than 10 accessory sperms (AS), 3 had 3 to 6 AS, and 2 were without AS. From 9 inseminations with frozen semen doses containing 1.5 million sperms, we obtained 2 embryos, one at the 4-cell stage without AS and one at the 8-cell stage with 5 AS. Additionally, 3 unfertilized oocytes were collected. In conclusion, these preliminary results demonstrate a promising technique for intratubal AI, which has to be further optimized by studying numbers and treatment of spermatozoa and time of insemination.

Genetic diversity and population structure of Zackel sheep and other Hungarian sheep breeds

Abstract. More than 6000 samples of 18 different Hungarian sheep breeds were genotyped for 10 unlinked microsatellite loci. After data cleaning, 5434 sheep remained in the analysis. Some locus–breed combinations show deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, possibly due to null alleles or the Wahlund effect. All breeds show high genetic variability; the lowest expected heterozygosity is that of the British Milksheep (He = 0.588). The Transylvanian Zackel has the highest expected heterozygosity (He = 0.790). It is also the least differentiated breed (Fst = 0.020). Pairwise genetic distances among breeds range from 0.021 between Hungarian Merino and both Mutton Merino and Transylvanian Zackel to greater than 0.105 between British Milksheep and all other breeds. The three Zackel populations – white, black, and Transylvanian Zackel – show small genetic distances among each other, with pairwise Fst values from 0.030 to 0.058. The Transylvanian Zackel tended to have close relationships to some other breeds too, probably due to its low differentiation. Given the individual genotypic information, a Bayesian analysis assigned individuals to breeds generally correctly.

206 GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATIONS FOR REPRODUCTIVE TRAITS IN RUSSIAN HOLSTEIN POPULATION

Reproductive health is an important trait in selection of dairy cattle. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) is a powerful tool for annotating phenotypic effects on the genome and to get knowledge of genes and chromosomal regions associated with reproductive performance (Cole et al. 2011). Combining GWAS and genetic profiling of embryos before implantation enables to develop new strategies to select elite breeding genotypes before transfer (Humblot et al. 2010; Ponsart et al. 2013). The aim of the current study was to evaluate the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and estimated breeding values (EBV) for reproductive traits [interval to insemination (EBVII) and interval between calving (EBVIC)] for Russian Holstein cattle and to evaluate the effect of the biopsy procedure on the viability of bovine embryos produced in vitro as a basis for pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). Ninty-six progeny-tested sires of artificial insemination station Moscowskoe were selected based on the reliability for EBVII and EBVIC. Estimations of breeding values of sires were performed by best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) mixed model equations. DNA was extracted from sire semen samples. SNP genotyping was performed using the Illumina BovineSNP50 BeadChip (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA, USA) containing 54609 SNPs. Quality control information was carried out in PLINK (v. 1.07; Purcell et al. 2007 Am. J. Hum. Genet. 81). Based on the quality control information, 41442 SNPs were selected for subsequent GWAS. We have identified 3270 SNPs having significant effect (P < 0.05) on studied traits. The most significant associations with EBVII were found for SNPs Hapmap38548-BTA-97184 and ARS-BFGL-BAC-11821 with coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.2189 and 0.1937, and P-values 2.27 × 10–6 and 1.01 × 10–6, respectively. The most significant effect on EBVIC was detected for SNPs ARS-BFGL-NGS-59769 and ARS-BFGL-NGS-38020 with coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.236 and 0.2421, and P-values 1.49 × 10–8 and 7.24 × 10–8, respectively. The highest number of significant associations was found on BTA5, BTA12, BTA19, and BTA14. Bovine embryos were produced in vitro using a standard procedure. Six to 8 cell biopsies were carried out at Day 6.5 after fertilization. The viability of biopsied embryos was evaluated comparing the hatching rates to non-manipulated embryos. The study of embryos viability after biopsy showed that the hatching rate of biopsied embryos (the number of hatched embryos from the number of embryos in stages of late morula and early blastocyte) was 48% comparing to 67% for non-manipulated embryos. Embryo biopsy is not dramatically decreasing embryo viability. Combining our results of association studies, performed on Russian Holstein population, and technique of embryo biopsy will provide us a powerful tool for selection progress.This research was supported by the Russian Ministry of Education and Science, project No. 2014-14-576-0057-175.

Conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to green fuel oil over sodium based catalysts

Upgrading of biomass pyrolysis vapors over 20 wt.% Na2CO3/γ-Al2O3 catalyst was studied in a lab-scale fix-bed reactor at 500°C. Characterization of the catalyst using SEM and XRD has shown that sodium carbonate is well-dispersed on the support γ-Al2O3. TGA and (23)Na MAS NMR suggested the formation of new hydrated sodium phase, which is likely responsible for the high activity of the catalyst. Catalytic oil has much lower oxygen content (12.3 wt.%) compared to non-catalytic oil (42.1 wt.%). This comes together with a tremendous increase in the energy density (37 compared to 19 MJ kg(-1)). Decarboxylation of carboxylic acids was favoured on the catalyst, resulting to an oil almost neutral (TAN=3.8mg KOH/g oil and pH=6.5). However, the mentioned decarboxylation resulted in the formation of carbonyls, which correlates to low stability of the oil. Catalytic pyrolysis results in a bio-oil which resembles a fossil fuel oil in its properties.

Role of the oviduct in early embryo development

This review highlights the role of the oviduct in early embryo development, which has to fulfil many aligned and well-tuned tasks during early embryogenesis. The oviductal lining is subjected to dynamic changes to timely accomplish gamete transport, fertilization and embryo development and to deliver a competent and healthy conceptus to the endometrium which can implant and develop to term. Although knowledge about the role of the oviduct is limited, we know that embryos are very sensitive to the environment in which they develop. The success of in vitro embryo production techniques demonstrates that it is possible to bypass the oviduct during early development and, to a certain extent, replicate the conditions in vitro. However, comparative studies show that embryos developed in vivo are superior to their in vitro produced counterparts, underlining our relatively poor knowledge of the biology of the oviduct. Oviduct activity is orchestrated by various factors, depending on cyclic dynamics, which crucially affect the success of tubal transfer and/or (re-)collection of embryos in embryo transfer studies. This paper reviews data which demonstrate that in vivo culture of embryos in the bovine oviduct is a useful tool for the assessment of embryos developed under various conditions (e.g. superovulation vs single ovulation, lactating dairy cows vs non-lactating cows). It is concluded that more work in the field of early embryo development within the oviduct would contribute to improved ART protocols leading to healthy pregnancies and offspring.

Chimerism in cattle through microsurgical aggregation of morulae

A cattle chimera was produced by combining four halves of two parent embryos of different breeds (Brown-Swiss x Braunvieh plus Holstein-Friesian x Holstein-Friesian) in one zona pellucida. Parent embryos in the 32-cell morula stage were recovered non-surgically, were bisected, and the combined four halves were transferred non-surgically to recipient heifers. Chimerism of coat colour was used as evidence. Combining of only two half embryos from different parents resulted in five pregnancies carried to term but none of the calves born was a chimera.

Ophthalmological findings in a closed herd of Lipizzaners

REASONS FOR PERFORMING THE STUDY

There are no studies on the ophthalmic health status in the Lipizzaner breed.

OBJECTIVE

To perform an ophthalmological survey in a closed herd in 3 housing systems.

MATERIALS

All horses at the Federal Stud Piber, Heldenberg and the Spanish Riding School Vienna were subjected to ophthalmological examination. Findings were documented and correlated with factors such as age, gender, location and housing situation. The interrelation of abnormalities of different regions was determined by calculating accuracy. Pedigree analysis of horses affected by cataract was performed.

RESULTS

A total of 267 horses met the inclusion criteria of this study. Of these, 172 horses were stabled in Piber, 72 in Vienna and 23 in Heldenberg. Ophthalmological examination revealed 203 cases with ocular findings, predominantly involving the conjunctiva (44.6%), cornea (21.7%) and fundus (37.5%). In 24 (8.9%) horses a diagnosis of cataract was made. There was no interrelation between different eye diseases. Horses stabled at Piber were significantly more affected by conjunctival and fundic abnormalities. Fewer abnormalities were found in horses stabled in open boxes. Access to free stalls resulted in more cases of conjunctivitis. Pedigree analysis showed no evidence of inbreeding as a cause of cataract formation.

CONCLUSION AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE

Acquired corneal abnormalities were over-represented in this study. This survey may serve as a basis for further research on the pathogenesis of ophthalmic diseases in Lipizzaners.

Assessment of actin cytoskeleton and nuclei in bovine blastocysts developed under different culture conditions using a novel computer program

This study was performed to investigate the effects, in terms of nuclear material and actin cytoskeleton quantities (fluorescent pixel counts), of four different bovine blastocyst culturing techniques (in vitro, stepwise in vitro-to-in vivo, or purely in vivo). Cumulus oocyte complexes from abattoir-sourced ovaries were matured in vitro and allocated to four groups: IVP-group embryos developed up to blastocyst stage in vitro. Gamete intra-fallopian transfer (GIFT)-group oocytes were co-incubated with semen for 4 h before transfer to oviducts of heifers. Following in vitro fertilization, cleaved embryos (day 2 of embryo development, day 2-7 group) were transferred into oviducts on day 2. Multiple ovulation embryo transfer (MOET)-group embryos were obtained by superovulating and inseminating heifers; the heifers' genital tracts were flushed at day 7 of blastocyst development. Within each group, ten blastocysts were selected to be differentially dyed (for nuclei and actin cytoskeleton) with fluorescent stains. A novel computer program (ColorAnalyzer) provided differential pixel counts representing organelle quantities. Blastocysts developed only in vivo (MOET group) showed significantly more nuclear material than did blastocysts produced by any other technique. In terms of actin cytoskeleton quantity, blastocysts produced by IVP and by day 2-7 transfer did not differ significantly from each other. Gamete intra-fallopian transfer- and MOET-group embryos showed significantly larger quantities of actin cytoskeleton when compared with any other group and differed significantly from each other. The results of this study indicate that culturing under in vitro conditions, even with part time in vivo techniques, may adversely affect the quantity of blastocyst nuclear material and actin cytoskeleton. The software employed may be useful for culture environment evaluation/developmental competence assessment.

76 EFFECT OF CULTURE METHOD ON THE mRNA EXPRESSION BEFORE AND AFTER CRYOPRESERVATION IN BOVINE BLASTOCYSTS

Blastocyst mRNA expression and cryopreservability are thought to be suitable indicators of embryo quality and developmental competence and have been shown to be affected by production methods and culture systems. The aim of the present study was to assess cryosurvival and levels of mRNA expression of selected genes [occludin, desmocollin 2, solute carrier family 2 member 3 (formerly glucose transporter 3), BAX, BCL xL, heat shock protein A1A (formerly heat shock protein 70.1), aquaporin 3, and DNA methyltransferase 1a] of bovine blastocysts derived by 4 different, established culture methods [in vitro production (IVP); multiple-ovulation embryo transfer (MOET); transfer into the heifer oviducts of gametes (GIFT); or in vitro derived cleaved stage embryos (Days 2–7)]. Linear models were used for the comparison of the relative abundances of the blastocyst mRNA transcripts. Separate 1-way ANOVA were used. The production methods were used as factors, except for the comparisons between pre- and post-cryopreservation, where 2-way ANOVA were used. The level of significance was set at P ≤ 0.05. A significant difference in re-expansion rates was found only at 24 h post-thawing, with significantly higher rates in blastocysts produced in vitro compared to embryos of the Days 2–7 group. Levels of mRNA expression were assessed using RT-qPCR. Before cryopreservation of embryos, no significant inter-group differences were seen. However, significantly more desmocollin 2 mRNA expression was detected in embryos of the MOET group compared with blastocysts derived by the other production methods. Post-cryopreservation, blastocysts of 3 embryo production groups (IVP, MOET, Days 2–7) were available for analysis. Compared with levels of mRNA expression before cryopreservation, re-expanded blastocysts after cryopreservation showed a significant up-regulation of heat shock protein A1A transcripts in all groups, and of solute carrier family 2 member 3 transcripts only in the IVP-derived group. The BAX, BCL-xL, occludin, and desmocollin 2 were significantly up-regulated in embryos of the MOET and IVP groups after cryopreservation, as compared with their counterparts before cryopreservation. None of the culture groups showed any pre- v. post-cryopreservation differences in the aquaporin 3 and the DNA methyltransferase 1 mRNA levels. Blastocysts derived by transfer of in vitro derived cleaved stage embryos into the oviduct of synchronised heifers (Days 2–7) did not show any pre- v. post-cryopreservation differences in the mRNA levels of any of the assessed genes. These results merit further investigation. After the process of cryopreservation and thawing, re-expanded embryos of the MOET and IVP groups do increase their mRNA levels to prepare for hatching and further development.