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A questionnaire survey for the assessment of wild-domestic pig interactions in a context oedema disease outbreaks among wild boars (Sus scrofa) in South-Eastern France. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:4009-4015. [PMID: 36083807 PMCID: PMC10087242 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Pig outdoor farming is gaining popularity and commercial success in the European Union, and its expansion, together with an increasing wild boar population, facilitates interactions between domestic and wild suids. In the Southern French Department of Ardèche, several episodes of mass mortalities due to infection with an enteropathogenic strain of Escherichia coli causing oedema disease (OD) were reported in wild boar populations between 2013 and 2016. In order to investigate a potential link between those events and the frequency of interactions between wild boar and domestic pig, we analyzed regional vegetation and hunting bag data and implemented a semi-structured questionnaire survey among a total of 30 outdoor pig farmers and 30 hunters distributed inside and outside the identified area of OD emergence. One third of interviewed farmers (11/30) had experienced intrusions of wild boars in domestic pig premises during the previous year. Similarly, 23% of interviewed hunters reported interactions between wild boar and feral free-ranging pigs in recent years, and 60% reported the observation of free-ranging pigs with a phenotypic feature of Vietnamese pot-bellied pigs (55%). Our analysis identified that in the OD emergence area, several factors could facilitate the transmission of pathogens between wild and domestic suids including a predominance of forested vegetation, a higher estimated wild boar density, weaker levels of farm biosecurity, a higher level of reported wild boar intrusions in pig farms and several reports of feral pot-bellied pig presence. Although our sample was limited, our study suggested a widespread occurrence of situations facilitating the transmission of pathogens between wild and domestic suids. Similar studies in other rural regions in the European Union are recommended, in order to promote preparedness for the emergence and circulation of shared swine pathogens.
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Link Between Anhedonia and Depression During Early Alcohol Abstinence: Gender Matters. Alcohol Alcohol 2020; 55:71-77. [PMID: 31825493 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agz090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relation between anhedonia and depression in alcohol use disorders (AUD) during detoxification: Is trait anhedonia measured at the beginning of detoxification predictive of depressive symptoms observed at the end? Does state anhedonia recover during detoxification as depression does? Gender differences that have been previously observed for depression in AUD were also explored. METHODS 81 AUD inpatients were tested at T1 (day 1) and T2 (day 14-18) of withdrawal with the trait Physical Anhedonia Scale, the state anhedonia Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale, the Beck depression inventory and the Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory and compared to 34 control participants, matched for age and gender. RESULTS AUD patients scored significantly higher than controls on depression, anxiety and state and trait anhedonia when they just entered the detoxification unit. Depression, anxiety and state anhedonia decreased between T1 and T2 in AUD patients. In women, state anhedonia at T1 was predictive of depressive symptoms at T2 over and above anxiety and depression at T1. CONCLUSION In AUD, state anhedonia recovers during detoxification, concurrently to other affective-related symptoms. However, in women, trait anhedonia predicts the level of depression at the end of detoxification, above and beyond anxiety. This finding stresses the importance of addressing anhedonia in the treatment of AUD and emphasizes the need for targeted interventions within clinical settings in this gender. Clinical consequences are discussed.
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Analyse d’une base de données nationale de dysfonctionnements de ventilateurs de domicile. Rev Mal Respir 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2018.10.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Quantifying in situ phenotypic variability in the hydraulic properties of four tree species across their distribution range in Europe. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196075. [PMID: 29715289 PMCID: PMC5929519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Many studies have reported that hydraulic properties vary considerably between tree species, but little is known about their intraspecific variation and, therefore, their capacity to adapt to a warmer and drier climate. Here, we quantify phenotypic divergence and clinal variation for embolism resistance, hydraulic conductivity and branch growth, in four tree species, two angiosperms (Betula pendula, Populus tremula) and two conifers (Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris), across their latitudinal distribution in Europe. Growth and hydraulic efficiency varied widely within species and between populations. The variability of embolism resistance was in general weaker than that of growth and hydraulic efficiency, and very low for all species but Populus tremula. In addition, no and weak support for a safety vs. efficiency trade-off was observed for the angiosperm and conifer species, respectively. The limited variability of embolism resistance observed here for all species except Populus tremula, suggests that forest populations will unlikely be able to adapt hydraulically to drier conditions through the evolution of embolism resistance.
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EEG Dynamics and Neural Generators in Implicit Navigational Image Processing in Adults with ADHD. Neuroscience 2018; 373:92-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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The Lac-Mégantic Photovoice Initiative. Eur J Public Health 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckx186.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Une nouvelle Filaire d’Ecureuil en Thaïlande, Breinlia (B.) manningi n. sp., et son développement chez Aedes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1051/parasite/1981562193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Description de deux nouvelles Filaires du genre Litomosoides et de leurs stades infestants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1051/parasite/1980552225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Inhibition immédiate de l’infectivité des gamétocytes de Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis par le sérum de rongeurs infectés depuis 5 jours. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1051/parasite/1982575507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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0625 OSAS SCREENING TEST IN PERIODICAL MEDICAL EXAMINATION: A PRELIMINARY STUDY. Sleep 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/sleepj/zsx050.624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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The public health response during and after the Lac-Mégantic train derailment disaster. Eur J Public Health 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckw164.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Two years after the train derailment: Lac-Megantic (Quebec, Canada) residents are still suffering. Eur J Public Health 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckw170.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Abstract PR370. Anesth Analg 2016. [DOI: 10.1213/01.ane.0000492764.83741.4a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Une nouvelle Filaire,Cercopithifilaria roussilhonin. sp., parasite de l’Athérure au Gabon, transmise par tiques ; hypothèse sur l’évolution du genre. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1051/parasite/198661181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Different localization of microfilariae ofO. volvulusin the savanna and in the forest ; potential clinical implications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1051/parasite/1986611125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Description et cycle biologique d'Hemolivia stellatan. g., n. sp., hémogrégarine de crapauds brésiliens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1051/parasite/1990651003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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SY19-3THE USE OF P300 AND NOGO-P300 EVENT-RELATED POTENTIALS AS BIOLOGICAL MARKERS OF RELAPSE IN ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE. Alcohol Alcohol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agv076.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Use of theLitomosoides sigmodontis- Mouse model in development of anOnchocercavaccine. II -L. sigmodontisin the balb/c mouse: vaccination experiments; preliminary immunological studies. Parasite 2014. [DOI: 10.1051/parasite/199401s1031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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PSYCHOLOGY AND MARKERS. Alcohol Alcohol 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agt117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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S23 * BINGE DRINKING IN YOUTHS: ARE INDUCED NEURO-COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENTS A FIRST STEP TOWARDS ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE? Alcohol Alcohol 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agt094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Cognitrace in court: Profile of an expert witness. Neurophysiol Clin 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neucli.2012.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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How cognitive assessment through clinical neurophysiology may help optimize chronic alcoholism treatment. Neurophysiol Clin 2011; 41:115-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neucli.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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P1-S6.47 Description and evaluation of a regional condom access program for community organizations. Br J Vener Dis 2011. [DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2011-050108.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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B16 NGF improves the spatial working memory in R6/1 Huntington's disease transgenic mice through the augmentation of cholinergic function and neurogenesis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 2010. [DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2010.222596.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Chronic alcoholism: insights from neurophysiology. Neurophysiol Clin 2009; 39:191-207. [PMID: 19853791 DOI: 10.1016/j.neucli.2009.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2009] [Revised: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Increasing knowledge of the anatomical structures and cellular processes underlying psychiatric disorders may help bridge the gap between clinical signs and basic physiological processes. Accordingly, considerable insight has been gained in recent years into a common psychiatric condition, i.e., chronic alcoholism. MATERIAL AND METHODS We reviewed various physiological parameters that are altered in chronic alcoholic patients compared to healthy individuals--continuous electroencephalogram, oculomotor measures, cognitive event-related potentials and event-related oscillations--to identify links between these physiological parameters, altered cognitive processes and specific clinical symptoms. RESULTS Alcoholic patients display: (1) high beta and theta power in the resting electroencephalogram, suggesting hyperarousal of their central nervous system; (2) abnormalities in smooth pursuit eye movements, in saccadic inhibition during antisaccade tasks, and in prepulse inhibition, suggesting disturbed attention modulation and abnormal patterns of prefrontal activation that may stem from the same prefrontal "inhibitory" cortical dysfunction; (3) decreased amplitude for cognitive event-related potentials situated along the continuum of information-processing, suggesting that alcoholism is associated with neurophysiological deficits at the level of the sensory cortex and not only disturbances involving associative cortices and limbic structures; and (4) decreased theta, gamma and delta oscillations, suggesting cognitive disinhibition at a functional level. DISCUSSION The heterogeneity of alcoholic disorders in terms of symptomatology, course and outcome is the result of various pathophysiological processes that physiological parameters may help to define. These alterations may be related to precise cognitive processes that could be easily monitored neurophysiologically in order to create more homogeneous subgroups of alcoholic individuals.
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135 Ventilation assistée (VA) à domicile : causes d’arrêt et devenir des patients. Rev Mal Respir 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0761-8425(07)72511-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Tolérance des immunoglobulines polyvalentes, impact de l'utilisation d'un protocole de prescription sur la survenue d'effets indésirables liés au traitement. Rev Med Interne 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2006.10.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Activation of the JNK-c-Jun pathway during the early phase of neuronal apoptosis induced by PrP106-126 and prion infection. Eur J Neurosci 2005; 21:2311-9. [PMID: 15932590 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04080.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Prion diseases are neurodegenerative pathologies characterized by apoptotic neuronal death. Although the late execution phase of neuronal apoptosis is beginning to be characterized, the sequence of events occurring during the early decision phase is not yet well known. In murine cortical neurons in primary culture, apoptosis was first induced by exposure to a synthetic peptide homologous to residues 106-126 of the human prion protein (PrP), PrP106-126. Exposure to its aggregated form induced a massive neuronal death within 24 h. Apoptosis was characterized by nuclear fragmentation, neuritic retraction and fragmentation and activation of caspase-3. During the early decision phase, reactive oxygen species were detected after 3 h. Using immunocytochemistry, we showed a peak of phosphorylated c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) translocation into the nucleus after 8 h, along with the activation of the nuclear c-Jun transcription factor. Both pharmacological inhibition of JNK by SP600125 and overexpression of a dominant negative form of c-Jun significantly reduced neuronal death, while the MAPK p38 inhibitor SB203580 had no effect. Apoptosis was also studied after exposure of tg338 cortical neurons in primary culture to sheep scrapie agent. In this model, prion-induced neuronal apoptosis gradually increased with time and induced a 40% cell death after 2 weeks exposure. Immunocytochemical analysis showed early c-Jun activation after 7 days. In summary, the JNK-c-Jun pathway plays an important role in neuronal apoptosis induced by PrP106-126. This pathway is also activated during scrapie infection and may be involved in prion-induced neuronal death. Pharmacological blockade of early pathways opens new therapeutic prospects for scrapie PrP-based pathologies.
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Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi chronic malaria and pathologies of the urogenital tract in male and female BALBc mice. Parasitology 2004; 128:113-22. [PMID: 15029998 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182003004311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BALB/c mice of both sexes were infected with a non-virulent strain of Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi and any pathologies occurring in the urogenital tract and its accessory glands were investigated. Organs and tracts were removed from infected and control mice at 15, 40 and 100 days post-injection, weighed and processed for macroscopical and histological analyses. The relative weights of preputial, clitoral glands and testes were modified in infected mice during the 40 days following infection. The preputial glands show a marked hypotrophy at 15 days post-infection. The bladders of half of the infected female mice and a few infected male mice displayed a conspicuous haemoglobinuria and frequent interstitial cystitis that worsened throughout the experiment. Also, several chronic inflammatory reactions were detected in the prostates, preputial and clitoral glands up to 100 days post-infection. A probable cause of such a divergence in the characteristics of the infection and in the nature of the pathologies identified in infected male and female mice is the interaction between the infection and the immune and endocrine systems of the host. The cause of the pathologies and their consequences on the host condition are discussed.
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Use of Monensin Sodium in Caged Layer Replacements for Control of Coccidiosis. J APPL POULTRY RES 2002. [DOI: 10.1093/japr/11.3.338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Ultrastructure of developmental stages of Hemolivia stellata (Apicomplexa: Haemogregarinidae) in the cane toad Bufo marinus and in its vector tick Amblyomma rotondatum. Parasitol Res 2001; 87:598-604. [PMID: 11510993 DOI: 10.1007/s004360100414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The fine structure of the hemogregarine Hemolivia stellata Petit, Landau, Baccam and Lainson, 1990 developmental stages in the cane toad Bufo marinus L. and the vector tick Amblyomma rotondatum Koch, 1844 are described. In the liver of the toad, merozoites bound by a pellicle were located free and in the cytoplasm, and young and encased mature polynucleated meronts were located in a parasitophorous vacuole (PV). Premature gametocytes in the erythrocytes were bound by a bilayered membranous wall and the mature gametocytes were encased in a bivalved capsule, suture sites occurring at both gametocyte extremities. In the tick gut cells, oocysts located within a PV formed oblong, pellicle-bound sporokinetes, with a small apical complex, a few short rhoptries, and a fragmented crystalloid body. Liberated sporokinetes re-entered gut cells to proceed with their differentiation into sporocysts within a PV with elaborate rims which suggested engagement in active metabolite cross-transport. With maturity, the sporocyst wall gradually transformed into a hard capsule. Differences in fine structural development between species of Hemolivia and the insect-transmitted Hepatozoon are conspicuous. The fine structure and course of development of H. stellata are very similar to those of the previously described Hemolivia mariae; their sporokinetes differ, however, in having conspicuous rhoptries rather than spherical-granular anlagen bodies, and fragmented rather than continuous crystalline bodies.
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Abstract
Parasitologists have generally accepted the idea that parasite-induced alterations in host behavior increase the chance for parasite survival and transmission or ensure the completion of its life cycle. The aim of the present study was to investigate modifications in the behavior of Taenia crassiceps-infected BALB/c mice in the face of a predator. The experiments showed modifications in the response of infected mice in comparison with uninfected controls on exposure to a predator final host. However, different studies lead us to suggest that the observed modifications are likely to be a secondary effect of the impact of the parasite on host physiology and immunity that favors its development and proliferation.
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Description of Madathamugadia hiepei n. sp. (nematoda: Splendidofilariinae), a parasite of a South African gecko, and its development in laboratory bred Phlebotomus dubosqi (Diptera: Psychodidae). Syst Parasitol 2000; 47:207-13. [PMID: 11071156 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006452620865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Madathamugadia hiepei n. sp., Splendidofilariinae, a parasite of a South African gecko Pachydactylus turneri is described together with its development obtained experimentally in Phlebotomus duboscqi (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae). This new species differs from the two small, more highly evolved groups with a short tail and atrophied postcloacal papillae, the first group consisting of two Madagascan species, M. zonosauri and M. hopluri, parasites of the Gerrhosauridae and Iguanidae, and the second containing three species from the Ethiopian Region, M. huambensis, M. versterae and M. bissani, parasites of the Scincidae. It also differs from M. ineichi, the most primitive species of the genus (cuticularised buccal capsule, no atrophy of head papillae and largest number of precloacal papillae), a parasite of the Cordylidae in South Africa. M. hiepei is close to the two species parasitic in the Gekkonidae of the Mediterranean subregion, M. ivaschkini and M. wanjii, all three of which have a post-oesophageal vulva. However, the new species can be distinguished from the Mediterranean parasites by (a) the shorter oesophagus, (b) the number and position of the cloacal papillae and (c) the microfilaria. The three filariae of this group and M. ineichi, the only ones of which aspects of the life-cycles are known, experimentally develop in phlebotomine sand flies.
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Litomosoides sigmodontis in mice: reappraisal of an old model for filarial research. PARASITOLOGY TODAY (PERSONAL ED.) 2000; 16:387-9. [PMID: 10951598 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-4758(00)01738-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis (LF) are major causes of severe morbidity and considerable socio-economic problems throughout the tropics. Vector control and mass chemotherapy have helped to control these infections in some regions, but the temporary success of such measures argues strongly for the development of vaccines. Success in such a venture will require detailed knowledge of protective immune responses in conjunction with the identification of target antigens. By comparison with other important parasitic infections, such as schistosomiasis and leishmaniasis, work on the development of vaccines for onchocerciasis and LF has been constrained because of the difficulties of producing cyclical and patent filarial infection in laboratory mice. Wolfgang Hoffmann and colleagues here outline the opportunities presented by the rodent filaria Litomosoides sigmodontis for filarial research.
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Parasitology and immunology of mice vaccinated with irradiated Litomosoides sigmodontis larvae. Parasitology 2000; 120 ( Pt 3):271-80. [PMID: 10759085 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182099005533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This study was performed with Litomosoides sigmodontis, the only filarial species which can develop from the infective larvae to the patent phase in immunocompetent laboratory BALB/c mice. Parasitological features and immune responses were analysed up to 3 months before and after challenge inoculation, by comparing 4 groups of mice: vaccinated challenged, challenged only, vaccinated only, and naive mice. Male larvae were very susceptible to irradiation and only female irradiated larvae survived in vivo. Protection, assessed by a lower recovery rate, was confirmed and was established within the first 2 days of challenge. This early reduction of the recovery rate in vaccinated challenged mice was determined by their immune status prior to the challenge inoculation. This was characterized by high specific IgM and IgG subclass (IgG1, IgG2a and IgG3) levels, high specific IL-5 secretion from spleen cells in vitro and a high density of eosinophils in the subcutaneous connective tissue. Six h after the challenge inoculation, most tissue eosinophils were degranulated in vaccinated challenged mice. Thus, in the protocol of vaccination described, protection appeared mainly to result from the stimulation of a Th2 type response and eosinophils seemed to be the main effectors for the increased killing of infective larvae in vaccinated challenged mice. Two months after challenge inoculation, the percentage of microfilaraemic mice was lower in vaccinated challenged mice as a consequence of this overall reduction in the worm load. In both vaccinated challenged and challenged only groups, the in vitro splenocyte proliferative capacity was reduced in microfilaraemic mice.
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The BNM-LPTF software for the frequency comparison of atomic clocks by the carrier phase of the GPS signal. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2000; 47:1140-1146. [PMID: 18238653 DOI: 10.1109/58.869052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the software and equipment used at the Laboratoire Primaire du Temps et des Frequences du Bureau National de Metrologie (BNM-LPTF), Paris, France. Two H-masers in short baseline, one located at the BNM-LPTF and the other at the Laboratoire de l'Horloge Atomique du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS-LHA), Orsay, France, were computed in parallel with the BNM-LPTF software and with the BERNESE V 4.1 software. The comparison of the results issued from both computations shows an agreement within 100 ps (1 sigma). In addition, comparisons with the BNM-LPTF software were made over 10 days with the H-masers located at the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig, Germany, and another at the National Physical Laboratory (NPL), Teddington, United Kingdom. The data collected show that a modulation with an amplitude of 50 ps and a period of 700-800 ps affects the equipment of the NPL. In addition, these comparisons show that the noise of the instruments together with the environmental conditions at the PTB was higher than that of the NPL and the BNM-LPTF during the observation period. The best relative frequency stability obtained, in the BNM-LPTF/NPL comparison, is about 3x10(-15) for averaging periods between 6x10(4) s and 3x10(5) s. This result is in good agreement with the expected stability of H-masers. It demonstrates that the noise brought by the GPS carrier phase measurements can be averaged out at this level.
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Use of GPS ASHTECH Z12T receivers for accurate time and frequency comparisons. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 1999; 46:941-949. [PMID: 18238499 DOI: 10.1109/58.775661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The GPS phase measurements described in this paper were obtained using two similar multichannel GPS ASHTECH Z12T receivers belonging to the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, BIPM, and the Laboratoire Primaire du Temps et des Frequences, BNM-LPTF. These receivers are based on the conventional geodetic ASHTECH Z12 unit, which has been modified to meet the stability requirements of time and frequency comparisons. Comparison of the two receivers operated side by side in different antenna configurations shows typical short-term noise of 1.1 to 3.5 ps. Longer term variations indicate a temperature sensitivity in the equipment, which limits the performance of the GPS phase method. One of the receivers was successfully operated using a temperature-stabilized antenna TSA from 3S Navigation, and the ASHTECH antenna, which feeds the second receiver, was placed in a home-built oven maintained at a constant temperature. These precautions made it possible to reduce a number of systematic effects. A separate study of frequency comparison was carried out between two hydrogen-masers located at the BNM-LPTF (Paris, France) and the PTB (Braunschweig, Germany) using receivers similar to ASHTECH Z12T receivers. The relative frequency stability obtained was about 3.3x10(-15) for an average time of 15 000 s, an interesting result comparable with the outstanding performance of new ultrastable frequency standards.
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Abstract
AIMS Buprenorphine at high dosage became available in 1996 for substitution treatment in France. This drug is considered particularly safe and has become widely available in general medical practice. We investigated the possible implication of a buprenorphine-benzodiazepine association in six deaths of known abusers. DESIGN Full investigation of cause of death was conducted for six drug abusers. SETTING The deaths occurred in two regions of France (Auvergne and Lorraine). Assays were carried out by the Institut de Medecine Legale at Strasbourg, France, one of the few French laboratories equipped to assay buprenorphine. MEASUREMENT First, the blood and urine underwent triple exhaustive screening. Secondly, buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine were analysed in all the autopsy samples by HPLC/MS. FINDINGS Benzodiazepine-buprenorphine associations were found in every case; no other substances that could account for the death were found. The tissue concentrations were markedly higher than the blood levels. CONCLUSION If the number of deaths linked to such drug misuse proves high, it may be necessary to review how buprenorphine is dispensed.
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[Acute poisoning during substitution therapy based on high-dosage buprenorphine. 29 clinical cases--20 fatal cases]. Presse Med 1998; 27:557-61. [PMID: 9767947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Buprenorphine has been an important advance in care for drug abusers, but the toxic risk may be fatal. We report here two original series of buprenorphine poisoning in opiate abusers on substitution therapy. PATIENTS The first series included 20 males and 9 females, aged 20-35 years (mean = 27.5) with non-fatal poisoning. The second series included 20 subjects (19 males, 1 female) aged 14-48 years (mean = 26.6) with a fatal outcome. All subjects were opiate addicts taking high-dosage sublingual buprenorphine formulation as substitution therapy. RESULTS Blood concentrations of buprenorphine were found in all cases to remain at a low level (1.0-2.3 ng/ml, m = 1.4 ng/ml, and 1.1-29.0 ng/ml, m = 8.4 ng/ml in non-fatal and fatal cases respectively). Almost all cases involved concomitant intake of psychotropic medications, especially benzodiazepines (18 non-fatal and 17 fatal cases). DISCUSSION These observations confirm previously reported data on the danger of buprenorphine-benzodiazepine combinations. Intravenous injection of crushed tablets also appears to be a risk factor (8 deaths and 10 non-fatal poisonings). This series highlights the need for improvement in the recently developed French program for substitution therapy with high-dosage buprenorphine in heroin addicts.
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New features on the moults and morphogenesis of the human filaria Loa loa by using rodent hosts consequences. Parasite 1998; 5:37-46. [PMID: 9754295 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/1998051037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of the human filaria Loa loa (Dirofilariinae, Onchocercidae), previously studied in monkeys, was studied using the non permissive hosts-mice and jirds. The development proved to be rapid: moult 3 occurred on day 8 post-inoculation, the adult stage was reached on day 25 and measured at that time 3-3.5 mm in length. As in the other filarioids, the female genital apparatus developed during the fourth stage. A critical analysis of the studies on the development of Onchocercid species was made. The optimal duration of the stages (i.g. the shortest time) was chosen for the comparison. It appeared that the duration of the stage 3 was a constant character in a given species whatever the experimental conditions, whereas moult 4 might be retarded in a non susceptible host. Comparison between the 18 developmental cycles of Onchocercidae in the vertebrate host was made. Two biological types could be distinguished: either the moult 3 occurred on day 2-3 and was followed apparently by a late moult 4 (> or = 50 days), or the moult 3 occurred after about one week of development and it was associated with a less long stage 4 (20-40 days). The first group includes Dirofilaria and Onchocerca, the second group brings together mainly Loa and the Onchocercinae of the Dipetalonema line and related genera (Acanthocheilonema, Brugia, Litomosoides, etc.). The groups thus formed suggest real relationships as they fit with the morphology of the infective stage and the results of a recent molecular analysis of the 5S DNA.
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Six deaths linked to misuse of buprenorphine-benzodiazepine combinations. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155:448-9. [PMID: 9501765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Early reduction of the challenge recovery rate following immunization with irradiated infective larvae in a filaria mouse system. Trop Med Int Health 1997; 2:1170-4. [PMID: 9438473 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3156.1997.d01-218.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The filaria Litomosoides sigmodontis, which develops a patent infection in BALB/c mice, was used to determine the fate of a challenge inoculum following immunization of mice with irradiation attenuated infective larvae (3 subcutaneous inoculations at weekly intervals with 25 L3 irradiated at 60 krad, and challenge with 25 L3 two weeks after the final immunization). The adult worm burden of vaccinated mice was reduced to 50% of that of controls although the pattern of larval migration and microfilaraemia were not affected. Necropsies showed that the increased killing of the filariae of the challenge inoculum occurred at the L3 stage within the first 2 days of challenge. This result draws attention on the protective mechanisms operating very early and probably in the subcutaneous region.
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[Misuse of buprenorphine-benzodiazepines combination: 6 deaths]. Presse Med 1997; 26:1337-8. [PMID: 9365490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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Abstract
Comparisons were made between the immune responses evoked during the course of chronic and patient infections of Litomosoides sigmodontis in susceptible BALB/c mice and non-patent infections in resistant B10.D2 mice. Early antigen specific responses of spleen cells were weak in both mouse strains. However, by day 58 post infection a strong Th2 response, as determined by production of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10, was observed in BALB/c mice but not in B10.D2 mice. Antibody responses seemed to appear sooner in B10.D2 than in BALB/c mice, and these differentially recognised two antigens of 15 kD and 80 kD.
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Ivermectin and moxidectin in two filarial systems: resistance of Monanema martini; inhibition of Litomosoides sigmodontis insemination. PARASSITOLOGIA 1997; 39:19-28. [PMID: 9419842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Effects of ivermectin and moxidectin were compared on two filarial species: Monanema martini which presents dermal microfilariae and induces Onchocerca-like lesions in its natural murid host Lemniscomys striatus, and Litomosoides sigmodontis (= L. carinii). M. martini microfilariae showed an unusual resistance to ivermectin, in vitro and in vivo; moxidectin was no more efficient. However, the two drugs used at high concentrations deeply altered the uterine embryogenesis, but had no lethal effect on adult filariae. L. sigmodontis blood microfilariae showed a great susceptibility to moxidectin, similar to that previously described for ivermectin. The two drugs also induced a long term effect because they inhibited the insemination of the female filariae. This result reinforces the observations made by other authors on the human parasite, Onchocerca volvulus.
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