1
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Song KW, Edgar KA, Hanan EJ, Hafner M, Oeh J, Merchant M, Sampath D, Nannini MA, Hong R, Phu L, Forrest WF, Stawiski E, Schmidt S, Endres N, Guan J, Wallin JJ, Cheong J, Plise EG, Lewis Phillips GD, Salphati L, Heffron TP, Olivero AG, Malek S, Staben ST, Kirkpatrick DS, Dey A, Friedman LS. RTK-Dependent Inducible Degradation of Mutant PI3Kα Drives GDC-0077 (Inavolisib) Efficacy. Cancer Discov 2022; 12:204-219. [PMID: 34544753 PMCID: PMC9762331 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-21-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PIK3CA is one of the most frequently mutated oncogenes; the p110a protein it encodes plays a central role in tumor cell proliferation. Small-molecule inhibitors targeting the PI3K p110a catalytic subunit have entered clinical trials, with early-phase GDC-0077 studies showing antitumor activity and a manageable safety profile in patients with PIK3CA-mutant breast cancer. However, preclinical studies have shown that PI3K pathway inhibition releases negative feedback and activates receptor tyrosine kinase signaling, reengaging the pathway and attenuating drug activity. Here we discover that GDC-0077 and taselisib more potently inhibit mutant PI3K pathway signaling and cell viability through unique HER2-dependent mutant p110a degradation. Both are more effective than other PI3K inhibitors at maintaining prolonged pathway suppression. This study establishes a new strategy for identifying inhibitors that specifically target mutant tumors by selective degradation of the mutant oncoprotein and provide a strong rationale for pursuing PI3Kα degraders in patients with HER2-positive breast cancer. SIGNIFICANCE: The PI3K inhibitors GDC-0077 and taselisib have a unique mechanism of action; both inhibitors lead to degradation of mutant p110a protein. The inhibitors that have the ability to trigger specific degradation of mutant p110a without significant change in wild-type p110a protein may result in improved therapeutic index in PIK3CA-mutant tumors.See related commentary by Vanhaesebroeck et al., p. 20.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung W Song
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Kyle A Edgar
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Emily J Hanan
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Marc Hafner
- Department of Oncology Bioinformatics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Jason Oeh
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Mark Merchant
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Deepak Sampath
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Michelle A Nannini
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Rebecca Hong
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Lilian Phu
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics & Lipidomics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - William F Forrest
- Department of Oncology Bioinformatics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Eric Stawiski
- Department of Oncology Bioinformatics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Stephen Schmidt
- Department of Biochemical and Cell Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Nicholas Endres
- Department of Biochemical and Cell Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Jane Guan
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Jeffrey J Wallin
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Jonathan Cheong
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Emile G Plise
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | | - Laurent Salphati
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Timothy P Heffron
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Alan G Olivero
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Shiva Malek
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Steven T Staben
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Donald S Kirkpatrick
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics & Lipidomics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Anwesha Dey
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California.
| | - Lori S Friedman
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California.
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2
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Boyer JZ, Phillips GDL, Nitta H, Garsha K, Admire B, Kraft R, Dennis E, Vela E, Towne P. Activity of trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) in 3D cell culture. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2021; 188:65-75. [PMID: 34091830 PMCID: PMC8233276 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-021-06272-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Cell spheroids and aggregates generated from three-dimensional (3D) cell culture methods are similar to in vivo tumors in terms of tissue morphology, biology, and gene expression, unlike cells grown in 2D cell cultures. Breast cancer heterogeneity is one of the main drug resistant mechanisms and needs to be overcome in order to increase the efficacy of drug activity in its treatments. Methods We performed a unique 3D cell culture and drug efficacy study with trastuzumab emtansine (Kadcyla®, T-DM1) across five breast cancer cell lines (BT-474, SK-BR-3, MDA-MB-361, MDA-MB-175, and MCF-7) that were previously investigated in 2D cell culture. We performed HER2 IHC staining, cell viability experiments, Gene-protein-assay (GPA), and T-DM1 internalization studies. Results We obtained significantly different results including higher IC50 for some of the cell lines. Our GPA showed some significant heterogeneous HER2 gene and protein expression in 3D cultured spheroids or aggregates. The fluorescent images also showed that a longer incubation time is needed for T-DM1 to be internalized effectively into 3D cultured spheroids or aggregates. Conclusion Our study demonstrated that the difference of T-DM1 drug activity in 3D spheroids or aggregates might be due to tumor heterogeneity and less efficient internalization of T-DM1 that is not seen using 2D cell culture models. Drug studies using 3D cell culture are expected to provide biologically relevant models for determining drug activity in tumor tissue in future drug response and resistance research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Zheng Boyer
- Roche Tissue Diagnostics, 1910 E Innovation Park Drive, Tucson, AZ, 85755, USA.
| | | | - Hiro Nitta
- Roche Tissue Diagnostics, 1910 E Innovation Park Drive, Tucson, AZ, 85755, USA
| | - Karl Garsha
- Roche Tissue Diagnostics, 1910 E Innovation Park Drive, Tucson, AZ, 85755, USA
| | - Brittany Admire
- Roche Tissue Diagnostics, 1910 E Innovation Park Drive, Tucson, AZ, 85755, USA
| | - Robert Kraft
- Roche Tissue Diagnostics, 1910 E Innovation Park Drive, Tucson, AZ, 85755, USA
| | - Eslie Dennis
- Roche Tissue Diagnostics, 1910 E Innovation Park Drive, Tucson, AZ, 85755, USA
| | - Elizabeth Vela
- Roche Tissue Diagnostics, 1910 E Innovation Park Drive, Tucson, AZ, 85755, USA
| | - Penny Towne
- Roche Tissue Diagnostics, 1910 E Innovation Park Drive, Tucson, AZ, 85755, USA
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3
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Staben LR, Chen J, Cruz-Chuh JD, Del Rosario G, Go MA, Guo J, Khojasteh SC, Kozak KR, Li G, Ng C, Lewis Phillips GD, Pillow TH, Rowntree RK, Wai J, Wei B, Xu K, Xu Z, Yu SF, Zhang D, Dragovich PS. Systematic Variation of Pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD)-Dimer Payload Physicochemical Properties Impacts Efficacy and Tolerability of the Corresponding Antibody-Drug Conjugates. J Med Chem 2020; 63:9603-9622. [PMID: 32787101 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD)-dimer molecules are frequently utilized as payloads for antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), and many examples are currently in clinical development. In order to further explore this ADC payload class, the physicochemical properties of various PBD-dimer molecules were modified by the systematic introduction of acidic and basic moieties into their chemical structures. The impact of these changes on DNA binding, cell membrane permeability, and in vitro antiproliferation potency was, respectively, determined using a DNA alkylation assay, PAMPA assessments, and cell-based cytotoxicity measurements conducted with a variety of cancer lines. The modified PBD-dimer compounds were subsequently incorporated into CD22-targeting ADCs, and these entities were profiled in a variety of in vitro and in vivo experiments. The introduction of a strongly basic moiety into the PBD-dimer scaffold afforded a conjugate with dramatically worsened mouse tolerability properties relative to ADCs derived from related payloads, which lacked the basic group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanna R Staben
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jinhua Chen
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | | | - Geoff Del Rosario
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Mary Ann Go
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jun Guo
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - S Cyrus Khojasteh
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Katherine R Kozak
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Guangmin Li
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Carl Ng
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | - Thomas H Pillow
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Rebecca K Rowntree
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - John Wai
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - BinQing Wei
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Keyang Xu
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Zijin Xu
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Shang-Fan Yu
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Donglu Zhang
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Peter S Dragovich
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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4
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Li G, Guo J, Shen BQ, Yadav DB, Sliwkowski MX, Crocker LM, Lacap JA, Phillips GDL. Mechanisms of Acquired Resistance to Trastuzumab Emtansine in Breast Cancer Cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 17:1441-1453. [PMID: 29695635 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinase HER2 is overexpressed in approximately 20% of breast cancer, and its amplification is associated with reduced survival. Trastuzumab emtansine (Kadcyla, T-DM1), an antibody-drug conjugate that is comprised of trastuzumab covalently linked to the antimitotic agent DM1 through a stable linker, was designed to selectively deliver DM1 to HER2-overexpressing tumor cells. T-DM1 is approved for the treatment of patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer following progression on trastuzumab and a taxane. Despite the improvement in clinical outcome, many patients who initially respond to T-DM1 treatment eventually develop progressive disease. The mechanisms that contribute to T-DM1 resistance are not fully understood. To this end, we developed T-DM1-resistant in vitro models to examine the mechanisms of acquired T-DM1 resistance. We demonstrate that decreased HER2 and upregulation of MDR1 contribute to T-DM1 resistance in KPL-4 T-DM1-resistant cells. In contrast, both loss of SLC46A3 and PTEN deficiency play a role in conferring resistance in BT-474M1 T-DM1-resistant cells. Our data suggest that these two cell lines acquire resistance through distinct mechanisms. Furthermore, we show that the KPL-4 T-DM1 resistance can be overcome by treatment with an inhibitor of MDR1, whereas a PI3K inhibitor can rescue PTEN loss-induced resistance in T-DM1-resistant BT-474M1 cells. Our results provide a rationale for developing therapeutic strategies to enhance T-DM1 clinical efficacy by combining T-DM1 and other inhibitors that target signaling transduction or resistance pathways. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(7); 1441-53. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangmin Li
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California.
| | - Jun Guo
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Ben-Quan Shen
- Department of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Daniela Bumbaca Yadav
- Department of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Mark X Sliwkowski
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Lisa M Crocker
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Jennifer A Lacap
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Gail D Lewis Phillips
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
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5
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Zhang D, Le H, Cruz-Chuh JD, Bobba S, Guo J, Staben L, Zhang C, Ma Y, Kozak KR, Lewis Phillips GD, Vollmar BS, Sadowsky JD, Vandlen R, Wei B, Su D, Fan P, Dragovich PS, Khojasteh SC, Hop CECA, Pillow TH. Immolation of p-Aminobenzyl Ether Linker and Payload Potency and Stability Determine the Cell-Killing Activity of Antibody–Drug Conjugates with Phenol-Containing Payloads. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:267-274. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donglu Zhang
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Hoa Le
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Josefa dela Cruz-Chuh
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Sudheer Bobba
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jun Guo
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Leanna Staben
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Chenghong Zhang
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Yong Ma
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Katherine R. Kozak
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Gail D. Lewis Phillips
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Breanna S. Vollmar
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jack D. Sadowsky
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Richard Vandlen
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - BinQing Wei
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Dian Su
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Peter Fan
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Peter S. Dragovich
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - S. Cyrus Khojasteh
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Cornelis E. C. A. Hop
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Thomas H. Pillow
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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6
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Gregson SJ, Masterson LA, Wei B, Pillow TH, Spencer SD, Kang GD, Yu SF, Raab H, Lau J, Li G, Lewis Phillips GD, Gunzner-Toste J, Safina BS, Ohri R, Darwish M, Kozak KR, Dela Cruz-Chuh J, Polson A, Flygare JA, Howard PW. Pyrrolobenzodiazepine Dimer Antibody-Drug Conjugates: Synthesis and Evaluation of Noncleavable Drug-Linkers. J Med Chem 2017; 60:9490-9507. [PMID: 29112410 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Three rationally designed pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) drug-linkers have been synthesized via intermediate 19 for use in antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). They lack a cleavable trigger in the linker and consist of a maleimide for cysteine antibody conjugation, a hydrophilic spacer, and either an alkyne (6), triazole (7), or piperazine (8) link to the PBD. In vitro IC50 values were 11-48 ng/mL in HER2 3+ SK-BR-3 and KPL-4 (7 inactive) for the anti-HER2 ADCs (HER2 0 MCF7, all inactive) and 0.10-1.73 μg/mL (7 inactive) in CD22 3+ BJAB and WSU-DLCL2 for anti-CD22 ADCs (CD22 0 Jurkat, all inactive at low doses). In vivo antitumor efficacy for the anti-HER2 ADCs in Founder 5 was observed with tumor stasis at 0.5-1 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg, and 3-6 mg/kg for 6, 8, and 7, respectively. Tumor stasis at 2 mg/kg was observed for anti-CD22 6 in WSU-DLCL2. In summary, noncleavable PBD-ADCs exhibit potent activity, particularly in HER2 models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Gregson
- Spirogen , QMB Innovation Centre, 42 New Road, London E1 2AX, United Kingdom
| | - Luke A Masterson
- Spirogen , QMB Innovation Centre, 42 New Road, London E1 2AX, United Kingdom
| | - Binqing Wei
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Thomas H Pillow
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Susan D Spencer
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Gyoung-Dong Kang
- Spirogen , QMB Innovation Centre, 42 New Road, London E1 2AX, United Kingdom
| | - Shang-Fan Yu
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Helga Raab
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jeffrey Lau
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Guangmin Li
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | - Janet Gunzner-Toste
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Brian S Safina
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Rachana Ohri
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Martine Darwish
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Katherine R Kozak
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | - Andrew Polson
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - John A Flygare
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Philip W Howard
- Spirogen , QMB Innovation Centre, 42 New Road, London E1 2AX, United Kingdom
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7
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Staben LR, Yu SF, Chen J, Yan G, Xu Z, Del Rosario G, Lau JT, Liu L, Guo J, Zheng B, dela Cruz-Chuh J, Lee BC, Ohri R, Cai W, Zhou H, Kozak KR, Xu K, Lewis Phillips GD, Lu J, Wai J, Polson AG, Pillow TH. Stabilizing a Tubulysin Antibody-Drug Conjugate To Enable Activity Against Multidrug-Resistant Tumors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:1037-1041. [PMID: 29057047 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The tubulysins are promising anticancer cytotoxic agents due to the clinical validation of their mechanism of action (microtubule inhibition) and their particular activity against multidrug-resistant tumor cells. Yet their high potency and subsequent systemic toxicity make them prime candidates for targeted therapy, particularly in the form of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). Here we report a strategy to prepare stable and bioreversible conjugates of tubulysins to antibodies without loss of activity. A peptide trigger along with a quaternary ammonium salt linker connection to the tertiary amine of tubulysin provided ADCs that were potent in vitro. However, we observed metabolism of a critical acetate ester of the drug in vivo, resulting in diminished conjugate activity. We were able to circumvent this metabolic liability with the judicious choice of a propyl ether replacement. This modified tubulysin ADC was stable and effective against multidrug-resistant lymphoma cell lines and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanna R. Staben
- Genentech, Inc.
, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Shang-Fan Yu
- Genentech, Inc.
, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jinhua Chen
- Wuxi Apptec
, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Gang Yan
- Wuxi Apptec
, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Zijin Xu
- Wuxi Apptec
, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Geoffrey Del Rosario
- Genentech, Inc.
, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jeffrey T. Lau
- Genentech, Inc.
, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Luna Liu
- Genentech, Inc.
, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jun Guo
- Genentech, Inc.
, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Bing Zheng
- Genentech, Inc.
, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | - Byoung-Chul Lee
- Genentech, Inc.
, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Rachana Ohri
- Genentech, Inc.
, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Wenwen Cai
- Wuxi Biologics
, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Hongxiang Zhou
- Wuxi Biologics
, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Katherine R. Kozak
- Genentech, Inc.
, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Keyang Xu
- Genentech, Inc.
, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | - Jiawei Lu
- Wuxi Biologics
, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - John Wai
- Wuxi Apptec
, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Andrew G. Polson
- Genentech, Inc.
, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Thomas H. Pillow
- Genentech, Inc.
, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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8
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Sadowsky JD, Pillow TH, Chen J, Fan F, He C, Wang Y, Yan G, Yao H, Xu Z, Martin S, Zhang D, Chu P, dela Cruz-Chuh J, O’Donohue A, Li G, Del Rosario G, He J, Liu L, Ng C, Su D, Lewis Phillips GD, Kozak KR, Yu SF, Xu K, Leipold D, Wai J. Development of Efficient Chemistry to Generate Site-Specific Disulfide-Linked Protein– and Peptide–Payload Conjugates: Application to THIOMAB Antibody–Drug Conjugates. Bioconjug Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jack D. Sadowsky
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Thomas H. Pillow
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jinhua Chen
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd, 288
Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, PR China
| | - Fang Fan
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd, 288
Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, PR China
| | - Changrong He
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd, 288
Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, PR China
| | - Yanli Wang
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd, 288
Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, PR China
| | - Gang Yan
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd, 288
Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, PR China
| | - Hui Yao
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd, 288
Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, PR China
| | - Zijin Xu
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd, 288
Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, PR China
| | - Shanique Martin
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Donglu Zhang
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Phillip Chu
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | - Aimee O’Donohue
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Guangmin Li
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Geoffrey Del Rosario
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jintang He
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Luna Liu
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Carl Ng
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Dian Su
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | - Katherine R. Kozak
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Shang-Fan Yu
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Keyang Xu
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Douglas Leipold
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - John Wai
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd, 288
Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, PR China
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9
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Lewis Phillips GD, Nishimura MC, Lacap JA, Kharbanda S, Mai E, Tien J, Malesky K, Williams SP, Marik J, Phillips HS. Trastuzumab uptake and its relation to efficacy in an animal model of HER2-positive breast cancer brain metastasis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2017; 164:581-591. [PMID: 28493046 PMCID: PMC5495871 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-017-4279-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The extent to which efficacy of the HER2 antibody Trastuzumab in brain metastases is limited by access of antibody to brain lesions remains a question of significant clinical importance. We investigated the uptake and distribution of trastuzumab in brain and mammary fat pad grafts of HER2-positive breast cancer to evaluate the relationship of these parameters to the anti-tumor activity of trastuzumab and trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1). Methods Mouse transgenic breast tumor cells expressing human HER2 (Fo2-1282 or Fo5) were used to establish intracranial and orthotopic tumors. Tumor uptake and tissue distribution of systemically administered 89Zr-trastuzumab or muMAb 4D5 (murine parent of trastuzumab) were measured by PET and ELISA. Efficacy of muMAb 4D5, the PI3K/mTOR inhibitor GNE-317, and T-DM1 was also assessed. Results 89Zr-trastuzumab and muMAb 4D5 exhibited robust uptake into Fo2-1282 brain tumors, but not normal brains. Uptake into brain grafts was similar to mammary grafts. Despite this, muMAb 4D5 was less efficacious in brain grafts. Co-administration of muMAb 4D5 and GNE-317, a brain-penetrant PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, provided longer survival in mice with brain lesions than either agent alone. Moreover, T-DM1 increased survival in the Fo5 brain metastasis model. Conclusions In models of HER2-positive breast cancer brain metastasis, trastuzumab efficacy does not appear to be limited by access to intracranial tumors. Anti-tumor activity improved with the addition of a brain-penetrant PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, suggesting that combining targeted therapies is a more effective strategy for treating HER2-positive breast cancer brain metastases. Survival was also extended in mice with Fo5 brain lesions treated with T-DM1. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10549-017-4279-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Samir Kharbanda
- Calico Labs, 1170 Veterans Blvd, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Elaine Mai
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Janet Tien
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Kimberly Malesky
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | | | - Jan Marik
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
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10
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Thuss-Patience PC, Shah MA, Ohtsu A, Van Cutsem E, Ajani JA, Castro H, Mansoor W, Chung HC, Bodoky G, Shitara K, Phillips GDL, van der Horst T, Harle-Yge ML, Althaus BL, Kang YK. Trastuzumab emtansine versus taxane use for previously treated HER2-positive locally advanced or metastatic gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction adenocarcinoma (GATSBY): an international randomised, open-label, adaptive, phase 2/3 study. Lancet Oncol 2017; 18:640-653. [PMID: 28343975 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(17)30111-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although trastuzumab plus chemotherapy is the standard of care for first-line treatment of HER2-positive advanced gastric cancer, there is no established therapy in the second-line setting. In GATSBY, we examined the efficacy and tolerability of trastuzumab emtansine in patients previously treated for HER2-positive advanced gastric cancer (unresectable, locally advanced, or metastatic gastric cancer, including adenocarcinoma of the gastro-oesophageal junction). METHODS This is the final analysis from GATSBY, a randomised, open-label, adaptive, phase 2/3 study, done at 107 centres (28 countries worldwide). Eligible patients had HER2-positive advanced gastric cancer and progressed during or after first-line therapy. In stage one of the trial, patients were randomly assigned to treatment groups (2:2:1) to receive intravenous trastuzumab emtansine (3·6 mg/kg every 3 weeks or 2·4 mg/kg weekly) or physician's choice of a taxane (intravenous docetaxel 75 mg/m2 every 3 weeks or intravenous paclitaxel 80 mg/m2 weekly). In stage two, patients were randomly assigned to treatment groups (2:1) to receive the independent data monitoring committee (IDMC)-selected dose of trastuzumab emtansine (2·4 mg/kg weekly) or a taxane (same regimen as above). We used permuted block randomisation, stratified by world region, previous HER2-targeted therapy, and previous gastrectomy. The primary endpoint (overall survival) was assessed in the intention-to-treat population. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01641939. FINDINGS Between Sept 3, 2012, and Oct 14, 2013, 70 patients were assigned to receive trastuzumab emtansine 3·6 mg/kg every 3 weeks, 75 to receive trastuzumab emtansine 2·4 mg/kg weekly, and 37 to receive a taxane in the stage 1 part of the trial. At the pre-planned interim analysis (Oct 14, 2013), the IDMC selected trastuzumab emtansine 2·4 mg/kg weekly as the dose to proceed to stage 2. By Feb 9, 2015, a further 153 patients had been randomly assigned to receive trastuzumab emtansine 2·4 mg/kg weekly and a further 80 to receive a taxane. At data cutoff, median follow-up was 17·5 months (IQR 12·1-23·0) for the trastuzumab emtansine 2·4 mg/kg weekly group and 15·4 months (9·2-18·1) in the taxane group. Median overall survival was 7·9 months (95% CI 6·7-9·5) with trastuzumab emtansine 2·4 mg/kg weekly and 8·6 months (7·1-11·2) with taxane treatment (hazard ratio 1·15, 95% CI 0·87-1·51, one-sided p=0·86). The trastuzumab emtansine 2·4 mg/kg group had lower incidences of grade 3 or more adverse events (134 [60%] of 224 patients treated with trastuzumab emtansine vs 78 [70%] of 111 patients treated with a taxane), and similar incidences of adverse events leading to death (eight [4%] vs four [4%]), serious adverse events (65 [29%] vs 31 [28%]), and adverse events leading to treatment discontinuation (31 [14%] vs 15 [14%]) than did taxane treatment. The most common grade 3 or more adverse events in the trastuzumab emtansine 2·4 mg/kg weekly group were anaemia (59 [26%]) and thrombocytopenia (25 [11%]) compared with neutropenia (43 [39%]), and anaemia (20 [18%]), in the taxane group. The most common serious adverse events were anaemia (eight [4%]), upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage (eight [4%]), pneumonia (seven [3%]), gastric haemorrhage (six [3%]), and gastrointestinal haemorrhage (five [2%]) in the trastuzumab emtansine 2·4 mg/kg weekly group compared with pneumonia (four [4%]), febrile neutropenia (four [4%]), anaemia (three [3%]), and neutropenia (three [3%]) in the taxane group. INTERPRETATION Trastuzumab emtansine was not superior to taxane in patients with previously treated, HER2-positive advanced gastric cancer. There is still an unmet need in this patient group and therapeutic options remain limited. FUNDING F Hoffmann-La Roche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Thuss-Patience
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Manish A Shah
- Medical Oncology/Solid Tumor Program, Meyer Cancer Center of Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Atsushi Ohtsu
- Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center Hospital, Kashiwa, Japan
| | | | - Jaffer A Ajani
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Hyun Cheol Chung
- Yonsei Cancer Center, Song-Dang Institute for Cancer Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Gyorgy Bodoky
- Fovarosi Szent Laszlo Korhaz-Rendelointezet, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | | - Betsy L Althaus
- Product Development Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yoon-Koo Kang
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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11
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Zhang D, Pillow TH, Ma Y, Cruz-Chuh JD, Kozak KR, Sadowsky JD, Lewis Phillips GD, Guo J, Darwish M, Fan P, Chen J, He C, Wang T, Yao H, Xu Z, Chen J, Wai J, Pei Z, Hop CECA, Khojasteh SC, Dragovich PS. Linker Immolation Determines Cell Killing Activity of Disulfide-Linked Pyrrolobenzodiazepine Antibody-Drug Conjugates. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:988-993. [PMID: 27882196 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Disulfide bonds could be valuable linkers for a variety of therapeutic applications requiring tunable cleavage between two parts of a molecule (e.g., antibody-drug conjugates). The in vitro linker immolation of β-mercaptoethyl-carbamate disulfides and DNA alkylation properties of associated payloads were investigated to understand the determinant of cell killing potency of anti-CD22 linked pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD-dimer) conjugates. Efficient immolation and release of a PBD-dimer with strong DNA alkylation properties were observed following disulfide cleavage of methyl- and cyclobutyl-substituted disulfide linkers. However, the analogous cyclopropyl-containing linker did not immolate, and the associated thiol-containing product was a poor DNA alkylator. As predicted from these in vitro assessments, the related anti-CD22 ADCs showed different target-dependent cell killing activities in WSU-DLCL2 and BJAB cell lines. These results demonstrate how the in vitro immolation models can be used to help design efficacious ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jingtian Chen
- Wuxi Apptec, 288 Fute Zhong
Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Changrong He
- Wuxi Apptec, 288 Fute Zhong
Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Wuxi Apptec, 288 Fute Zhong
Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Hui Yao
- Wuxi Apptec, 288 Fute Zhong
Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Zijin Xu
- Wuxi Apptec, 288 Fute Zhong
Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Jinhua Chen
- Wuxi Apptec, 288 Fute Zhong
Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - John Wai
- Wuxi Apptec, 288 Fute Zhong
Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
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12
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Giddens AC, Lee HH, Lu GL, Miller CK, Guo J, Lewis Phillips GD, Pillow TH, Tercel M. Analogues of DNA minor groove cross-linking agents incorporating aminoCBI, an amino derivative of the duocarmycins: Synthesis, cytotoxicity, and potential as payloads for antibody–drug conjugates. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:6075-6081. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Danilenko DM, Phillips GDL, Diaz D. In Vitro Skin Models and Their Predictability in Defining Normal and Disease Biology, Pharmacology, and Toxicity. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 44:555-63. [PMID: 26940714 DOI: 10.1177/0192623316632074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In vitro skin model systems are increasingly being used both in the early evaluation of therapeutic drug candidates and in confirmatory mechanistic studies. The most commonly used of these in vitro model systems are reconstituted human epidermis (RHE) models. These RHE models consist solely of epidermal keratinocytes, which comes with some limitations but also with the advantage of focusing toxicologic and pharmacologic evaluation on keratinocytes alone. RHE models can generally be implemented more quickly, easily, and reproducibly than in vivo models and can thus be used for high throughput compound screening while potentially reducing the need for animal studies. Histologic evaluation of RHE sections can be done quite easily, and the sections are very amenable to quantification via image analysis, including automated analysis. RHE model systems can provide very valuable early indications of therapeutic candidate biology, pharmacology, and toxicity; and early results have demonstrated that RHE models have been quite predictive for in vivo pharmacologic and toxicologic effects on the skin, including clinical skin toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitry M Danilenko
- Department of Safety Assessment, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Gail D Lewis Phillips
- Department of Research Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Dolores Diaz
- Department of Safety Assessment, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
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14
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Baselga J, Lewis Phillips GD, Verma S, Ro J, Huober J, Guardino AE, Samant MK, Olsen S, de Haas SL, Pegram MD. Relationship between Tumor Biomarkers and Efficacy in EMILIA, a Phase III Study of Trastuzumab Emtansine in HER2-Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:3755-63. [PMID: 26920887 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE HER2-positive breast cancer is heterogeneous. Some tumors express mutations, like activating PIK3CA mutations or reduced PTEN expression, that negatively correlate with response to HER2-targeted therapies. In this exploratory analysis, we investigated whether the efficacy of trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1), an antibody-drug conjugate comprised of the cytotoxic agent DM1 linked to the HER2-targeted antibody trastuzumab, was correlated with the expression of specific biomarkers in the phase III EMILIA study. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Tumors were evaluated for HER2 (n = 866), EGFR (n = 832), and HER3 (n = 860) mRNA expression by quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR; for PTEN protein expression (n = 271) by IHC; and for PIK3CA mutations (n = 259) using a mutation detection kit. Survival outcomes were analyzed by biomarker subgroups. T-DM1 was also tested on cell lines and in breast cancer xenograft models containing PIK3CA mutations. RESULTS Longer progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were observed with T-DM1 compared with capecitabine plus lapatinib in all biomarker subgroups. PIK3CA mutations were associated with shorter median PFS (mutant vs. wild type: 4.3 vs. 6.4 months) and OS (17.3 vs. 27.8 months) in capecitabine plus lapatinib-treated patients, but not in T-DM1-treated patients (PFS, 10.9 vs. 9.8 months; OS, not reached in mutant or wild type). T-DM1 showed potent activity in cell lines and xenograft models with PIK3CA mutations. CONCLUSIONS Although other standard HER2-directed therapies are less effective in tumors with PI3KCA mutations, T-DM1 appears to be effective in both PI3KCA-mutated and wild-type tumors. Clin Cancer Res; 22(15); 3755-63. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Baselga
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
| | | | - Sunil Verma
- Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Jens Huober
- Breast Center, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Steve Olsen
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
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15
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Uppal H, Doudement E, Mahapatra K, Darbonne WC, Bumbaca D, Shen BQ, Du X, Saad O, Bowles K, Olsen S, Lewis Phillips GD, Hartley D, Sliwkowski MX, Girish S, Dambach D, Ramakrishnan V. Potential mechanisms for thrombocytopenia development with trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1). Clin Cancer Res 2014; 21:123-33. [PMID: 25370470 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-2093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Trastuzumab-emtansine (T-DM1) is an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) comprising the cytotoxic agent DM1 conjugated to trastuzumab with a stable linker. Thrombocytopenia was the dose-limiting toxicity in the phase I study, and grade ≥3 thrombocytopenia occurred in up to 13% of patients receiving T-DM1 in phase III studies. We investigated the mechanism of T-DM1-induced thrombocytopenia. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The effect of T-DM1 on platelet function was measured by aggregometry, and by flow cytometry to detect the markers of activation. The effect of T-DM1 on differentiation and maturation of megakaryocytes (MK) from human hematopoietic stem cells was assessed by flow cytometry and microscopy. Binding, uptake, and catabolism of T-DM1 in MKs, were assessed by various techniques including fluorescence microscopy, scintigraphy to detect T-[H(3)]-DM1 and (125)I-T-DM1, and mass spectrometry. The role of FcγRIIa was assessed using blocking antibodies and mutant constructs of trastuzumab that do not bind FcγR. RESULTS T-DM1 had no direct effect on platelet activation and aggregation, but it did markedly inhibit MK differentiation via a cytotoxic effect. Inhibition occurred with DM1-containing ADCs but not with trastuzumab demonstrating a role for DM1. MKs internalized these ADCs in a HER2-independent, FcγRIIa-dependent manner, resulting in intracellular release of DM1. Binding and internalization of T-DM1 diminished as MKs matured; however, prolonged exposure of mature MKs to T-DM1 resulted in a disrupted cytoskeletal structure. CONCLUSIONS These data support the hypothesis that T-DM1-induced thrombocytopenia is mediated in large part by DM1-induced impairment of MK differentiation, with a less pronounced effect on mature MKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirdesh Uppal
- Department of Safety Assessment, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, California
| | - Estelle Doudement
- Department of Safety Assessment, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, California
| | - Kaushiki Mahapatra
- Department of Safety Assessment, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, California
| | - Walter C Darbonne
- Department of Oncology Biomarker Development, Development Sciences, gRED, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, California
| | - Daniela Bumbaca
- Department of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics and Pharmodynamics, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, California
| | - Ben-Quan Shen
- Department of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics and Pharmodynamics, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, California
| | - Xiaoyan Du
- Department of Oncology Biomarker Development, Development Sciences, gRED, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, California
| | - Ola Saad
- Department of Bioanalytical Sciences, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, California
| | - Kristin Bowles
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, California
| | - Steve Olsen
- Department of Product Development, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, California
| | | | - Dylan Hartley
- Department of Safety Assessment, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, California
| | - Mark X Sliwkowski
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, California
| | - Sandhya Girish
- Department of Development Sciences, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, California
| | - Donna Dambach
- Department of Small Molecule and Investigative Toxicology, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, California
| | - Vanitha Ramakrishnan
- Department of Project Management and Operations, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, California.
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16
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Pillow TH, Tien J, Parsons-Reponte KL, Bhakta S, Li H, Staben LR, Li G, Chuh J, Fourie-O'Donohue A, Darwish M, Yip V, Liu L, Leipold DD, Su D, Wu E, Spencer SD, Shen BQ, Xu K, Kozak KR, Raab H, Vandlen R, Lewis Phillips GD, Scheller RH, Polakis P, Sliwkowski MX, Flygare JA, Junutula JR. Site-specific trastuzumab maytansinoid antibody-drug conjugates with improved therapeutic activity through linker and antibody engineering. J Med Chem 2014; 57:7890-9. [PMID: 25191794 DOI: 10.1021/jm500552c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have a significant impact toward the treatment of cancer, as evidenced by the clinical activity of the recently approved ADCs, brentuximab vedotin for Hodgkin lymphoma and ado-trastuzumab emtansine (trastuzumab-MCC-DM1) for metastatic HER2+ breast cancer. DM1 is an analog of the natural product maytansine, a microtubule inhibitor that by itself has limited clinical activity and high systemic toxicity. However, by conjugation of DM1 to trastuzumab, the safety was improved and clinical activity was demonstrated. Here, we report that through chemical modification of the linker-drug and antibody engineering, the therapeutic activity of trastuzumab maytansinoid ADCs can be further improved. These improvements include eliminating DM1 release in the plasma and increasing the drug load by engineering four cysteine residues into the antibody. The chemical synthesis of highly stable linker-drugs and the modification of cysteine residues of engineered site-specific antibodies resulted in a homogeneous ADC with increased therapeutic activity compared to the clinically approved ADC, trastuzumab-MCC-DM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Pillow
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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17
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Wada R, Erickson HK, Lewis Phillips GD, Provenzano CA, Leipold DD, Mai E, Johnson H, Tibbitts J. Mechanistic pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling of in vivo tumor uptake, catabolism, and tumor response of trastuzumab maytansinoid conjugates. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2014; 74:969-80. [PMID: 25186956 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-014-2561-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1), an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) comprised of trastuzumab linked to the antimitotic agent DM1, has shown promising results in patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive metastatic breast cancer. Investigations of the mechanisms of the action of ADCs, including T-DM1, have been primarily descriptive or semiquantitative. However, quantitative pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) analysis may provide insights into their complex behavior. The analyses described herein applied PK/PD modeling to nonclinical studies of maytansinoid conjugates. METHODS The maytansinoid conjugates T-DM1 and T-SPP-DM1, with thioether and disulfide linkers, respectively, were tested in mouse efficacy, PK, and tumor uptake studies. (3)[H]DM1-bearing ADCs were used to facilitate the quantitation of the ADCs in plasma, as well as ADC and ADC catabolites in tumors. Three mechanistic PK/PD models were used to characterize plasma ADC, tumor ADC, and tumor catabolite concentrations. Tumor catabolite concentrations were used to fit tumor response. Model parameters were estimated using R software and nonlinear least squares regression. RESULTS Plasma ADC-associated DM1 concentrations of T-DM1 decreased more slowly than those of T-SPP-DM1, likely due to slower DM1 release. A comparison of the mechanistic models found that the best model allowed catabolism and catabolite exit rates to differ between ADCs, that T-DM1 exhibited both faster tumor catabolism and catabolite exit rate from tumors than T-SPP-DM1; findings inconsistent with expected behavior based on the physicochemical nature of the respective catabolites. Tumor catabolite concentrations adequately described tumor response with both ADCs showing similar potency. CONCLUSION Mechanistic PK/PD studies described herein provided results that confirmed and challenged current hypotheses, and suggested new areas of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russ Wada
- Quantitative Solutions, Menlo Park, CA, USA
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Phillips GDL, Fields CT, Li G, Dowbenko D, Schaefer G, Miller K, Andre F, Burris HA, Albain KS, Harbeck N, Dieras V, Crivellari D, Fang L, Guardino E, Olsen SR, Crocker LM, Sliwkowski MX. Dual Targeting of HER2-Positive Cancer with Trastuzumab Emtansine and Pertuzumab: Critical Role for Neuregulin Blockade in Antitumor Response to Combination Therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 20:456-68. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-0358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Crocker LM, Fields C, Shao L, Sliwkowski MX, Phillips GDL, Schaefer G. Abstract 1212: The dual action antibody MEHD7945A targeting EGFR and HER3 enhances chemotherapy induced cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2012-1212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Dysregulation of the epidermal growth factor receptor family (EGFR, HER2, HER3, HER4) by mutation and/or overexpression plays an important role in tumorigenesis, and targeted agents directed against two members of the HER/ErbB family, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR/HER1), and HER2/ErbB2, are used in the treatment of cancer. Extensive crosstalk seen among these receptors implies that blocking signaling of more than one receptor may be more effective in inhibiting tumor growth and circumventing resistance mechanisms than targeting individual receptors. In particular, HER3 is considered a key mediator of resistance to many targeted agents. We generated a “two-in-one” antibody, MEHD7945A, that binds to EGFR and HER3 with high affinity, inhibits receptor function and is more broadly efficacious in various tumor types when compared to monospecific anti-EGFR or anti-HER3 antibodies. Given the ability of HER3 to potently activate the PI3K survival pathway, we investigated if antagonizing ligand-dependent HER signaling with MEHD7945A in the presence of chemotherapy augments cytotoxicity. We calculated combination index values the effects of combining MEHD7945A with commonly used chemotherapeutic agents in NSCLC and colorectal cell lines in vitro and in vivo. The NSCLC lines NCI-H292, NCI-H1666, NCI-H358 and HCC827 were treated with MEHD7945A plus gemcitabine over a wide range of drug concentrations. Cell proliferation data were analyzed using CalcuSyn software and all combination index values were <1, demonstrating that the combination of MEHD7945A and gemcitabine inhibited proliferation synergistically in these cells. To further explore the enhanced cytotoxic effect we evaluated the combination of MEHD7945A and gemcitabine, versus each single agent, in the NCI-H1975 NSCLC xenograft model, and observed enhanced tumor regression. Similar results were observed when MEHD7945A was combined with a range of chemotherapeutic agents, including pemetrexed, docetaxel and irinotecan in H1975, H441 or SW948 xenograft models. In summary, these in vitro and in vivo results demonstrate that MEHD7945A potentiates various cytotoxic agents in a variety of tumor types.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1212. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1212
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lily Shao
- 1Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
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Erickson HK, Lewis Phillips GD, Leipold DD, Provenzano CA, Mai E, Johnson HA, Gunter B, Audette CA, Gupta M, Pinkas J, Tibbitts J. The effect of different linkers on target cell catabolism and pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of trastuzumab maytansinoid conjugates. Mol Cancer Ther 2012; 11:1133-42. [PMID: 22408268 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-11-0727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) is an antibody-drug conjugate consisting of the anti-HER2 antibody trastuzumab linked via a nonreducible thioether linker to the maytansinoid antitubulin agent DM1. T-DM1 has shown favorable safety and efficacy in patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. In previous animal studies, T-DM1 exhibited better pharmacokinetics (PK) and slightly more efficacy than several disulfide-linked versions. The efficacy findings are unique, as other disulfide-linked antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) have shown greater efficacy than thioether-linked designs. To explore this further, the in vitro and in vivo activity, PK, and target cell activation of T-DM1 and the disulfide-linked T-SPP-DM1 were examined. Both ADCs showed high in vitro potency, with T-DM1 displaying greater potency in two of four breast cancer cell lines. In vitro target cell processing of T-DM1 and T-SPP-DM1 produced lysine-N(ε)-MCC-DM1, and lysine-N(ε)-SPP-DM1 and DM1, respectively; in vivo studies confirmed these results. The in vitro processing rates for the two conjugate to their respective catabolites were similar. In vivo, the potencies of the conjugates were similar, and T-SPP-DM1 had a faster plasma clearance than T-DM1. Slower T-DM1 clearance translated to higher overall tumor concentrations (conjugate plus catabolites), but unexpectedly, similar levels of tumor catabolite. These results indicate that, although the ADC linker can have clear impact on the PK and the chemical nature of the catabolites formed, both linkers seem to offer the same payload delivery to the tumor.
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21
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Schaefer G, Haber L, Crocker LM, Shia S, Shao L, Dowbenko D, Totpal K, Wong A, Lee CV, Stawicki S, Clark R, Fields C, Lewis Phillips GD, Prell RA, Danilenko DM, Franke Y, Stephan JP, Hwang J, Wu Y, Bostrom J, Sliwkowski MX, Fuh G, Eigenbrot C. A two-in-one antibody against HER3 and EGFR has superior inhibitory activity compared with monospecific antibodies. Cancer Cell 2011; 20:472-86. [PMID: 22014573 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Extensive crosstalk among ErbB/HER receptors suggests that blocking signaling from more than one family member may be essential to effectively treat cancer and limit drug resistance. We generated a conventional IgG molecule MEHD7945A with dual HER3/EGFR specificity by phage display engineering and used structural and mutational studies to understand how a single antigen recognition surface binds two epitopes with high affinity. As a human IgG1, MEHD7945A exhibited dual action by inhibiting EGFR- and HER3-mediated signaling in vitro and in vivo and the ability to engage immune effector functions. Compared with monospecific anti-HER antibodies, MEHD7945A was more broadly efficacious in multiple tumor models, showing that combined inhibition of EGFR and HER3 with a single antibody is beneficial.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bispecific/chemistry
- Antibodies, Bispecific/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Bispecific/toxicity
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/adverse effects
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Antibody Specificity
- Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Agents/toxicity
- Binding Sites, Antibody
- Binding, Competitive
- Cetuximab
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- ErbB Receptors/antagonists & inhibitors
- ErbB Receptors/chemistry
- ErbB Receptors/immunology
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/adverse effects
- Immunoglobulin G/chemistry
- Immunoglobulin G/therapeutic use
- MAP Kinase Signaling System
- Macaca fascicularis
- Mice
- Phosphorylation
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Receptor, ErbB-3/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, ErbB-3/chemistry
- Receptor, ErbB-3/immunology
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Schaefer
- Department of Research Oncology, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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Burris HA, Tibbitts J, Holden SN, Sliwkowski MX, Lewis Phillips GD. Trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1): a novel agent for targeting HER2+ breast cancer. Clin Breast Cancer 2011; 11:275-82. [PMID: 21729661 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2011.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Increased understanding of the molecular mechanisms of tumorigenesis has led to the development of novel agents that target tumor cells with minimal effects on normal cells. The success of this approach is exemplified by the development of monoclonal antibodies directed toward antigens expressed selectively by tumor cells. The conjugation of these monoclonal antibodies with potent cytotoxic drugs has the potential to further improve efficacy while retaining a favorable safety profile. Trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) is an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) currently in clinical development. It combines the humanized antibody trastuzumab, which targets the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) receptor on cancer cells, and the potent antimicrotubule agent DM1 using a unique highly stable linker. When T-DM1 binds to HER2, a proportion of the receptors are thought to be internalized by the process of receptor endocytosis, followed by the intracellular release of an active form of DM1, which in turn kills the tumor cell. This review presents the rationale for the development of T-DM1 and summarizes the preclinical and clinical data for this novel agent for the treatment of breast cancer.
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Junutula JR, Flagella KM, Graham RA, Parsons KL, Ha E, Raab H, Bhakta S, Nguyen T, Dugger DL, Li G, Mai E, Lewis Phillips GD, Hiraragi H, Fuji RN, Tibbitts J, Vandlen R, Spencer SD, Scheller RH, Polakis P, Sliwkowski MX. Engineered Thio-Trastuzumab-DM1 Conjugate with an Improved Therapeutic Index to Target Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2–Positive Breast Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16:4769-78. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-0987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Fields CT, Crocker LM, Sliwkowski MX, Phillips GDL. Abstract 5607: Dual targeting of HER2: Enhanced antitumor efficacy of trastuzumab-DM1 combined with pertuzumab. Cancer Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am10-5607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The EGFR family of transmembrane receptors consists of HER1 (ErbB1/EGFR), HER2 (ErbB2), HER3 (ErbB3) and HER4 (ErbB4). These receptors are often dysregulated in human solid tumors. For example, amplification and overexpression of HER2 occur in approximately 20 percent of human breast cancers and are predictive of poor clinical outcome. A principal means by which these receptors exert their growth-stimulatory effect is through homo- and hetero-dimerization which can occur in either a ligand-dependent or -independent manner and subsequently promotes receptor tyrosine kinase activity, leading to autophosphorylation and activation of downstream signal transduction pathways.
The humanized HER2 antibody, trastuzumab (Herceptin®), is approved for use in adjuvant and metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer and has shown significant clinical benefit. Trastuzumab-DM1 (T-DM1, TMAb-mcc-DM1, trastuzumab emtansine) is an antibody-cytotoxic drug conjugate composed of the maytansine derivative DM1 directly coupled, through a thioether SMCC linker, to trastuzumab. We previously reported the potent in vitro and in vivo efficacy of T-DM1 in trastuzumab-sensitive and -refractory breast tumor models. Both trastuzumab and T-DM1 bind domain IV of the HER2 extracellular domain (ECD) and inhibit HER2 function in a ligand-independent manner. T-DM1 provides additional efficacy through selective delivery of the cytotoxic agent DM1 to HER2-overexpressing cancer cells. Pertuzumab is a humanized HER2 antibody that binds domain II of the HER2 ECD and thereby inhibits ligand-induced activation of HER2 by blocking dimerization of HER2 with other HER family members. Pertuzumab in combination with trastuzumab has shown impressive preclinical as well as clinical activity in HER2-positive breast cancer.
The purpose of our studies was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of T-DM1 combined with pertuzumab. Our in vitro results show that combination treatment resulted in synergistic inhibition of cell proliferation in human breast and lung cancer cells that over-express HER2. Drug combination effects were analyzed by the Chou and Talalay method for determining combination index values. Similarly, we observed enhanced in vivo efficacy when administering T-DM1 in combination with pertuzumab, as compared with either agent alone, in breast and lung cancer xenograft models. Treatment of cells with T-DM1 combined with pertuzumab also resulted in a synergistic increase in apoptosis as measured by increased activity of the apoptotic enzymes, caspases 3 and 7, and increased levels of the apoptotic population in cell cycle experiments. Together, these studies support the hypothesis that T-DM1 in combination with pertuzumab for HER2-amplified cancer may offer an additional therapeutic approach for patients whose disease progresses on trastuzumab and lapatinib-based therapy.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5607.
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Erickson H, Lewis Phillips GD, Provenzano C, Leipold DD, Johnson H, Mai E, Audette C, Messick K, Pinkas J, Gupta M, Tibbitts J. Abstract A149: The effect of linker on target cell catabolism and PK/PD of trastuzumab maytansinoid conjugates. Mol Cancer Ther 2009. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.targ-09-a149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Trastuzumab-MCC-DM1 (T-DM1) is an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) consisting of a maytansinoid cytotoxic agent (DM1) conjugated via a non-reducible thioether-based linker (SMCC) to the humanized HER2 antibody trastuzumab (T). T-DM1 is currently in clinical trials for the treatment of patients with HER2+ metastatic breast cancer. Nonclinical studies of T-DM1 showed slightly greater efficacy in mouse models of HER2+ breast cancer and greater tolerability in rodents than a T-maytansinoid conjugate with a reducible disulfide-linker, T-SPP-DM1. The efficacy data were unexpected because for other targets disulfide-linked conjugates have shown greater activity in mouse xenograft models than non-reducible thioether versions. To explore how the linker component influences the behavior of T-maytansinoid conjugates, in vitro and in vivo efficacy, pharmacokinetic, and target cell metabolism studies evaluating the thioether-linked T-DM1 and the disulfide-linked T-SPP-DM1 were conducted. The two conjugates displayed similar in vitro cytotoxic potency towards the HER2-overexpressing, T-insensitive mammary carcinoma cell line, BT-474EEI. However, T-DM1 was slightly more efficacious than T-SPP-DM1 in mice bearing BT-474EEI tumors. In vitro studies in BT-474EEI cells using [3H]DM1 conjugates were conducted and the maytansinoid metabolites formed within the cells were quantified by HPLC radiochromatography and identified by LC/MS. The sole metabolite of T-DM1 formed was lysine-N -MCC-DM1. HER2-mediated processing of T-SPP-DM1 produced the analogous lysine-N -SPP-DM1 metabolite; however, free DM1 was also found, suggesting subsequent reduction of lysine-SPP-DM1. The metabolites identified for these two T conjugates were similar to those reported previously with maytansinoid conjugates using other antibodies. The catabolism kinetics for the two conjugates were similar, consistent with their similar in vitro cytotoxic activities. The in vivo tumor metabolites of the two conjugates following administration to mice bearing BT-474EEI tumors were identical to those found in vitro. Surprisingly, the concentrations for the tumor-metabolites of T-SPP-DM1 and T-DM1 were nearly the same despite higher plasma concentrations for T-DM1. In contrast to these findings, a similar study with conjugates targeting the CanAg antigen found that concentrations of tumor metabolites of the thioether-linked conjugate were significantly greater than those from disulfide-linked conjugates, in this case paralleling the difference in their relative clearance from plasma. Our results suggest that T-DM1 conjugates are activated by HER2+ cells by mechanisms similar to those reported previously with other maytansinoid conjugates, with the exception that, in vivo, the linker appears to have little influence on the relative amount of tumor metabolites of the two conjugates despite having a large impact on their relative pharmacokinetics. A mechanism for this unexpected observation is being investigated.
Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(12 Suppl):A149.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Elaine Mai
- 2 Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA
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26
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Zha J, O'Brien C, Savage H, Huw LY, Zhong F, Berry L, Lewis Phillips GD, Luis E, Cavet G, Hu X, Amler LC, Lackner MR. Molecular predictors of response to a humanized anti-insulin-like growth factor-I receptor monoclonal antibody in breast and colorectal cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:2110-21. [PMID: 19671761 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-0381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR) pathway is required for the maintenance of the transformed phenotype in neoplastic cells and hence has been the subject of intensive drug discovery efforts. A key aspect of successful clinical development of targeted therapies directed against IGF-IR will be identification of responsive patient populations. Toward that end, we have endeavored to identify predictive biomarkers of response to an anti-IGF-IR-targeting monoclonal antibody in preclinical models of breast and colorectal cancer. We find that levels of the IGF-IR itself may have predictive value in these tumor types and identify other gene expression predictors of in vitro response. Studies in breast cancer models suggest that IGF-IR expression is both correlated and functionally linked with estrogen receptor signaling and provide a basis for both patient stratification and rational combination therapy with antiestrogen-targeting agents. In addition, we find that levels of other components of the signaling pathway such as the adaptor proteins IRS1 and IRS2, as well as the ligand IGF-II, have predictive value and report on the development of a pathway-focused panel of diagnostic biomarkers that could be used to test these hypotheses during clinical development of IGF-IR-targeting therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiping Zha
- Department of Research Pathology, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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Junttila TT, Akita RW, Parsons K, Fields C, Lewis Phillips GD, Friedman LS, Sampath D, Sliwkowski MX. Ligand-independent HER2/HER3/PI3K complex is disrupted by trastuzumab and is effectively inhibited by the PI3K inhibitor GDC-0941. Cancer Cell 2009; 15:429-40. [PMID: 19411071 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2009.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 623] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2008] [Revised: 01/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Herceptin (trastuzumab) is the backbone of HER2-directed breast cancer therapy and benefits patients in both the adjuvant and metastatic settings. Here, we describe a mechanism of action for trastuzumab whereby antibody treatment disrupts ligand-independent HER2/HER3 interactions in HER2-amplified cells. The kinetics of dissociation parallels HER3 dephosphorylation and uncoupling from PI3K activity, leading to downregulation of proximal and distal AKT signaling, and correlates with the antiproliferative effects of trastuzumab. A selective and potent PI3K inhibitor, GDC-0941, is highly efficacious both in combination with trastuzumab and in the treatment of trastuzumab-resistant cells and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teemu T Junttila
- Research Oncology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, Mailstop 72, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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Lewis Phillips GD, Li G, Dugger DL, Crocker LM, Parsons KL, Mai E, Blättler WA, Lambert JM, Chari RVJ, Lutz RJ, Wong WLT, Jacobson FS, Koeppen H, Schwall RH, Kenkare-Mitra SR, Spencer SD, Sliwkowski MX. Targeting HER2-positive breast cancer with trastuzumab-DM1, an antibody-cytotoxic drug conjugate. Cancer Res 2008; 68:9280-90. [PMID: 19010901 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-1776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1150] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
HER2 is a validated target in breast cancer therapy. Two drugs are currently approved for HER2-positive breast cancer: trastuzumab (Herceptin), introduced in 1998, and lapatinib (Tykerb), in 2007. Despite these advances, some patients progress through therapy and succumb to their disease. A variation on antibody-targeted therapy is utilization of antibodies to deliver cytotoxic agents specifically to antigen-expressing tumors. We determined in vitro and in vivo efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity of trastuzumab-maytansinoid (microtubule-depolymerizing agents) conjugates using disulfide and thioether linkers. Antiproliferative effects of trastuzumab-maytansinoid conjugates were evaluated on cultured normal and tumor cells. In vivo activity was determined in mouse breast cancer models, and toxicity was assessed in rats as measured by body weight loss. Surprisingly, trastuzumab linked to DM1 through a nonreducible thioether linkage (SMCC), displayed superior activity compared with unconjugated trastuzumab or trastuzumab linked to other maytansinoids through disulfide linkers. Serum concentrations of trastuzumab-MCC-DM1 remained elevated compared with other conjugates, and toxicity in rats was negligible compared with free DM1 or trastuzumab linked to DM1 through a reducible linker. Potent activity was observed on all HER2-overexpressing tumor cells, whereas nontransformed cells and tumor cell lines with normal HER2 expression were unaffected. In addition, trastuzumab-DM1 was active on HER2-overexpressing, trastuzumab-refractory tumors. In summary, trastuzumab-DM1 shows greater activity compared with nonconjugated trastuzumab while maintaining selectivity for HER2-overexpressing tumor cells. Because trastuzumab linked to DM1 through a nonreducible linker offers improved efficacy and pharmacokinetics and reduced toxicity over the reducible disulfide linkers evaluated, trastuzumab-MCC-DM1 was selected for clinical development.
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