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Triolo A, Di Lisio V, Lo Celso F, Appetecchi GB, Fazio B, Chater P, Martinelli A, Sciubba F, Russina O. Liquid Structure of a Water-in-Salt Electrolyte with a Remarkably Asymmetric Anion. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:12500-12517. [PMID: 34738812 PMCID: PMC9282637 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c06759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
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Water-in-salt
systems, i.e., super-concentrated aqueous electrolytes,
such as lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (21 mol/kgwater), have been recently discovered to exhibit unexpectedly
large electrochemical windows and high lithium transference numbers,
thus paving the way to safe and sustainable charge storage devices.
The peculiar transport features in these electrolytes are influenced
by their intrinsically nanoseparated morphology, stemming from the
anion hydrophobic nature and manifesting as nanosegregation between
anions and water domains. The underlying mechanism behind this structure–dynamics
correlation is, however, still a matter of strong debate. Here, we
enhance the apolar nature of the anions, exploring the properties
of the aqueous electrolytes of lithium salts with a strongly asymmetric
anion, namely, (trifluoromethylsulfonyl)(nonafluorobutylsulfonyl)
imide. Using a synergy of experimental and computational tools, we
detect a remarkable level of structural heterogeneity at a mesoscopic
level between anion-rich and water-rich domains. Such a ubiquitous
sponge-like, bicontinuous morphology develops across the whole concentration
range, evolving from large fluorinated globules at high dilution to
a percolating fluorous matrix intercalated by water nanowires at super-concentrated
regimes. Even at extremely concentrated conditions, a large population
of fully hydrated lithium ions, with no anion coordination, is detected.
One can then derive that the concomitant coexistence of (i) a mesoscopically
segregated structure and (ii) fully hydrated lithium clusters disentangled
from anion coordination enables the peculiar lithium diffusion features
that characterize water-in-salt systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Triolo
- Laboratorio Liquidi Ionici, Istituto Struttura della Materia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISM-CNR), Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Valerio Di Lisio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Lo Celso
- Laboratorio Liquidi Ionici, Istituto Struttura della Materia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISM-CNR), Rome 00133, Italy.,Department of Physics and Chemistry, Università di Palermo, Palermo 90133, Italy
| | | | - Barbara Fazio
- Istituto Processi Chimico-Fisici, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IPCF-CNR), Messina 98158, Italy
| | - Philip Chater
- Diamond House, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Diamond Light Source, Ltd., Didcot OX11 0DE, U.K
| | - Andrea Martinelli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Fabio Sciubba
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome 00185, Italy.,NMR-Based Metabolomics Laboratory (NMLab), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Olga Russina
- Laboratorio Liquidi Ionici, Istituto Struttura della Materia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISM-CNR), Rome 00133, Italy.,Department of Chemistry, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome 00185, Italy
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Paillard EE, Zhou Q, Henderson W, Appetecchi GB, Montanino M, Passerini S. Electrochemical and Physicochemical Properties of PYR14-FSI Based Electrolytes with LiFSI. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1149/1.3123127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Lo Celso F, Appetecchi GB, Simonetti E, Zhao M, Castner EW, Keiderling U, Gontrani L, Triolo A, Russina O. Microscopic Structural and Dynamic Features in Triphilic Room Temperature Ionic Liquids. Front Chem 2019; 7:285. [PMID: 31119123 PMCID: PMC6507529 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we report a thorough investigation of the microscopic and mesoscopic structural organization in a series of triphilic fluorinated room temperature ionic liquids, namely [1-alkyl,3-methylimidazolium][(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)(nonafluorobutylsulfonyl)imide], with alkyl = ethyl, butyl, octyl ([Cnmim][IM14], n = 2, 4, 8), based on the synergic exploitation of X-ray and Neutron Scattering and Molecular Dynamics simulations. This study reveals the strong complementarity between X-ray/neutron scattering in detecting the complex segregated morphology in these systems at mesoscopic spatial scales. The use of MD simulations delivering a very good agreement with experimental data allows us to gain a robust understanding of the segregated morphology. The structural scenario is completed with determination of dynamic properties accessing the diffusive behavior and a relaxation map is provided for [C2mim][IM14] and [C8mim][IM14], highlighting their natures as fragile glass formers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Lo Celso
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | | | | | - Man Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Edward W Castner
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Uwe Keiderling
- Soft Matter and Functional Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lorenzo Gontrani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Triolo
- Laboratorio Liquidi Ionici, Istituto Struttura della Materia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISM-CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Olga Russina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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Loeffler N, Kim GT, Passerini S, Gutierrez C, Cendoya I, De Meatza I, Alessandrini F, Appetecchi GB. Performance and Ageing Robustness of Graphite/NMC Pouch Prototypes Manufactured through Eco-Friendly Materials and Processes. ChemSusChem 2017; 10:3581-3587. [PMID: 28783250 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201701087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Graphite/lithium nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide (NMC), stacked pouch cells with nominal capacity of 15-18 Ah were designed, developed, and manufactured for automotive applications in the frame of the European Project GREENLION. A natural, water-soluble material was used as the main electrode binder, thus allowing the employment of H2 O as the only processing solvent. The electrode formulations were developed, optimized, and upscaled for cell manufacturing. Prolonged cycling and ageing tests revealed excellent capacity retention and robustness toward degradation phenomena. For instance, above 99 % of the initial capacity is retained upon 500 full charge/discharge cycles, corresponding to a fading of 0.004 % per cycle, and about 80 % of the initial capacity is delivered after 8 months ageing at 45 °C. The stacked soft-packaged cells have shown very reproducible characteristics and performance, reflecting the goodness of design and manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Loeffler
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Helmholtzstrasse 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, PO Box 3640, 76021, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Guk-T Kim
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Helmholtzstrasse 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, PO Box 3640, 76021, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Stefano Passerini
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Helmholtzstrasse 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, PO Box 3640, 76021, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Cesar Gutierrez
- IK4-CIDETEC, Parque Tecnológico de San Sebastián, Paseo Miramón, 196, 20014, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Iosu Cendoya
- IK4-CIDETEC, Parque Tecnológico de San Sebastián, Paseo Miramón, 196, 20014, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Iratxe De Meatza
- IK4-CIDETEC, Parque Tecnológico de San Sebastián, Paseo Miramón, 196, 20014, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Fabrizio Alessandrini
- ENEA, Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, DTE-PCU-SPCT, Via Anguillarese 301, Rome, 00123, Italy
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Kim GT, Kennedy T, Brandon M, Geaney H, Ryan KM, Passerini S, Appetecchi GB. Behavior of Germanium and Silicon Nanowire Anodes with Ionic Liquid Electrolytes. ACS Nano 2017; 11:5933-5943. [PMID: 28530820 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b01705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical behavior of binder-free, germanium and silicon nanowires as high-capacity anode materials for lithium-ion battery systems is investigated in an ionic liquid electrolyte. Cyclic voltammetry, cycling tests, and impedance spectroscopy reveal a highly reversible lithium alloying/dealloying process, as well as promising compatibility between the Ge and Si materials and the electrolyte components. Reversible capacities of 1400 and 2200 mA h g-1 are delivered by the Ge and Si anodes, respectively, matching the values exhibited in conventional organic solutions. Furthermore, impressive extended cycling performance is obtained in comparison to previous research on Li alloying anodes in ionic liquids, with capacity retention overcoming 50% for Si after 500 cycles and 67% for Ge after 1000 cycles, at a current rate of 0.5C. This stable long-term cycling arises due to the ability of the electrolyte formulation to promote the transformation of the nanowires into durable porous network structures of Ge or Si nanoligaments, which can withstand the extreme volume changes associated with lithiation/delithiation. Remarkable capacity is exhibited also by composite Ge and Si nanowire electrodes. Preliminary tests with lithium cobalt oxide cathodes clearly demonstrate the feasibility of Ge and Si nanowires in full batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guk-Tae Kim
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Helmholtzstrasse 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tadhg Kennedy
- Materials and Surface Science Institute and the Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, University of Limerick , V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Michael Brandon
- Materials and Surface Science Institute and the Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, University of Limerick , V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Hugh Geaney
- Materials and Surface Science Institute and the Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, University of Limerick , V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Kevin M Ryan
- Materials and Surface Science Institute and the Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, University of Limerick , V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Stefano Passerini
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Helmholtzstrasse 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Giovanni B Appetecchi
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technology, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Materials and Physicochemical Processes Laboratory , Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy
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Montanino M, Carewska M, Alessandrini F, Passerini S, Appetecchi GB. The role of the cation aliphatic side chain length in piperidinium bis(trifluoromethansulfonyl)imide ionic liquids. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.03.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Appetecchi GB, Montanino M, Carewska M, Moreno M, Alessandrini F, Passerini S. Chemical–physical properties of bis(perfluoroalkylsulfonyl)imide-based ionic liquids. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kunze M, Montanino M, Appetecchi GB, Jeong S, Schönhoff M, Winter M, Passerini S. Melting Behavior and Ionic Conductivity in Hydrophobic Ionic Liquids. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:1776-82. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9099418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Kunze
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraβe 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany, and Agency for the New Technologies, Energy and the Environment (ENEA), Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Montanino
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraβe 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany, and Agency for the New Technologies, Energy and the Environment (ENEA), Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni B. Appetecchi
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraβe 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany, and Agency for the New Technologies, Energy and the Environment (ENEA), Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Sangsik Jeong
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraβe 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany, and Agency for the New Technologies, Energy and the Environment (ENEA), Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Monika Schönhoff
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraβe 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany, and Agency for the New Technologies, Energy and the Environment (ENEA), Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Martin Winter
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraβe 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany, and Agency for the New Technologies, Energy and the Environment (ENEA), Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Passerini
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraβe 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany, and Agency for the New Technologies, Energy and the Environment (ENEA), Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy
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Appetecchi GB, Montanino M, Zane D, Carewska M, Alessandrini F, Passerini S. Effect of the alkyl group on the synthesis and the electrochemical properties of N-alkyl-N-methyl-pyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ionic liquids. Electrochim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2008.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Zhou Q, Henderson WA, Appetecchi GB, Montanino M, Passerini S. Physical and electrochemical properties of N-alkyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide ionic liquids: PY13FSI and PY14FSI. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:13577-80. [PMID: 18828629 DOI: 10.1021/jp805419f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Two ionic liquids based upon N-alkyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium cations (PY(1R)(+)) (R=3 for propyl or 4 for butyl) and the bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (FSI(-)), N(SO2F)2(-), anion have been extensively characterized. The ionic conductivity and viscosity of these materials are found to be among the highest and lowest, respectively, reported for aprotic ionic liquids. Both ionic liquids crystallize readily on cooling and undergo several solid-solid phase transitions on heating prior to melting. PY13FSI and PY14FSI are found to melt at -9 and -18 degrees C, respectively. The thermal stability of PY13FSI and PY14FSI is notably lower than for the analogous salts with the bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (TFSI(-)), N(SO2CF3)2(-), anion. Both ionic liquids have a relatively wide electrochemical stability window of approximately 5 V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhou
- Ionic Liquids and Electrolytes for Energy Technologies Laboratory, Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
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Randström S, Montanino M, Appetecchi GB, Lagergren C, Moreno A, Passerini S. Effect of water and oxygen traces on the cathodic stability of N-alkyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide. Electrochim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2008.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Tizzani C, Appetecchi GB, Carewska M, Kim GT, Passerini S. Investigation of the Electrochemical Properties of Polymer–LiX–Ionic Liquid Ternary Systems. Aust J Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1071/ch06293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The electrochemical properties of ternary systems that consist of a polymer, a lithium salt, and an ionic liquid that shares the same anion (TFSI, bis(trifluoromethansulfonyl)imide) are reported and compared. The investigation involved two different polymers (PVdF-HFP and PTFE) that were selected because of their common use in lithium-based electrochemical devices. It was found that PVdF-HFP swelled by the ionic liquid used in the work while porous PTFE remained inert. The ternary electrolytes showed interesting ionic conductivities. However, the presence of fluorinated polymers resulted in poor interfacial properties with lithium metal electrodes.
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Nicotera I, Oliviero C, Henderson WA, Appetecchi GB, Passerini S. NMR Investigation of Ionic Liquid−LiX Mixtures: Pyrrolidinium Cations and TFSI- Anions. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:22814-9. [PMID: 16853972 DOI: 10.1021/jp053799f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this paper is reported an extensive NMR characterization of N-methyl-N-propyl-pyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (PYR13TFSI) room-temperature ionic liquid and its mixtures with LiTFSI. NMR was used to investigate the interactions between the ionic liquid and lithium salt and the diffusion coefficients of all ionic species present in these mixtures. The results are compared with previous DSC, Raman, and electrochemical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Nicotera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calabria, 87036-Arcavacata di Rende (CS) Italy
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