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Valenzuela Scheker E, Kathuria A, Esnakula A, Sasano H, Yamazaki Y, Tevosian S, Auchus RJ, Ghayee HK, Dhir G. Expression of Key Androgen-Activating Enzymes in Ovarian Steroid Cell Tumor, Not Otherwise Specified. J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep 2021; 8:2324709620933416. [PMID: 32590918 PMCID: PMC7323262 DOI: 10.1177/2324709620933416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To characterize the expression of steroidogenic enzymes implicated in the development of ovarian steroid cell tumors, not otherwise specified (SCT-NOS). We present 4 ovarian SCT-NOS evaluated by immunohistochemical staining of steroidogenic enzymes as an approach to define this entity pathologically. All 4 ovarian SCT-NOS showed increased expression for cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (CYP11A1), 17α-hydroxylase (CYP17A1), 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (HSD17B1), aldo-ketoreductase type 1 C3 (AKR1C3), 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 (HSD3B2), 5α-reductase type 2 (SRD5A2), steroid sulfatase (SULT2A1), estrogen sulfotransferase (EST), and aromatase (CYP19A1). Expression was negative for 21-hydroxylase (CYP21A2) and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 (HSD17B2). 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 3 (HSD17B3) and 5α-reductase type 1 (SRD5A1) showed variable expression. Our analysis reveals a novel finding of increased expression of AKR1C3, HSD17B1, SRD5A2, SULT2A1, and EST in ovarian SCT-NOS, which is clinically associated with androgen excess and virilization. Further studies are needed to validate these enzymes as new markers in the evaluation of hyperandrogenic ovarian conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hans K Ghayee
- Memorial Healthcare System Hollywood, FL, USA.,Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Gauri Dhir
- Tidelands Health Group, Myrtle Beach, SC, USA
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Dhir G, Cusi K. Glucagon like peptide-1 receptor agonists for the management of obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a novel therapeutic option. J Investig Med 2017; 66:7-10. [PMID: 28918389 DOI: 10.1136/jim-2017-000554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a major risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and is associated with a cluster of metabolic factors that lead to poor cardiovascular outcomes. In non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), liver fat (triglyceride) accumulation closely mirrors adipose tissue dysfunction and insulin resistance in obesity and T2DM. It is now recognized as the most common chronic liver disease in Westernized societies, often progressing to more severe forms of the disease such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), or cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, NAFLD remains largely overlooked by healthcare providers although it affects about two-thirds of patients with obesity and it promotes the development of T2DM. NAFLD mirrors adipose tissue and systemic insulin resistance, the liver being a 'barometer' of metabolic health. Although pioglitazone is emerging as the treatment of choice for NASH in patients with insulin-resistance, or those with T2DM, many other options are being tested. Due to their overall safety and efficacy, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) are becoming one of the cornerstones for the management of both obesity and T2DM, and a novel alternative for the treatment of NAFLD. In this review, we will briefly summarize the status of GLP-1RA for the treatment of obesity and NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauri Dhir
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kenneth Cusi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Dhir G, Li D, Hakonarson H, Levine MA. Late-onset hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets with hypercalciuria (HHRH) due to mutation of SLC34A3/NPT2c. Bone 2017; 97:15-19. [PMID: 27939817 PMCID: PMC5367968 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify a genetic basis for markedly reduced bone density and multiple fractures in an adult patient with hypophosphatemia and hypercalciuria. SUBJECTS A 54-year-old Vietnamese man, his unaffected two daughters and wife. METHODS We performed biochemical studies and sequenced the SLC34A3 gene using genomic DNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. RESULTS Biochemical evaluation of the proband revealed hypophosphatemia with increased renal phosphate wasting, hypercalciuria, low serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) and an elevated serum 1,25(OH)2D level. Mutation analysis of SLC34A3 gene revealed that the patient was a compound heterozygote for two nonsynonymous nucleotide substitutions: a novel c.571G>A (p.G191S) damaging mutation and the previously reported c.200G>A (p.R67H) polymorphism, consistent with the clinical diagnosis of late-onset hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets with hypercalciuria (HHRH). His wife and older daughter both carried the p.R67H polymorphism, while his younger daughter was compound heterozygous for p.R67H and p.G191S. CONCLUSIONS HHRH is an uncommon autosomal recessive disease that generally manifests in childhood as rickets or nephrolithiasis, but an adult onset phenotype may occur in heterozygous carriers of SLC34A3 mutations. The severe presentation of this proband in adulthood with marked nephrolithiasis, multiple fractures and low bone density emphasizes the importance of measuring the serum phosphorus level in patients with suspected but unexplained osteoporosis and/or recurrent renal stones. The recognition of late-onset HHRH facilitates timely institution of appropriate therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauri Dhir
- Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ 08103, USA
| | - Dong Li
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael A Levine
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Pathak V, Dhir G, Kumar P. Vein of Galen malformation presentation in parturient: Case report. Journal of Neuroanaesthesiology and Critical Care 2017. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1646201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- V. Pathak
- Department of Anaesthesia, Pt B.D Sharma PGIMS, University of Health Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - G. Dhir
- Department of Anaesthesia, Pt B.D Sharma PGIMS, University of Health Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - P. Kumar
- Department of Anaesthesia, Pt B.D Sharma PGIMS, University of Health Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India
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Abstract
Familial cylindromatosis (FC) is an autosomal dominant disorder with apparently complete penetrance, but variable expression. There is an increasing evidence that FC is clinically, genetically, and histologically heterogeneous disorder as the simultaneous occurrence of cylindromas and other tumors of skin appendages within the affected individuals and families. The presence of multiple scalp cylindromas is often associated with autosomal dominant Brooke-Spielger syndrome, a condition in which there are co-existent facial trichoepitheliomas and spiradenomas. We present here a case of multiple cylindromatosis in a family affecting many members successively.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Dhir
- Department of Pathology, Adesh Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - M Makkar
- Department of Pathology, Adesh Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - V Suri
- Department of Pathology, Adesh Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Vk Dubey
- Department of Pathology, Adesh Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Bathinda, Punjab, India
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Connelly S, Smith TA, Dhir G, Gardner JM, Mehaffey MG, Zaret KS, McClelland A, Kaleko M. In vivo gene delivery and expression of physiological levels of functional human factor VIII in mice. Hum Gene Ther 1995; 6:185-93. [PMID: 7537539 DOI: 10.1089/hum.1995.6.2-185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemophilia A is caused by blood coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) deficiency and is an attractive target for gene therapy. However, features of FVIII physiology, such as the instability of the mRNA and protein, have provided obstacles to the design of a feasible strategy for the transfer and expression of the human FVIII gene in vivo. We have constructed a recombinant adenoviral vector, Av1ALH81, that contains the human FVIII cDNA from which the B-domain has been deleted (BDD FVIII) and extensively characterized this vector in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, HepG2, human hepatoma cells, transduced with Av1ALH81 secreted high levels of biologically active human BDD FVIII measured by the Coatest bioassay (> 2,400 mU per 10(6) cells per 24 hr). Administration of Av1ALH81 to mice, via tail vein, resulted in expression of human BDD FVIII in the mouse plasma at levels averaging 307 +/- 93 ng/ml 1 week post-injection, measured by a sensitive human FVIII-specific ELISA. Normal FVIII levels in humans are 100-200 ng/ml, and therapeutic levels are as low as 10 ng/ml. Purification of the human FVIII from the mouse plasma, and subsequent Coatest analysis, revealed that the human FVIII produced in the mice was biologically active. In addition, the duration of FVIII expression in vivo was followed, and high-level FVIII expression was sustained over a period of several weeks. The finding that an adenoviral vector can mediate high-level expression of human FVIII in an animal model provides the basis for the development of gene therapy for hemophilia A.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Connelly
- Genetic Therapy, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
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Yamabe T, Dhir G, Cowan EP, Wolf AL, Bergey GK, Krumholz A, Barry E, Hoffman PM, Dhib-Jalbut S. Cytokine-gene expression in measles-infected adult human glial cells. J Neuroimmunol 1994; 49:171-9. [PMID: 8294554 DOI: 10.1016/0165-5728(94)90193-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The expression of interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha transcripts in cultured human glial cells was examined using reverse transcription followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and Southern blot quantitation. Microglial cultures derived from brain biopsy specimens from three different individuals expressed transcripts for the three cytokines under basal culture conditions. This expression was enhanced in response to measles virus (MV) infection (IL-1 beta, 2.2-8.8-fold; IL-6, 2.5-8.4-fold; TNF alpha, 2.2-3.2-fold). Neither IL-1 beta nor TNF alpha transcripts were detectable in undissociated brain tissue from two individuals, suggesting that the basal expression of these cytokines in culture may have been induced by tissue dissociation or by the culture conditions. Oligodendrocytes did not express cytokine transcripts under basal culture conditions, and IL-1 beta and IL-6 but not TNF alpha transcripts could be induced by MV. Similarly, meningeal fibroblasts expressed IL-1 beta and IL-6 but not TNF alpha in response to MV-infection, suggesting that the production of TNF alpha is more cell type-restricted than either IL-1 beta or IL-6. The results indicate that adult human microglia can participate in the inflammatory response to MV infection in the CNS by producing cytokines that contribute to inflammation and demyelination. In addition, besides their role in myelination, oligodendrocytes can potentially influence immunoreactivity in the CNS by producing IL-1 beta and IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yamabe
- Retrovirus Research Center, Baltimore Veteran's Administration Medical Center, MD
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