Examining Communicative, Critical Health Literacy and eHealth Literacy among International University Students Residing in Japan

(1) Background: International students with sufficient health literacy are better equipped to respond to public health emergencies and reduce any unintentional harm that may occur during such events. This study aims to assess the current status of health literacy among international students and investigate the factors that influence health literacy. (2) Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Tokyo on international university students using a questionnaire consisting of the Communicative and Critical Health Literacy and eHealth Literacy Scales. The study analyzed 205 valid responses. Descriptive statistics were utilized to assess the level of health literacy, and linear regression was used to identify the association of socio-demographic characteristics and disease status with health and e-health literacy. (3) Results: Health literacy and e-health literacy were low in 48.29% and 47.29% of international students, respectively. The mean scores of CCHL items ranged from 3.13 to 3.26, while the mean scores of eHEALS items ranged from 3.33 to 3.49. Both health literacy and e-health literacy were better with unmarried status (p = 0.015), and e-health literacy was worse with higher age (p = 0.007). (4) Conclusions: Overall, international students' health literacy and e-health literacy were at intermediate levels, with considerable room for improvement, and affected by certain student attributes.

Community-based lifestyle intervention for diabetes (Co-LID study) management rural Nepal: study protocol for a clustered randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has increased globally; with a disproportionate burden in South and Southeast Asian countries, including Nepal. There is an urgent need for clinically and cost-effective culturally adapted T2DM management programs. In this study, we aim to assess the effectiveness of community based culturally appropriate lifestyle intervention in improving the management and care of people with T2DM.

METHODS

We will conduct a cluster randomized control trial to evaluate the effectiveness of community based culturally appropriate lifestyle intervention in improving T2DM outcomes. The trial will be conducted in 30 randomly selected healthcare facilities from two purposively selected districts (Kavrepalanchowk and Nuwakot districts) of Bagmati province, Nepal. The selected healthcare facilities are being randomized into 15 interventions (n = 15) and usual care (n = 15) groups. Those in the intervention will receive group-based 12 an hour-long fortnightly session delivered over 6 months period. The intervention package includes 12 planned modules related to diabetes care, ongoing support, supervision and monitoring, follow-up from the trained community health workers, and educational materials on diabetes self-management. The participants in the usual care groups will receive pictorial brochure on diabetes management and they will continue receiving the usual care available from the local health facilities. The primary outcome is HbA1c level, and the secondary outcomes include quality of life, health care utilization, and practice of self-care behaviour, depression, oral health quality of life, and economic assessment of the intervention. Two points measurements will be collected by the trained research assistants at baseline and at the end of the intervention.

DISCUSSION

This study will provide tested approaches for culturally adapting T2DM interventions in the Nepalese context. The findings will also have practice and policy implications for T2DM prevention and management in Nepal.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Australia and New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry (ACTRN12621000531819). Registered on May 6, 2021.

Living Well as a Muslim through the Pandemic Era—A Qualitative Study in Japan

This study explored the living situations, financial conditions, religious obligations, and social distancing of Muslims during the COVID-19 pandemic. In total, 28 Muslim community members living in the Kanto region were recruited; 18 of them were included in in-depth qualitative interviews and 10 in two focus group interviews. The snowball method was used, and the questionnaires were divided into four themes. The audio/video interviews were conducted via Zoom, and NAVIO was used to analyse the data thematically. The major Muslim events were cancelled, and the recommended physical distancing was maintained even during the prayers at home and in the mosques. The Japanese government’s financial support to each person was a beneficial step towards social protection, which was highlighted and praised by every single participant. Regardless of religious obligations, the closing of all major mosques in Tokyo demonstrates to the Japanese community how Muslims are serious about adhering to the public health guidelines during the pandemic. This study highlights that the pandemic has affected the religious patterns and behaviour of Muslims from inclusive to exclusive in a community, and recounts the significance of religious commitments.

Reduction in Plasmodium falciparum Pfk13 and pfg377 allele diversity through time in southern Vietnam

Background

Plasmodium falciparum has acquired resistance to artemisinin in Southeast Asia, with mutations in the P. falciparum Kelch-13 (Pfk13) gene associated with the resistance phenotype. The widespread use of Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT)s in Southeast Asia has led to the selection and spread of parasites carrying mutations in Pfk13. We characterised the allele diversity of Pfk13 and pfg377, an artemisinin-resistance neutral polymorphic gene, in parasite DNA extracted human blood from in southern Vietnam in 2003, 2012, 2015 and 2018.

Method

This study was conducted in Bu Gia Map commune, Binh Phuoc province, Vietnam, from May 2018 to January 2019. Twenty-four samples from 2018 to 2019, 30 from 2003, 24 from 2012 and 32 from 2015 were analysed. Malaria-infected human blood was collected by finger-prick and used for molecular analysis. A nested-PCR targeting the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene was used for Plasmodium species identification, followed by amplification and nucleotide sequencing of Pfk13 and region 3 of pfg377. Archived blood samples collected in the same region in 2012 and 2015 were also analysed as above for comparison.

Results

The genetic diversity of Pfk13 and pfg377 was lower in 2018–2019 compared to 2012 and 2015. The number of distinct Pfk13 mutants decreased from three in 2012 and 2015, P553L, V568G and C580Y, to one, C580Y in 2018–2019. In 2018–2019, the frequency of C580Y mutant strains was 71% (17/24 isolates). All samples were wild type in 2003. In 2012 and 2015, there were single-strain infections as well as co-infections with two mutant strains or with mutant and wild strains, whereas there were no co-infections in 2018. pfg377 allele diversity decreased from five alleles in 2012 to two alleles in 2018–2019.

Conclusion

The genetic diversity of P. falciparum was reduced at the two genetic loci surveyed in this study, Pfk13 and pfg377. In the case of the former gene, we observed an increase in the prevalence of parasites carrying the C580Y gene, known to confer reduced susceptibility to ACTs. The reduction in the diversity of pfg377 may be linked to the clonal expansion of parasite strains carrying the C580Y mutation, leading to an overall reduction in parasite genetic diversity across the population.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41182-022-00409-4.

Field testing of a lightweight, inexpensive, and customisable 3D-printed mosquito light trap in the UK

Mosquito surveillance is a fundamental component of planning and evaluating vector control programmes. However, logistical and cost barriers can hinder the implementation of surveillance, particularly in vector-borne disease-endemic areas and in outbreak scenarios in remote areas where the need is often most urgent. The increasing availability and reduced cost of 3D printing technology offers an innovative approach to overcoming these challenges. In this study, we assessed the field performance of a novel, lightweight 3D-printed mosquito light trap baited with carbon dioxide (CO₂) in comparison with two gold-standard traps, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) light trap baited with CO₂, and the BG Sentinel 2 trap with BG-Lure and CO₂. Traps were run for 12 nights in a Latin square design at Rainham Marshes, Essex, UK in September 2018. The 3D-printed trap showed equivalent catch rates to the two commercially available traps. The 3D-printed trap designs are distributed free of charge in this article with the aim of assisting entomological field studies across the world.

Prevalence of human and non-human primate Plasmodium parasites in anopheline mosquitoes: a cross-sectional epidemiological study in Southern Vietnam

BACKGROUND

Human malaria is a major threat in rural communities of central Vietnam. Anopheles dirus and Anopheles minimus species are critical malaria vectors in Vietnam, which transmit Plasmodium parasites. However, the entomological aspects of malaria transmission in some of the central provinces of Vietnam remain unexplored. Hence, a cross-sectional entomological survey was carried out to identify the malaria vector species and the transmission of Plasmodium parasites in seven endemic provinces of Vietnam.

METHODS

Mosquitoes were collected from seven provinces, Gia Lai, Khanh Hoa, Phu Yen, Ninh Thuan, Binh Thuan, Dong Nai, and Binh Phuoc. The collection was conducted for four to eight consecutive nights using three established methods, indoor and outdoor human landing catches and light trap method. Nested-PCR analysis was performed to detect the Plasmodium species in the separated thorax and the abdomen of the individual mosquitoes.

RESULTS

A total of 2278 mosquitoes belonging to one of the four species of anopheline mosquitoes, An. dirus, An. maculatus, An. aconitus, and An. minimus were collected. Among the collected mosquitoes, 1398 were analysed using nested-PCR, of which, 40 mosquitoes were positive for Plasmodium parasites. Most of these parasites were detected in the samples from the thorax region, followed by the abdominal portion. The parasites were detected in both the thorax and abdomen of An. dirus. Seven species of Plasmodium parasites were detected during the analysis, of which, Plasmodium inui was the most common species, followed by Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium cynomolgi, Plasmodium coatneyi, Plasmodium knowlesi, and Plasmodium fieldi. Out of the 49 positive samples, 12 showed mixed infections. Co-infection of P. inui with human and other non-human primate Plasmodium species was common.

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrated the presence of human and non-human primate Plasmodium infection in An. dirus, a predominant malarial vector. Further, we showed that An. maculatus and An. minimus species also take part in malarial transmission. This might potentially lead to an alarming situation conducive for the emergence of novel zoonotic malaria.

Detection of the Plasmodium falciparum Kelch-13 gene P553L mutation in sporozoites isolated from mosquito salivary glands in South-Central Vietnam

Background

Plasmodium falciparum has developed resistance against artemisinin in Southeast Asia. Mutations in the P. falciparum Kelch-13 (Pfk13) gene are associated with artemisinin resistance in vitro and in vivo. We investigated the prevalence of mutations in PfK13 from sporozoite-stage parasites isolated from the salivary glands of Anopheles dirus mosquitoes.

Methods

Mosquitoes were caught by human-landing catches at two locations within the Khanh Phu commune, South-Central Vietnam. Identification of Anopheles species was performed based on morphological features and nucleotide sequence analysis. Sporozoite-infected salivary glands were stored on filter paper and at 4–6 °C. A nested-PCR targeting the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene was used for Plasmodium species identification. Pfk13 was amplified by nested PCR, and subjected to nucleotide sequencing.

Results

Five of 33 P. falciparum sporozoite samples carried the P553L mutation at the PfK13 locus. This mutation has been recorded previously in Vietnam, but not in Khanh Hoa province, were surveys of K13 polymorphism have not previously been carried out.

Conclusion

These results demonstrate the utility of mosquito-stage malaria parasite samples for studies on the molecular epidemiology of drug resistance.

Humans frequently exposed to a range of non-human primate malaria parasite species through the bites of Anopheles dirus mosquitoes in South-central Vietnam

BACKGROUND

Recent studies have described natural human infections of the non-human primate parasites Plasmodium knowlesi and Plasmodium cynomolgi. In Southeast Asia, mosquitoes of the Anopheles leucosphyrus group bite both humans and monkeys in the forest and thus offer a possible route for Plasmodium species to bridge the species barrier. In this study we analysed the species composition of malarial sporozoites infecting the salivary glands of Anopheles dirus in order to determine their potential role as bridge vectors of Plasmodium parasites from monkeys to humans.

METHODS

Mosquitoes were collected in the forest and forest fringe area of Khanh Phu commune by human-baited landing collection. Anopheles species were determined on the basis of morphologic features. Sporozoite-infected salivary glands were applied to filter paper and dried in an ambient atmosphere, before storage in closed vials at 4-6 °C. Detection and identification of Plasmodium species in salivary glands were carried out by nested-PCR of the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene.

RESULTS

Six species of Plasmodium parasites were detected by PCR, of which P. vivax was the most common, followed by P. knowlesi, P. inui, P. cynomolgi, P. coatneyi and P. falciparum. Twenty-six of the 79 sporozoite infected mosquitoes showed multiple infections, most of which were a combination of P. vivax with one or more of the non-human primate Plasmodium species.

CONCLUSIONS

These results suggest that humans overnighting in this forest are frequently inoculated with both human and non-human primate malaria parasites, leading to a situation conducive for the emergence of novel zoonotic malaria.

Diagnostic value of culture, histology and PCR for Helicobacter pylori in the remnant stomach after surgery

BACKGROUND

Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in the remnant stomach has not been established.

AIMS

To investigate the diagnostic value of culture, histology, PCR and serum IgG against H. pylori (ELISA) with and without eradication therapy in the remnant stomach, compared with the unoperated stomach.

METHODS

Biopsy samples for bacterial culture and histological diagnosis of H. pylori were taken from the stoma and upper corpus of the remnant stomach and gastric juice was used for PCR assay.

RESULTS

Bacterial culture-based diagnosis in the remnant stomach, sensitivity and specificity of culture were 95.1%, 100%; histology 89%, 92.3%; PCR 66%, 89.7%; and ELISA 100%, 50%, respectively, in cases without H. pylori eradication therapy. In assessment of the results of therapy for the remnant stomach, sensitivity and specificity of culture were 100%, 100%; histology 80%, 96.8%; PCR 80%, 91.7%; and ELISA 100%, 0%, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Bacterial culture had the highest diagnostic value in the remnant stomach as well as unoperated stomach. Sensitivity by histology and PCR was lower in the remnant stomach than the unoperated stomach, but specificity values were equal. Serum ELISA assay was not suitable for the remnant stomach.

Sex differences in mucosal response to Helicobacter pylori infection in the stomach and variations in interleukin-8, COX-2 and trefoil factor family 1 gene expression

BACKGROUND

Gastric cancer incidence in men is almost double that in women. We investigated mucosal responses in the stomach against Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infections to elucidate the interindividual or sex-related differences, which may in turn be associated with gastric cancer incidence, mucosal changes of stomach as measured by the Sydney System, and interleukin-8, cyclooxygenase-2 and trefoil factor family 1 (TFF1) gene expression.

METHODS

An age-, sex-, H. pylori status- and disease-matched case-control study was performed in 574 H. pylori-positive and 225 H. pylori-negative patients selected from 4125 patients with a diagnosis of benign disease of the stomach. Levels of acute and chronic inflammations, atrophy and intestinal metaplasia scored according to the Sydney System were compared by stomach site and by sex. Two biopsy specimens (antral and corpus gastric mucosa) from patients with benign gastric diseases (142 patients; 72 men, 70 women) were analysed for interleukin-8, cyclooxygenase-2 and TFF1 mRNA expression as measured by real-time PCR.

RESULTS

Inflammation and activity scores in antrum with H. pylori infection were higher in men, but scores declined according to age. Atrophy and intestinal metaplasia scores in corpus with H. pylori infection appeared more severe in men than in women, especially in older patients. In women, atrophy score increased with increasing age, particularly in postmenopausal H. pylori-negative patients. Interleukin-8 mRNA induction was detected in both antrum and corpus mucosa in H. pylori infection, but sex differences were not found. Response of cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA expression against H. pylori infection in the mucosa was higher in men than women. In H. pylori-negative patients, TFF1 mRNA levels in women were significantly higher than in men, and TFF1 mRNA was significantly lower in positive than negative women.

CONCLUSIONS

Sex differences in mucosal responses to H. pylori infection in the stomach may be correlated with sex differences in the incidence of stomach cancer.

Masticatory performance with a prosthesis following maxillectomy: an analysis of 43 cases

To statistically evaluate the factors that influenced masticatory performance following Maxillectomy, masticatory performance was measured in 43 patients with a post-operative prosthesis by means of a spectrophotometer using adenosine triphosphate (ATP) granules. Our statistical analysis revealed that the number of occluding post-canine teeth and the patient's sex were factors that influenced masticatory performance and demonstrated that it was most important to improve occlusion in the pre-molar/molar region.

An exchange format for use-cases of hospital information systems

Object-oriented software development is a powerful methodology for development of large hospital information systems. We think use-case driven approach is particularly useful for the development. In the use-cases driven approach, use-cases are documented at the first stage in the software development process and they are used through the whole steps in a variety of ways. Therefore, it is important to exchange and share the use-cases and make effective use of them through the overall lifecycle of a development process. In this paper, we propose a method of sharing and exchanging use-case models between applications, developers, and projects. We design an XML based exchange format for use-cases. We then discuss an application of the exchange format to support several software development activities. We preliminarily implemented a support system for object-oriented analysis based on the exchange format. The result shows that using the structural and semantic information in the exchange format enables the support system to assist the object-oriented analysis successfully.

Supporting medical decisions with vector decision trees

The article presents the extension of a common decision tree concept to a multidimensional - vector - decision tree constructed with the help of evolutionary techniques. In contrary to the common decision tree the vector decision tree can make more than just one suggestion per input sample. It has the functionality of many separate decision trees acting on a same set of training data and answering different questions. Vector decision tree is therefore simple in its form, is easy to use and analyse and can express some relationships between decisions not visible before. To explore and test the possibilities of this concept we developed a software tool--DecRain--for building vector decision trees using the ideas of evolutionary computing. Generated vector decision trees showed good results in comparison to classical decision trees. The concept of vector decision trees can be safely and effectively used in any decision making process.

Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium isolates obtained from human and bovine infections in Japan

Cryptosporidium oocysts, morphologically identified as Cryptosporidium parvum, were isolated from 22 human and 14 bovine cases in Japan, and were genotyped by means of a PCR/RFLP analysis of the polythreonine gene. DNA profiles of human isolates gave three distinct genotypes, namely an anthroponotic genotype 1, zoonotic genotype 2 and a new genotype. Isolates from bovine samples gave zoonotic genotype 2. The unusual genotype of Cryptosporidium was isolated from the feces of three immunologically healthy adults, and was further characterized by the sequence analysis of the 18S rRNA gene. The third genotype was identified as Crypto sporidium meleagridis, demonstrating that C. meleagridis, which occurs worldwide, has the potential to infect humans regardless of their immunological condition.

Inverse relationship between the titre of TT virus DNA and the CD4 cell count in patients infected with HIV

OBJECTIVES

To investigate the prevalence and relative titre of TT virus (TTV) DNA, and to examine the relationship between the extent of TTV viraemia and the immune status among 144 patients with HIV infection; 178 age- and sex-matched healthy individuals were also studied.

METHODS

TTV DNA was detected quantitatively by two distinct polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods [untranslated region (UTR) and N22]. UTR PCR detects all TTV genotypes, and N22 PCR can primarily detect four major TTV genotypes (1-4).

RESULTS

Using UTR PCR and N22 PCR, respectively, TTV DNA was detected significantly more frequently in HIV-infected patients than in controls (99 versus 91%, P < 0.001; 56 versus 27%, P < 0.0001), and the relative titre (10N/ml) was significantly higher in HIV-infected patients [4.5 +/- 1.2 (mean +/- SD) versus 3.1 +/- 0.9, P < 0.0001; 2.6 +/- 1.5 versus 1.5 +/- 0.9, P < 0.0001]. Age, sex, co-infection with hepatitis B or C virus, and risk factors for HIV transmission did not appear to be significant factors associated with the titre of TTV viraemia. However, the titre of TTV DNA was significantly higher in HIV-infected patients with AIDS (P < 0.0001), those with low CD4 T cell count (P < 0.0001), or those with high HIV viral loads (P = 0.0047).

CONCLUSION

TTV is highly prevalent and high-titred in HIV-infected patients. The TTV viral load may reflect the degree of immune status of these immunocompromised hosts.

Clinical and bacteriological profiles of patients with typhoid fever treated during 1975-1998 in the Tokyo Metropolitan Komagome Hospital

Patients with typhoid fever presenting to the Tokyo Metropolitan Komagome Hospital during the period 1975-1998 were retrospectively investigated. All cases were diagnosed by a positive culture for Salmonella typhi in either of their clinical specimens. Of the total number of 130 patients, 57% contracted the disease abroad; this population increased in later years as the total numbers of cases decreased. The period from disease onset to diagnosis averaged 14 days with 20% of the cases requiring over three weeks to establish a diagnosis. As for symptomatology relative bradycardia was seen in less than half of the cases, and rose spots or splenomegaly in less than one third. A positive blood culture was the most frequent test establishing the diagnosis followed by a positive stool culture. Intestinal bleeding was recognized in as many as 35 cases (27%) and even intestinal perforation occurred in two cases (1.5%). Chloramphenicol was most commonly employed during the early study period, however, during the late period it was replaced by fluoroquinolones. The clinical cure rate was 98% with regimens that include fluoroquinolones/quinolone; however it was 87% with the other antimicrobial regimens. Bacteriological relapse occurred in 25% of the non-fluoroquinolone group while only in 2.0% in the fluoroquinolone/quinolone group. Four strains of Salmonella typhi that were multi-resistant to chloramphenicol, ampicillin and cotrimoxazole were isolated in travelers from Asia. Early diagnosis by appropriate bacteriological examination regardless of classical symptomatology should be stressed and the use of fluoroquinolones is warranted in the treatment of typhoid fever.

[Two cases of typhoid fever with reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones]

Two separate febrile Indian patients who reside in Japan and had recently returned from their country were diagnosed as suffering from typhoid fever. Fluoroquinolone therapy was clinically ineffective and the addition of a third-generation cephalosporin was required in each case. Each strain of Salmonella Typhi was resistant to nalidixic acid in vitro and also showed higher minimal inhibitory concentration to other quinolones than usual susceptible strains. Similar cases of typhoid fever responding poorly to quinolone treatment have been observed in the Indian subcontinent, south-east Asia and central Asia since the early 1990s, and potential spread by travelers into Japan is of serious concern. Although quinolones still remain the drugs of choice for treatment of typhoid fever, physicians should be aware of the possibility and implications of clinical treatment failure.

Oral administration of fluoroquinolones in the treatment of typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever in Japan

OBJECTIVE

To study the adverse reactions and therapeutic effects of fluoroquinolones to investigate whether they can be used for the treatment of patients with typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever.

METHODS

The adverse reactions and therapeutic effects of fluoroquinolones were studied retrospectively in patients with typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever.

PATIENTS

58 patients (54 Japanese) with typhoid fever, 42 patients (41 Japanese) with paratyphoid fever, and 1 Japanese patient with both typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever, who were admitted in hospitals in Tokyo, Kawasaki, Yokohama, Kyoto, and Osaka from 1995 to 1998 and treated with fluoroquinolones.

RESULTS

Almost 80% of the patients were treated with tosufloxacin (TFLX) and the remaining 20 % were treated with norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, or sparofloxacin. Side effects (nausea, urticaria, aphthous stomatitis) and elevation of serum amylase were found in 3.6% and 8.3 % of patients treated with TFLX, respectively, but these adverse reactions disappeared in all of these cases either with or without a change in the drug used. No adverse reactions were found in patients treated with the other fluoroquinolones. The clinical and bacteriological effects of these drugs were adequate.

CONCLUSION

Though further studies still need to be performed on the fluoroquinolones other than TFLX, we can preliminarily conclude that fluoroquinolones are safe drugs and they can be recommended for the initial therapy of patients with typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever.

[In vitro drug susceptibility test of Plasmodium falciparum using a portable thermostat and CO2 gas generator]

We have recently developed a method of in vitro cultivation of P. falciparum using a portable incubator and AnaeroPack.CO2 (Onda et al.), we applied semi-microtechnique drug susceptibility tests to the culture method to evaluate the system using several P. falciparum strains or isolates of different susceptibilities to chloroquine (SGE-1, FCR-3, K-1, Patient 1 and 2). The new method gave comparable results to those shown by the standard test employing a modular incubator chamber with standard gas composition of 5% O2, 5% CO2 and 90% N2. Many useful data on the epidemiology of drug resistant malaria such as the emergence of multi-drug resistant isolates could be collected by applying this new method to the field survey.

[Reduction in the window period of an acute infection by chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay of HIV-1 p24 antigen]

To evaluate the detectability of HIV-1 p24 antigen in the window period of an acute infection, 172 HIV-1-infected and 78 HIV-1-uninfected adult serum (plasma) samples were assayed by chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay (CLEIA, 2 step sandwich method) and EIA. All 78 HIV-uninfected samples (100%) were p24 antigen negative by both methods. Thirty five of the 172 HIV-1-infected samples (32.1%) were p24 antigen negative by EIA, and p24 antigen positive by CLEIA. The HIV-1 RNA levels of the 35 discrepant samples were 8.1 x 10(3)-7.9 x 10(5) copies/ml, TH/I lymphocyte levels of them were less than 200 cells/microliter except 9 cases, and phases of them were AIDSs of CDC 1993 classification except 7 cases. The antigen detection limit of CLEIA was 3.1-6.3 pg/ml, and that of EIA was 12.5-25.0 pg/ml. The coefficient of variations of CLEIA were 3.0-6.3% determined after the assay on 5 samples on 5 different days, 6 times per day. On the basis of these results, it was inferred that the reason for the discrepancy between the two methods was due to the fact that the detection limit of CLEIA was lower than that of EIA. On an antibody-negative RNA-positive (5.0 x 10(4) copies/ml) serum sample in the window period of an acute infection, p24 antigen was detected by CLEIA 7 days earlier than by EIA. CLEIA was judged to be a useful assay for reducing the window period, and a cost-effective (effect/cost > 1.0) method.

DNA labeling reagent containing carbodiimide

We have synthesized a number of fluorescent compounds having a carbodiimide function and tested if it can be used to label DNA. They all reacted well with DNA in a very short time. Some of them showed different fluorescent characteristics when they bound to DNA such as band shift or change in fluorescent intensity.

Speech intelligibility following maxillectomy with and without a prosthesis: an analysis of 54 cases

To statistically evaluate the factors that influenced speech following maxillectomy, the speech intelligibility (SI) in 54 patients was measured with and without a prosthesis. The mean SI score without a prosthesis in all patients was 35.7 +/- 22.7% and that with a prosthesis was 84.9 +/- 12.7%. The results of the postmaxillectomy SI statistical analysis revealed that an oro-nasal communication was one of the factors that influenced SI without a prosthesis. The resection of the anterior portion of the soft palate was one of the factors that influenced SI with a prosthesis, which suggested that for some of these patients we should consider specific surgical treatment, aimed at the reconstruction in the deep defect extending to the intratemporal fossa. A new classification of maxillary defects has been proposed which will help to predict the grade of post-maxillectomy speech disorder following surgery.

[Varicella in adulthood: clinical features, severity scores, source of infection and complications]

Varicella has been thought to be one of the representative infectious disease in childhood, but recently we are under the impression that adults contracting varicella are increasing in number. On the other hand, they say that varicella generally causes a serious illness in adult patients. So we investigated signs and symptoms of varicella, source of infection, occupations of adult patients, except those who were immunologically compromised, by means of medical records, to know the characteristics of varicella in adulthood. According to the varicella severity score proposed by Nagai et al., varicella in the hospitalized adult patient was found to be much severer than that in children. The most remarkable symptoms, were high fever and sore throat, and these were the main reason of hospitalization in most of our patients. Although severity scores were very high in admitted adult patients with varicella, their clinical courses were not serious, and most of them recovered with only supportive therapy. These patients rarely suffered from complications, like pneumonia. If adult patients with varicella hospitalized in the early stage and received supportive care, they could recover without any complications. In most cases of adult varicella the source of infection was unknown. In the case of married persons, however, many of them were infected through their child. When adults contract varicella, not only the patients themselves suffer from high fever and sore throat, but also they act as the source of infection, if they are medical care workers. Furthermore, in public, the contraction of varicella results a socioeconomic loss from suspension of business caused by the illness. Prophylaxis with varicella vaccine, therefore, should be considered, when there are people who have never contracted varicella, whether or not they are medical staff.

[Viral haemorrhagic fever]

Viral haemorrhagic fever denotes various kinds of febrile illness caused by certain viruses which often presents with bleeding tendency and occasionally shock. Out of these, the four maladies, Lassa fever, Ebola haemorrhagic fever, Marburg haemorrhagic fever and Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever which are endemically present in Africa or eastern Europe, are known to be such diseases with high man-to-man communicability. These four haemorrhagic fevers are, therefore, designated as special conditions requiring isolation during the period when the infected patients are shedding the viruses, not only in Japan but also in many other countries. We have so far only one such case of Lassa fever who returned to Japan from Sierra Leone in 1987. Some haemorrhagic fevers including dengue (haemorrhagic) fever and hantavirus infections (e.g. haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome) are not known to be man-to-man transmissible and requiring no isolation. We have a number of dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fevers here in Japan today among imported febrile cases from tropical or subtropical countries. Every physician should take viral haemorrhagic fevers into consideration as one of the possibilities in diagnosing patients returning from overseas travel.

MRI of the TMJ disc with intravenous administration of gadopentetate dimeglumine

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether MR imaging with intravenous administration of gadopenetate dimeglumine (Gd-DTPA) is useful in the demonstration of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc.

METHOD

Sagittal T1-weighted MR images of 50 TMJs (25 patients) were obtained using a 0.5-T system both before and after intravenous injection of Gd-DTPA. The authors depicted the TMJ in which intravenous injection of Gd-DTPA improved visulization of the disc.

RESULTS

Intravenous injection of Gd-DTPA increased intensity in the retrodiscal space, the pterygoid venous plexus, as well as joint effusion by diffused Gd-DTPA. The technique improved visualization of 10 (50%) of 20 normal discs and 20 (67%) of 30 anterior disc displacements in closed-mouth position, and also 23 (74%) of 31 normal discs and 12 (63%) of 19 anterior disc displacements in open-mouth position. There were 12 TMJs (24% of the 50 TMJs) in which equivocal findings became highly diagnostic. The incidence in marked contrast effect was higher in TMJs with severe internal derangement than in those with normal or mild internal derangement (p < 0.005).

CONCLUSION

Using a 0.5-T MR imager, T1-weighted imaging with intravenous injection of Gd-DTPA showed more anatomic details than imaging without the contrast agent.

[Laboratory virological diagnosis of imported dengue cases]

Suspected dengue cases in Japan during the period of 1985-1995, 173 cases with unknown febrile illness entering or returning from mostly southeast Asia, were tested by serology and RT-PCR gene amplification. Seventy seven cases were confirmed by a significant rise of dengue 2 (Den 2) HI antibody in paired sera or by detection of HI antibody titer higher than 1:320 in single serum. The other 3 cases with antibody levels not higher than 1:80 in paired sera and 12 cases with an antibody 1:160 in single sera were positively suspected of dengue infection but were not confirmed. Countries of origin of confirmed cases were Thailand (39 cases), Philippinse (15), India (13), and Indonesia (9). Sera of dengue cases showed high degrees of cross reactivity of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in HI test but not in IgM capture ELISA. Sera of confirmed JEV-infected cases, however, showed practically no cross reactivity to Den 1 4 in HI test, suggesting unilateral cross reactivity of HI antibody. RT-PCR detected the Den 1 genome in sera of 3 cases obtained within 3 days after onset and the Den 2 genome in serum of case 4 days after onset. Although the number is limited, 92 (53%) out of 173 cases of febrile illness of unknown etiology entering Japan from tropical countries were either confirmed or positively suspected to be dengue fever. Considering possibilities of under reporting, importations of tropical viral infections should be bigger in number and will necessitate our intensified alertness.

[Clinical study of prulifloxacin on infectious enteritis. Japan Research Committee of Prulifloxacin, Research Group on Infectious Enteritis]

Prulifloxacin (PUFX), a new quinolone antimicrobial agent, was administered to a total of 122 patients and carriers to investigate its clinical efficacy, safety and usefulness in infectious enteritis (bacillary dysentery, enteritis caused by Salmonella spp. and enteropathogenic E. coli, cholera and so on). In addition, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of UFX (active compound) was determined against each clinical isolate, and compared with that of ciprofloxacin (CPFX), ofloxacin (OFLX), tosufloxacin (TFLX) and nalidixic acid (NA). The correlation between the concentration of UFX in feces and the change of the fecal microflora were also investigated when PUFX was administered to the patients with acute infectious enteritis. A daily dose of 400 mg of PUFX was administered orally in two divided doses (morning and evening) for 5 days, with the exception of 7 days administration against salmonella enteritis and 3 days administration against cholera. 84 cases were adapted for evaluating the usefulness. The clinical efficacy was 100% in all the enteritis except salmonella enteritis, in which it was 88.9% (8/9 cases). On the bacteriological efficacy, the elimination rate was 100% in all isolates except Salmonella spp., in which it was 75.0% (12/16 cases). As for the adverse effect, uriticaria in moderate degree was observed in 1 (0.9%) of 109 cases. Abnormal changes in laboratory findings were seen in 3 (3.0%) of 100 cases, consisting of 1 with eosinophilia and 2 with elevated S-GPT, although they were all slight in degree. The usefulness rate was 65.5% (55/84 cases) for "very useful" and 95.2% (80/84 cases) for "very useful" and "useful". MIC90 of UFX against Shigella spp., Salmonella spp., E. coli and V. cholerae, was 0.025, 0.05, 0.025 and 0.05 microgram/ml, respectively. These values were the same as those of CPFX and TFLX, and superior to OFLX and NA. UFX concentrations in feces followed by administration of PUFX in 3 cases with acute infectious enteritis were higher than that of MIC90 of UFX against Shigella spp., Salmonella spp., E. coli and V. cholerae. The changes of the fecal microflora, which influence the efficacy and safety of PUFX, were not observed.

A case of hepatocellular carcinoma in HIV-infected patient

Persistent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection induces an immuno-suppressive state and therefore malignant tumors are a very common complication. Hepatocellular carcinoma is very rare, however, because it is associated with chronic liver disease by the persistent infection of hepatitis B or C virus (HBV or HCV). We reported a case of HCC with HIV infection who had no evidence of HBV or HCV infection, and that had a rapid growth and active pulmonary metastases. Pathological findings of the resected liver showed moderately differentiated HCC and no chronic liver disease. Despite efforts to find potential HBV integration in tumor and non-tumor tissue, none was observed. To our knowledge, this is the first report of HCC in HIV-infected patient with no evidence of hepatitis virus infection.

[Basic and clinical studies of pazufloxacin on infectious enteritis research group of T-3761 on infectious enteritis]

A clinical study was carried out on pazufloxacin (PZFX) in 137 patients including shigellosis, Salmonella enteritis, enteropathogenic Esherichia coli enteritis and cholera, and carriers of these pathogens. Antibacterial activity of PZFX against clinical isolates, fecal concentration of PZFX and effects of PZFX on fecal microflora were also investigated. The overall clinical efficacy rate was 97.2%. The bacteriological efficacy rates were 98.2% against Shigella spp., 81.8% against Salmonella spp., 50% against Vibrio cholerae O1, and 100% against E. coli, V. parahaemolyticus, Aeronomas spp., Plesionomas shigelloides and V. cholerae non-O1, respectively. Side effect (epigastralgia) was observed in 1 of 130 cases (0.8%). The rate of abnormal laboratory findings was 11.2% (11/98). These were mainly elevation of GOT and/or GPT and increased eosinophils. The clinical usefulness rate was 95.2%. The MIC90 values of PZFX against Shigella spp., Salmonella spp. and E. coli were 0.025, 0.025 and 0.025 micrograms/ml, respectively. The results of fecal drug concentration and the effects on fecal microflora in one patient were compatible with those obtained in healthy volunteers.

[clinical study of balofloxacin on infectious enteritis and assessment of the fecal drug concentration and intestinal microbial flora in patients with inpatients with infectious enteritis. Research group of balofloxacin on infectious enteritis]

The efficacy, safety and usefulness of balofloxacin (BLFX) for patients with acute infectious enteritis and the carriers mainly shigellosis, were investigated. The drug was administered at a daily dose of 200 mg twice a day for 3 days to patients with cholera, 7 days to patients with Salmonella enteritis and 5 days to patients with other conditions of infectious enteritis including shigellosis; 1. The efficacy was analyzed in 89 of the 135 patients who received the administration (43 patients with shigellosis, 14 with Salmonella enteritis, 8 with enteropathogenic/ enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli enteritis, 3 with cholera, 7 with enteritis with other pathogenic bacteria, 6 with polymicrobial infectious enteritis and 8 with acute enteritis that was pathogen-negative). 2. In patients bearing symptoms and who thus could be analyzed for drug efficacy, the drug was markedly effective or effective 50/52 (96.2%). 3. Bacteriologically, the drug was effective for Shigella spp. in 41 (100%) of 41, Salmonella spp. in 12 (85.7%) of 14, and enteropathogenic/enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in 8 of 8 cases. 4. Adverse effects were seen in 5/133 patients (3.8%) receiving the drug, including two cases of skin eruption, one of the numbness of the hands, one of oral aphtha, and one of nausea. In patients for whom laboratory findings were available, 20/115 (17.4%) showed abnormalities, mainly elevations of GOT and/or GPT, but these were slight. 5. In terms of subjective reports of usefulness, 51/82 (62.2%) were markedly satisfied, and 73/82 (89.0%) were either satisfied or markedly satisfied. 6. The influence of administration of BLFX on fecal concentration and intestinal microbial flora was investigated in 2 patients with acute infectious enteritis. Results approximately equivalent to such flora levels in healthy subjects were obtained. These results suggest that BLFX is highly useful for infectious enteritis such as that caused by shigellosis.

A case of AIDS-related hepatic Kaposi's sarcoma

In Japan, Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a very rare neoplasm. However, it does occur as one of the complications in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). AIDS-related KS commonly involves the skin, lymph nodes, and gastrointestinal tract. Hepatic KS is sometimes observed in AIDS patients at autopsy, but it is very rarely diagnosed during life. We report a case of hepatic KS in an AIDS patient, detected by ultrasonography (US), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) during life and proven at autopsy. Abdominal US revealed multiple hyperechoic tumors along the portal vein. CT scan showed low density and delayed enhancement by contrast material. These tumors were revealed as a low intensity area on a T1-weighted image of MRI and as a high intensity area on T2-weighted and proton density images. US, CT scan, and MRI revealed characteristic findings of hepatic KS. These procedures are very useful for the diagnosis of hepatic KS. To our knowledge, this is the first report of hepatic KS in Japan.

[Basic and clinical studies of fleroxacin on infectious enteritis. Research Group of AM-833 on infectious enteritis]

A clinical study was conducted on fleroxacin (FLRX) in 143 patients and carriers with infectious enteritis (shigellosis, Salmonella enteritis, Campylobacter enteritis, pathogenic Escherichia coli enteritis, Vibrio parahaemolyticus enteritis, cholera, multiple bacterial infections, pathogen-negative enteritis). Furthermore, its antibacterial activity against clinical isolates, fecal concentration and effect on fecal microflora were conducted. FLRX was administered orally in doses of 200 mg once a day (200 mg group) or 300 mg once a day (300 mg group) for 3 days to cholera, for 7 days to Salmonella enteritis and for 5 days to the other infectious enteritis. The clinical efficacy rates were 100% in both the 200 mg and 300 mg groups. The bacteriological efficacy rates were 100% against Shigella spp., Salmonella spp., pathogenic E. coli, V. parahaemolyticus and V. cholerae O1, and 63.6% against Campylobacter spp. in the 200 mg group. The rates of the 300 mg group were 93.3% against Shigella spp., and 100% against Campylobacter spp. and pathogenic E. coli. As adverse effects, skin rash was observed in 1 case each in both groups (1.1%, 2.1%). Abnormal laboratory findings consisted of 1 case of increased eosinophils and 1 case of elevated GOT and GPT levels in the 200 mg group (2.8%), and 1 case of elevated GPT in the 300 mg group (2.9%). The clinical usefulness rates were 92.9% and 93.3% in the 200 mg and 300 mg groups, respectively. Antibacterial activity was somewhat inferior to that fo ciprofloxacin and equal to or better than that of norfloxacin, demonstrating MIC90 values against Shigella spp., Salmonella spp., pathogenic E. coli, V. parahaemolyticus and Campylobacter spp. of 0.1, 0.2, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.78 micrograms/ml, respectively. Peak fecal concentrations of the drug were 49.0 micrograms/g and 274.4 micrograms/g in the 200 mg group, and 43.3 micrograms/g and below the detection limit (5.0 micrograms/g) in the 300 mg group. With respect to fecal microflora (4 cases), a decrease in Enterobacteriaceae was observed in 3 cases during dosing. But this change showed a tendency to recover after completion of dosing. No effects were observed on anaerobic bacteria.

Detection of pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica DNA in liver abscess fluid by polymerase chain reaction

A sensitive method for detection of pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica DNA in drained fluids from liver abscess patients, using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), has been developed. The PCR employs oligonucleotide primers specific for the gene encoding the 30 kDa molecule of pathogenic E. histolytica. Liver abscess fluids (19 samples), from 14 patients with a presumptive amebic liver abscess, were examined microscopically and by the PCR method. Only two of the 19 samples were positive microscopically, whereas all 19 samples tested positive by PCR. This technique can be used to confirm the diagnosis of amebic liver abscess.

[Cryptosporidium diarrhea developing in two Japanese adults--one in AIDS and the other in a normal host. Research Group for Infectious Enteric Diseases, Japan]

Case I: A middle-age homosexual male developed AIDS with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) and esophageal candidiasis in 1986 during his stay in an European country about five months prior to transfer to Tokyo Metropolitan Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, in 1987. He was also diagnosed as having cryptosporidiosis presenting with mild diarrhea a month following the diagnosis of PCP. Diarrhea was successfully treated with spiramycin. On transfer to Tokyo Metropolitan Komagome Hospital, he was febrile but had no diarrhea. Serum HIV and TPHA were positive and his blood lymphocyte subset T4a was markedly decreased. On the 13th day after transfer to the hospital, watery diarrhea appeared. Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected from the feces taken on the 17th hospital day. The patient died of Escherichia coli septicemia on the 38th hospital day. Autopsy finding yielded Cryptosporidium infection widely spread over the stomach, ileum, bile and pancreatic ducts. Case II: A 31-year-old previously healthy female presented with abrupt onset of mucous stool five times daily. Mucous passage continued on the subsequent days despite administration of loperamide, and the passage increased to 20 times daily with mucous to watery diarrhea associated with mild abdominal cramps and nausea on the 4th day after onset of illness. On the 6th day of illness, she visited Tokyo Metropolitan Komagome Hospital. She denied close contact with pet animals or contact with any person presenting diarrhea. She had no recent history of travelling anywhere outside Tokyo. On examination she was an apparently healthy woman except for a slightly distended abdomen with localized tenderness in the right upper quadrant.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

[Clinical research on patients with typhoid and paratyphoid fever (1984-1987). Research Group for Infectious Enteric Diseases, Japan]

Patients with typhoid or paratyphoid fever, admitted to 14 hospitals for infectious diseases during 1984-1987, were epidemically and clinically studied. Of the total number of 183 typhoid, 49 paratyphoid fever patients, those infected overseas was 44.3% and 71.4% respectively, giving an overall annual decrease, yet marking an increased ratio of overseas infection. Patients aged 20s-30s and males were dominant. One hundred and seventy six cases (96.2%) of typhoid and all the paratyphoid fever cases were bacteriologically diagnosed. The period from the onset to the diagnosis was around 14 days in most cases, but beyond 29 days in over 10% of the cases. We would like to emphasize that enteric fever, focusing on high fever, bradycardia, roseola, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, elevated serum-GOT GPT and LDH, can be easily diagnosed by blood/stool culture before beginning chemotherapy. Intestinal bleeding was recognized in 24 cases (13.1%) of typhoid and 4 (8.2%) of paratyphoid fever, intestinal perforation in 2 (1.1%) and death in 1 (0.5%) of typhoid fever. CP was most commonly used in chemotherapy. Bacteriological relapse was recognized in 7/127 cases (5.5%) of typhoid, 6/48 (13.0%) of paratyphoid fever those followed beyond 3 weeks, though eradication was attained by retreatment. One strain of S. typhi resistant to CP.ABPC.KM.SM was isolated in 1986 from a patient infected overseas. New quinolones seem reliable in our preliminary studies.

[Fundamental studies on serological diagnosis of amoebiasis. 1. Application of amoebic antigen for CF test to ELISA]

We studied the establishment of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using amoebic antigen for complement fixation (CF) test. Optimal dilution for ELISA of sera from patients was 1:100, and that of CF-antigen was 1:400. The upper limit of the 99% critical range of the reaction of negative sera was 0.068 (cut-off level). Absorbance of sera from patients diluted 1:100 to antigen and antibody titers of ELISA were strongly correlated, so it was possible to estimate antibody titers from absorbance of serum diluted 1:100. ELISA and CF test were done to compare sensitivity of the tests using 63 sera from patients with invasive amoebic disease. The sensitivity of ELISA compared well with CF test (62 sera were positive by ELISA and 61 by CF test). Only one sample was both positive by ELISA and negative by CF test. This sample had low ELISA titers, so this discrepancy was mainly due to the sensitivity of CF test in detecting lower levels of antibody. These results suggested that the amoebic antigen for CF test can be applicable to ELISA, and this method was so sensitive and specific.

Utilization of therapeutic embolization in haemorrhage caused by carcinoma of the tongue

Selective transcatheter arterial embolization, using Gelfoam, was performed in 2 patients with bleeding from tongue arteries due to carcinoma. Though the patients were in poor general condition, being in the terminal stage of cancer, there were no complications and the bleeding was successfully controlled. This method was effective in controlling haemorrhage from the tongue due to carcinoma of the tongue.

[Study on bacterial infection by the investigation of antimicrobial susceptibility of various clinical isolates. III. Comparison of drug susceptibility between the isolates from the materials of out- and in-patients, and among the isolates from the materials of different hospital units]

Antimicrobial agents susceptibility of 42, 940 strains of clinical isolates (from 1979 to 1986) were investigated and the data were analyzed on the basis of the sources of isolates; materials from in- and out-patients or from the different hospital units. Bacteria studied were limited to the species of which isolates were 100 or more during 1979 to 1986. The following results were obtained. i) When the antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates from the out-patient-materials were compared with that from the in-patient-materials, the following 13 bacterial species isolated from the former source were found to be more susceptible to antibiotics than that of the latter. These were S. aureus, S. epidermidis, E. coli, Citrobacter sp., Klebsiella sp., Serratia sp., P. vulgaris, P. rettgeri, M. morganii, P. aeruginosa, P. putida, S. sonnei and Salmonella sp.. ii) The frequency of isolation and their antibiotic susceptibility of S. aureus, Enterobacter sp. and P. aeruginosa from both the in- and out-patients were comparable through 1979. However, S. aureus isolated from the in-patient-materials tended to show increased antibiotic resistance since 1983. This is probably due to the frequent use of the 3rd generation cephalosporins. iii) Comparison of the antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates from the different hospital units showed that the resistant strains were more frequently isolated in the materials from the urology unit and the susceptible strains were more frequently isolated in the materials from the infectious diseases unit. iv) Antibiotic resistant S. aureus and P. aeruginosa increased abruptly since 1983 in the materials from the surgery and urology unit, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

[Clinical trial of T-3262 on acute enteritis. Japan Research Committee of T-3262, Research Group for Acute Infectious Enteritis]

For the purpose of evaluation of clinical efficacy, safety and usefulness on acute infectious enteritis (bacillary dysentery, and enteritis caused by Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., enteropathogenic E. coli, and so on), T-3262, a newly developed pyridone-carboxylic acid derivative, was administered to a total of 136 patients and carriers. In addition, in vitro antibacterial activity of T-3262 was determined against the clinical isolates, and compared with those of nalidixic acid (NA), pipemidic acid (PPA), enoxacin (ENX), norfloxacin (NFLX) and ofloxacin (OFLX). The daily dose of 450 mg of T-3262 was administered orally three times after meals for 5 days, with the exception of 7 day administration against Salmonella enteritis. A total of 89 cases were evaluated; 23 with Shigella spp., 30 with Salmonella spp., 15 with Campylobacter spp., 6 with enteropathogenic E. coli, and 15 cases with the other pathogens or pathogen-negative. The efficacy on clinical symptoms judging from duration of fever, and duration of diarrhea and abnormal stool character was 100% in all the enteritis except enteropathogenic E. coli enteritis, in which it was 50% (n = 2). Concerning bacteriological response, elimination of the causative organisms from the feces was 100% in Shigella spp. (n = 19), Salmonella spp. (n = 30), and enteropathogenic E. coli (n = 6), although 64.3% in Campylobacter spp. (n = 14). As an adverse effect, epigastric discomfort was observed in one (0.8%) of 130 cases. Deteriorations in laboratory findings were seen in five (6.2%) of 81 cases, consisting of two with elevated GOT and GPT, two with elevated GPT, and one with increased eosinophils count, although they were all slight in degree. MICs of T-3262 which inhibited 90% of the isolates of Shigella spp, Salmonella spp., and Campylobacter spp., were 0.025, 0.05, and 0.78 microgram/ml, respectively. These values were lowest among the quinolone derivatives tested, except that the MIC90 against Campylobacter spp. was the same as that of ofloxacin.