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Johnson P, Federico M, Kirkwood A, Fosså A, Berkahn L, Carella A, d'Amore F, Enblad G, Franceschetto A, Fulham M, Luminari S, O'Doherty M, Patrick P, Roberts T, Sidra G, Stevens L, Smith P, Trotman J, Viney Z, Radford J, Barrington S. Adapted Treatment Guided by Interim PET-CT Scan in Advanced Hodgkin's Lymphoma. N Engl J Med 2016; 374:2419-29. [PMID: 27332902 PMCID: PMC4961236 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1510093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 533] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We tested interim positron-emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) as a measure of early response to chemotherapy in order to guide treatment for patients with advanced Hodgkin's lymphoma. METHODS Patients with newly diagnosed advanced classic Hodgkin's lymphoma underwent a baseline PET-CT scan, received two cycles of ABVD (doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine) chemotherapy, and then underwent an interim PET-CT scan. Images were centrally reviewed with the use of a 5-point scale for PET findings. Patients with negative PET findings after two cycles were randomly assigned to continue ABVD (ABVD group) or omit bleomycin (AVD group) in cycles 3 through 6. Those with positive PET findings after two cycles received BEACOPP (bleomycin, etoposide, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone). Radiotherapy was not recommended for patients with negative findings on interim scans. The primary outcome was the difference in the 3-year progression-free survival rate between randomized groups, a noninferiority comparison to exclude a difference of 5 or more percentage points. RESULTS A total of 1214 patients were registered; 937 of the 1119 patients (83.7%) who underwent an interim PET-CT scan according to protocol had negative findings. With a median follow-up of 41 months, the 3-year progression-free survival rate and overall survival rate in the ABVD group were 85.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 82.1 to 88.6) and 97.2% (95% CI, 95.1 to 98.4), respectively; the corresponding rates in the AVD group were 84.4% (95% CI, 80.7 to 87.5) and 97.6% (95% CI, 95.6 to 98.7). The absolute difference in the 3-year progression-free survival rate (ABVD minus AVD) was 1.6 percentage points (95% CI, -3.2 to 5.3). Respiratory adverse events were more severe in the ABVD group than in the AVD group. BEACOPP was given to the 172 patients with positive findings on the interim scan, and 74.4% had negative findings on a third PET-CT scan; the 3-year progression-free survival rate was 67.5% and the overall survival rate 87.8%. A total of 62 patients died during the trial (24 from Hodgkin's lymphoma), for a 3-year progression-free survival rate of 82.6% and an overall survival rate of 95.8%. CONCLUSIONS Although the results fall just short of the specified noninferiority margin, the omission of bleomycin from the ABVD regimen after negative findings on interim PET resulted in a lower incidence of pulmonary toxic effects than with continued ABVD but not significantly lower efficacy. (Funded by Cancer Research UK and Others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00678327.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Johnson
- From the Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton (P.J.), Cancer Research UK and University College London Cancer Trials Centre (A.K., P.P., T.R., L.S., P.S.) and the PET Imaging Centre, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital (M.O., Z.V., S.B.), London, the Department of Haematology, Lincoln County Hospital, Lincoln (G.S.), and the Department of Medical Oncology, Christie Hospital, Manchester (J.R.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Diagnostic, Clinical, and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena (M. Federico, A. Franceschetto, S.L.), the Department of Hematology, San Martino University Hospital, Genoa (A.C.), and Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova-Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Reggio Emilia (S.L.) - all in Italy; the Department of Medical Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (A. Fosså); the Department of Haematology, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand (L.B.); the Department of Hematology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (F.A.); the Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (G.E.); and the Department of Molecular Imaging, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital (M. Fulham), and Concord Repatriation General Hospital, University of Sydney (J.T.), Sydney
| | - Massimo Federico
- From the Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton (P.J.), Cancer Research UK and University College London Cancer Trials Centre (A.K., P.P., T.R., L.S., P.S.) and the PET Imaging Centre, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital (M.O., Z.V., S.B.), London, the Department of Haematology, Lincoln County Hospital, Lincoln (G.S.), and the Department of Medical Oncology, Christie Hospital, Manchester (J.R.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Diagnostic, Clinical, and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena (M. Federico, A. Franceschetto, S.L.), the Department of Hematology, San Martino University Hospital, Genoa (A.C.), and Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova-Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Reggio Emilia (S.L.) - all in Italy; the Department of Medical Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (A. Fosså); the Department of Haematology, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand (L.B.); the Department of Hematology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (F.A.); the Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (G.E.); and the Department of Molecular Imaging, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital (M. Fulham), and Concord Repatriation General Hospital, University of Sydney (J.T.), Sydney
| | - Amy Kirkwood
- From the Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton (P.J.), Cancer Research UK and University College London Cancer Trials Centre (A.K., P.P., T.R., L.S., P.S.) and the PET Imaging Centre, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital (M.O., Z.V., S.B.), London, the Department of Haematology, Lincoln County Hospital, Lincoln (G.S.), and the Department of Medical Oncology, Christie Hospital, Manchester (J.R.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Diagnostic, Clinical, and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena (M. Federico, A. Franceschetto, S.L.), the Department of Hematology, San Martino University Hospital, Genoa (A.C.), and Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova-Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Reggio Emilia (S.L.) - all in Italy; the Department of Medical Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (A. Fosså); the Department of Haematology, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand (L.B.); the Department of Hematology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (F.A.); the Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (G.E.); and the Department of Molecular Imaging, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital (M. Fulham), and Concord Repatriation General Hospital, University of Sydney (J.T.), Sydney
| | - Alexander Fosså
- From the Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton (P.J.), Cancer Research UK and University College London Cancer Trials Centre (A.K., P.P., T.R., L.S., P.S.) and the PET Imaging Centre, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital (M.O., Z.V., S.B.), London, the Department of Haematology, Lincoln County Hospital, Lincoln (G.S.), and the Department of Medical Oncology, Christie Hospital, Manchester (J.R.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Diagnostic, Clinical, and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena (M. Federico, A. Franceschetto, S.L.), the Department of Hematology, San Martino University Hospital, Genoa (A.C.), and Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova-Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Reggio Emilia (S.L.) - all in Italy; the Department of Medical Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (A. Fosså); the Department of Haematology, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand (L.B.); the Department of Hematology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (F.A.); the Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (G.E.); and the Department of Molecular Imaging, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital (M. Fulham), and Concord Repatriation General Hospital, University of Sydney (J.T.), Sydney
| | - Leanne Berkahn
- From the Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton (P.J.), Cancer Research UK and University College London Cancer Trials Centre (A.K., P.P., T.R., L.S., P.S.) and the PET Imaging Centre, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital (M.O., Z.V., S.B.), London, the Department of Haematology, Lincoln County Hospital, Lincoln (G.S.), and the Department of Medical Oncology, Christie Hospital, Manchester (J.R.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Diagnostic, Clinical, and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena (M. Federico, A. Franceschetto, S.L.), the Department of Hematology, San Martino University Hospital, Genoa (A.C.), and Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova-Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Reggio Emilia (S.L.) - all in Italy; the Department of Medical Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (A. Fosså); the Department of Haematology, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand (L.B.); the Department of Hematology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (F.A.); the Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (G.E.); and the Department of Molecular Imaging, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital (M. Fulham), and Concord Repatriation General Hospital, University of Sydney (J.T.), Sydney
| | - Angelo Carella
- From the Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton (P.J.), Cancer Research UK and University College London Cancer Trials Centre (A.K., P.P., T.R., L.S., P.S.) and the PET Imaging Centre, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital (M.O., Z.V., S.B.), London, the Department of Haematology, Lincoln County Hospital, Lincoln (G.S.), and the Department of Medical Oncology, Christie Hospital, Manchester (J.R.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Diagnostic, Clinical, and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena (M. Federico, A. Franceschetto, S.L.), the Department of Hematology, San Martino University Hospital, Genoa (A.C.), and Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova-Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Reggio Emilia (S.L.) - all in Italy; the Department of Medical Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (A. Fosså); the Department of Haematology, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand (L.B.); the Department of Hematology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (F.A.); the Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (G.E.); and the Department of Molecular Imaging, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital (M. Fulham), and Concord Repatriation General Hospital, University of Sydney (J.T.), Sydney
| | - Francesco d'Amore
- From the Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton (P.J.), Cancer Research UK and University College London Cancer Trials Centre (A.K., P.P., T.R., L.S., P.S.) and the PET Imaging Centre, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital (M.O., Z.V., S.B.), London, the Department of Haematology, Lincoln County Hospital, Lincoln (G.S.), and the Department of Medical Oncology, Christie Hospital, Manchester (J.R.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Diagnostic, Clinical, and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena (M. Federico, A. Franceschetto, S.L.), the Department of Hematology, San Martino University Hospital, Genoa (A.C.), and Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova-Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Reggio Emilia (S.L.) - all in Italy; the Department of Medical Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (A. Fosså); the Department of Haematology, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand (L.B.); the Department of Hematology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (F.A.); the Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (G.E.); and the Department of Molecular Imaging, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital (M. Fulham), and Concord Repatriation General Hospital, University of Sydney (J.T.), Sydney
| | - Gunilla Enblad
- From the Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton (P.J.), Cancer Research UK and University College London Cancer Trials Centre (A.K., P.P., T.R., L.S., P.S.) and the PET Imaging Centre, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital (M.O., Z.V., S.B.), London, the Department of Haematology, Lincoln County Hospital, Lincoln (G.S.), and the Department of Medical Oncology, Christie Hospital, Manchester (J.R.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Diagnostic, Clinical, and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena (M. Federico, A. Franceschetto, S.L.), the Department of Hematology, San Martino University Hospital, Genoa (A.C.), and Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova-Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Reggio Emilia (S.L.) - all in Italy; the Department of Medical Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (A. Fosså); the Department of Haematology, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand (L.B.); the Department of Hematology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (F.A.); the Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (G.E.); and the Department of Molecular Imaging, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital (M. Fulham), and Concord Repatriation General Hospital, University of Sydney (J.T.), Sydney
| | - Antonella Franceschetto
- From the Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton (P.J.), Cancer Research UK and University College London Cancer Trials Centre (A.K., P.P., T.R., L.S., P.S.) and the PET Imaging Centre, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital (M.O., Z.V., S.B.), London, the Department of Haematology, Lincoln County Hospital, Lincoln (G.S.), and the Department of Medical Oncology, Christie Hospital, Manchester (J.R.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Diagnostic, Clinical, and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena (M. Federico, A. Franceschetto, S.L.), the Department of Hematology, San Martino University Hospital, Genoa (A.C.), and Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova-Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Reggio Emilia (S.L.) - all in Italy; the Department of Medical Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (A. Fosså); the Department of Haematology, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand (L.B.); the Department of Hematology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (F.A.); the Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (G.E.); and the Department of Molecular Imaging, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital (M. Fulham), and Concord Repatriation General Hospital, University of Sydney (J.T.), Sydney
| | - Michael Fulham
- From the Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton (P.J.), Cancer Research UK and University College London Cancer Trials Centre (A.K., P.P., T.R., L.S., P.S.) and the PET Imaging Centre, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital (M.O., Z.V., S.B.), London, the Department of Haematology, Lincoln County Hospital, Lincoln (G.S.), and the Department of Medical Oncology, Christie Hospital, Manchester (J.R.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Diagnostic, Clinical, and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena (M. Federico, A. Franceschetto, S.L.), the Department of Hematology, San Martino University Hospital, Genoa (A.C.), and Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova-Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Reggio Emilia (S.L.) - all in Italy; the Department of Medical Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (A. Fosså); the Department of Haematology, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand (L.B.); the Department of Hematology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (F.A.); the Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (G.E.); and the Department of Molecular Imaging, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital (M. Fulham), and Concord Repatriation General Hospital, University of Sydney (J.T.), Sydney
| | - Stefano Luminari
- From the Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton (P.J.), Cancer Research UK and University College London Cancer Trials Centre (A.K., P.P., T.R., L.S., P.S.) and the PET Imaging Centre, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital (M.O., Z.V., S.B.), London, the Department of Haematology, Lincoln County Hospital, Lincoln (G.S.), and the Department of Medical Oncology, Christie Hospital, Manchester (J.R.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Diagnostic, Clinical, and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena (M. Federico, A. Franceschetto, S.L.), the Department of Hematology, San Martino University Hospital, Genoa (A.C.), and Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova-Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Reggio Emilia (S.L.) - all in Italy; the Department of Medical Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (A. Fosså); the Department of Haematology, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand (L.B.); the Department of Hematology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (F.A.); the Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (G.E.); and the Department of Molecular Imaging, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital (M. Fulham), and Concord Repatriation General Hospital, University of Sydney (J.T.), Sydney
| | - Michael O'Doherty
- From the Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton (P.J.), Cancer Research UK and University College London Cancer Trials Centre (A.K., P.P., T.R., L.S., P.S.) and the PET Imaging Centre, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital (M.O., Z.V., S.B.), London, the Department of Haematology, Lincoln County Hospital, Lincoln (G.S.), and the Department of Medical Oncology, Christie Hospital, Manchester (J.R.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Diagnostic, Clinical, and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena (M. Federico, A. Franceschetto, S.L.), the Department of Hematology, San Martino University Hospital, Genoa (A.C.), and Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova-Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Reggio Emilia (S.L.) - all in Italy; the Department of Medical Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (A. Fosså); the Department of Haematology, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand (L.B.); the Department of Hematology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (F.A.); the Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (G.E.); and the Department of Molecular Imaging, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital (M. Fulham), and Concord Repatriation General Hospital, University of Sydney (J.T.), Sydney
| | - Pip Patrick
- From the Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton (P.J.), Cancer Research UK and University College London Cancer Trials Centre (A.K., P.P., T.R., L.S., P.S.) and the PET Imaging Centre, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital (M.O., Z.V., S.B.), London, the Department of Haematology, Lincoln County Hospital, Lincoln (G.S.), and the Department of Medical Oncology, Christie Hospital, Manchester (J.R.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Diagnostic, Clinical, and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena (M. Federico, A. Franceschetto, S.L.), the Department of Hematology, San Martino University Hospital, Genoa (A.C.), and Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova-Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Reggio Emilia (S.L.) - all in Italy; the Department of Medical Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (A. Fosså); the Department of Haematology, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand (L.B.); the Department of Hematology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (F.A.); the Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (G.E.); and the Department of Molecular Imaging, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital (M. Fulham), and Concord Repatriation General Hospital, University of Sydney (J.T.), Sydney
| | - Thomas Roberts
- From the Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton (P.J.), Cancer Research UK and University College London Cancer Trials Centre (A.K., P.P., T.R., L.S., P.S.) and the PET Imaging Centre, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital (M.O., Z.V., S.B.), London, the Department of Haematology, Lincoln County Hospital, Lincoln (G.S.), and the Department of Medical Oncology, Christie Hospital, Manchester (J.R.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Diagnostic, Clinical, and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena (M. Federico, A. Franceschetto, S.L.), the Department of Hematology, San Martino University Hospital, Genoa (A.C.), and Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova-Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Reggio Emilia (S.L.) - all in Italy; the Department of Medical Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (A. Fosså); the Department of Haematology, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand (L.B.); the Department of Hematology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (F.A.); the Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (G.E.); and the Department of Molecular Imaging, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital (M. Fulham), and Concord Repatriation General Hospital, University of Sydney (J.T.), Sydney
| | - Gamal Sidra
- From the Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton (P.J.), Cancer Research UK and University College London Cancer Trials Centre (A.K., P.P., T.R., L.S., P.S.) and the PET Imaging Centre, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital (M.O., Z.V., S.B.), London, the Department of Haematology, Lincoln County Hospital, Lincoln (G.S.), and the Department of Medical Oncology, Christie Hospital, Manchester (J.R.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Diagnostic, Clinical, and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena (M. Federico, A. Franceschetto, S.L.), the Department of Hematology, San Martino University Hospital, Genoa (A.C.), and Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova-Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Reggio Emilia (S.L.) - all in Italy; the Department of Medical Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (A. Fosså); the Department of Haematology, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand (L.B.); the Department of Hematology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (F.A.); the Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (G.E.); and the Department of Molecular Imaging, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital (M. Fulham), and Concord Repatriation General Hospital, University of Sydney (J.T.), Sydney
| | - Lindsey Stevens
- From the Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton (P.J.), Cancer Research UK and University College London Cancer Trials Centre (A.K., P.P., T.R., L.S., P.S.) and the PET Imaging Centre, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital (M.O., Z.V., S.B.), London, the Department of Haematology, Lincoln County Hospital, Lincoln (G.S.), and the Department of Medical Oncology, Christie Hospital, Manchester (J.R.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Diagnostic, Clinical, and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena (M. Federico, A. Franceschetto, S.L.), the Department of Hematology, San Martino University Hospital, Genoa (A.C.), and Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova-Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Reggio Emilia (S.L.) - all in Italy; the Department of Medical Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (A. Fosså); the Department of Haematology, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand (L.B.); the Department of Hematology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (F.A.); the Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (G.E.); and the Department of Molecular Imaging, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital (M. Fulham), and Concord Repatriation General Hospital, University of Sydney (J.T.), Sydney
| | - Paul Smith
- From the Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton (P.J.), Cancer Research UK and University College London Cancer Trials Centre (A.K., P.P., T.R., L.S., P.S.) and the PET Imaging Centre, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital (M.O., Z.V., S.B.), London, the Department of Haematology, Lincoln County Hospital, Lincoln (G.S.), and the Department of Medical Oncology, Christie Hospital, Manchester (J.R.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Diagnostic, Clinical, and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena (M. Federico, A. Franceschetto, S.L.), the Department of Hematology, San Martino University Hospital, Genoa (A.C.), and Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova-Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Reggio Emilia (S.L.) - all in Italy; the Department of Medical Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (A. Fosså); the Department of Haematology, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand (L.B.); the Department of Hematology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (F.A.); the Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (G.E.); and the Department of Molecular Imaging, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital (M. Fulham), and Concord Repatriation General Hospital, University of Sydney (J.T.), Sydney
| | - Judith Trotman
- From the Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton (P.J.), Cancer Research UK and University College London Cancer Trials Centre (A.K., P.P., T.R., L.S., P.S.) and the PET Imaging Centre, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital (M.O., Z.V., S.B.), London, the Department of Haematology, Lincoln County Hospital, Lincoln (G.S.), and the Department of Medical Oncology, Christie Hospital, Manchester (J.R.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Diagnostic, Clinical, and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena (M. Federico, A. Franceschetto, S.L.), the Department of Hematology, San Martino University Hospital, Genoa (A.C.), and Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova-Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Reggio Emilia (S.L.) - all in Italy; the Department of Medical Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (A. Fosså); the Department of Haematology, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand (L.B.); the Department of Hematology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (F.A.); the Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (G.E.); and the Department of Molecular Imaging, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital (M. Fulham), and Concord Repatriation General Hospital, University of Sydney (J.T.), Sydney
| | - Zaid Viney
- From the Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton (P.J.), Cancer Research UK and University College London Cancer Trials Centre (A.K., P.P., T.R., L.S., P.S.) and the PET Imaging Centre, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital (M.O., Z.V., S.B.), London, the Department of Haematology, Lincoln County Hospital, Lincoln (G.S.), and the Department of Medical Oncology, Christie Hospital, Manchester (J.R.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Diagnostic, Clinical, and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena (M. Federico, A. Franceschetto, S.L.), the Department of Hematology, San Martino University Hospital, Genoa (A.C.), and Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova-Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Reggio Emilia (S.L.) - all in Italy; the Department of Medical Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (A. Fosså); the Department of Haematology, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand (L.B.); the Department of Hematology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (F.A.); the Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (G.E.); and the Department of Molecular Imaging, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital (M. Fulham), and Concord Repatriation General Hospital, University of Sydney (J.T.), Sydney
| | - John Radford
- From the Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton (P.J.), Cancer Research UK and University College London Cancer Trials Centre (A.K., P.P., T.R., L.S., P.S.) and the PET Imaging Centre, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital (M.O., Z.V., S.B.), London, the Department of Haematology, Lincoln County Hospital, Lincoln (G.S.), and the Department of Medical Oncology, Christie Hospital, Manchester (J.R.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Diagnostic, Clinical, and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena (M. Federico, A. Franceschetto, S.L.), the Department of Hematology, San Martino University Hospital, Genoa (A.C.), and Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova-Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Reggio Emilia (S.L.) - all in Italy; the Department of Medical Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (A. Fosså); the Department of Haematology, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand (L.B.); the Department of Hematology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (F.A.); the Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (G.E.); and the Department of Molecular Imaging, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital (M. Fulham), and Concord Repatriation General Hospital, University of Sydney (J.T.), Sydney
| | - Sally Barrington
- From the Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton (P.J.), Cancer Research UK and University College London Cancer Trials Centre (A.K., P.P., T.R., L.S., P.S.) and the PET Imaging Centre, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital (M.O., Z.V., S.B.), London, the Department of Haematology, Lincoln County Hospital, Lincoln (G.S.), and the Department of Medical Oncology, Christie Hospital, Manchester (J.R.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Diagnostic, Clinical, and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena (M. Federico, A. Franceschetto, S.L.), the Department of Hematology, San Martino University Hospital, Genoa (A.C.), and Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova-Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Reggio Emilia (S.L.) - all in Italy; the Department of Medical Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (A. Fosså); the Department of Haematology, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand (L.B.); the Department of Hematology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (F.A.); the Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (G.E.); and the Department of Molecular Imaging, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital (M. Fulham), and Concord Repatriation General Hospital, University of Sydney (J.T.), Sydney
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