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Liu HE, Vuppalapaty M, Hoerner CR, Bergstrom CP, Chiu M, Lemaire C, Che J, Kaur A, Dimmick A, Liu S, Metzner TJ, Araya M, Crouse S, Sprenger-Haussels M, Schlumpberger M, Leppert JT, Hauch S, Sollier E, Fan AC. Detecting androgen receptor (AR), AR variant 7 (AR-V7), prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) gene expression in CTCs and plasma exosome-derived cfRNA in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) by integrating the VTX-1 CTC isolation system with the QIAGEN AdnaTest. BMC Cancer 2024; 24:482. [PMID: 38627648 PMCID: PMC11022466 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-024-12139-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Therapies for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) include targeting the androgen receptor (AR) with androgen receptor inhibitors (ARIs) and prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA). Having the ability to detect AR, AR splice variant 7 (AR-V7), or PSMA in circulating tumor cells (CTCs) or circulating exosomal cell-free RNA (cfRNA) could be helpful to guide selection of the appropriate therapy for each individual patient. The Vortex Biosciences VTX-1 system is a label-free CTC isolation system that enables the detection of the expression of multiple genes in both CTCs and exosomal cfRNA from the same blood sample in patients with mCRPC. Detection of both AR-V7 and PSMA gene expression in both CTCs and cfRNA simultaneously has not yet been reported. METHODS To characterize the combined VTX-1-AdnaDetect workflow, 22Rv1 cancer cells were spiked into blood from healthy donors and processed with the VTX-1 to mimic patient samples and assess performances (capture efficiency, purity, AR and AR-V7 expression). Then, we collected 19 blood samples from 16 patients with mCRPC and therapeutic resistance to androgen receptor inhibitors (ARIs). Plasma was separated and the plasma-depleted blood was processed further with the VTX-1 to collect CTCs. Both plasma exosomal cfRNA and CTCs were subsequently analyzed for AR, AR-V7, PSMA, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) mRNA expression using the AdnaTest ProstateCancerPanel AR-V7 assay. RESULTS AR-V7 expression could be detected in 22Rv1 cells spiked into blood from healthy volunteers as well as in CTCs and plasma-derived exosomal cfRNA from patients with mCRPC by processing blood with the VTX-1 CTC isolation system followed by the AdnaTest ProstateCancerPanel AR-V7 assay. 94.7% of patient blood samples (18/19) had detectable AR expression in either CTCs or exosomal cfRNA (16 in CTCs, 12 in cfRNA). 15.8% of the 19 patient blood samples (3/19) were found to have AR-V7-positive (AR-V7+) CTCs, one of which was also AR-V7+ in the exosomal cfRNA analysis. 42.1% of patient blood samples (8/19) were found to be PSMA positive (PSMA+): 26.3% (5/19) were PSMA+ in the CTC analysis and 31.6% (6/19) were PSMA+ in the exosomal cfRNA analysis. Of those 8 PSMA+ samples, 2 had detectable PSMA only in CTCs, and 3 had detectable PSMA only in exosomal cfRNA. CONCLUSION VTX-1 enables isolation of CTCs and plasma exosomes from a single blood draw and can be used for detecting AR-V7 and PSMA mRNA in both CTCs and cfRNA in patients with mCRPC and resistance to ARIs. This technology facilitates combining RNA measurements in CTCs and exosomal cfRNA for future studies to develop potentially clinically relevant cancer biomarker detection in blood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christian R Hoerner
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Colin P Bergstrom
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Comprehensive Cancer Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - James Che
- Vortex Biosciences, Inc, Pleasanton, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Sean Liu
- Vortex Biosciences, Inc, Pleasanton, CA, USA
| | - Thomas J Metzner
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Comprehensive Cancer Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Menna Araya
- Stanford Comprehensive Cancer Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - John T Leppert
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Comprehensive Cancer Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Alice C Fan
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford Comprehensive Cancer Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Su M, Li W, Yuan Y, Liu S, Liang C, Liu HE, Zhang R, Liu Y, Sun LI, Wei Y, Li C, Han X, Hao H, Zhao X, Luo Y, Yan S, Pan Z, Li Y. Epididymal white adipose tissue promotes angiotensin II-induced cardiac fibrosis in an exosome-dependent manner. Transl Res 2022; 248:51-67. [PMID: 35609783 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is a process characterized by extracellular matrix accumulation leading to myocardial dysfunction. Angiotensin II (Ang II) has been shown to play an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiac fibrosis. However, the underlying mechanisms are not well established. Dysfunction of adipose tissue has been shown to promote remote organ injury, but its role in Ang II-induced cardiac remodeling is still unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) promoted Ang II-induced cardiac fibrosis and subsequent cardiac dysfunction in an exosome-dependent manner. Both eWAT removal and administration of an inhibitor of exosome biogenesis strongly attenuated Ang II-induced abnormalities. Moreover, exosomes isolated from Ang II-stimulated adipocytes promoted cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) activity. A mechanistic study identified that the miR-23a-3p level was significantly increased in exosomes derived from Ang II-challenged adipocytes and serum exosomes from Ang II-infused mice. Importantly, tail vein injection of ago-miR-23a-3p caused cardiac fibrosis and dysfunction, while antago-miR-23a-3p inhibited Ang II-induced cardiac fibrosis. Bioinformatics analysis and further validation experiments revealed that RAP1 is a direct downstream target of miR-23a-3p, and overexpression of RAP1 reversed the profibrotic effect of miR-23a-3p. Taken together, these findings elucidated the role of eWAT in Ang II-induced myocardial fibrosis and indicated that adipocyte-derived exosomes mediate pathologic communication between dysfunctional adipose tissue and the heart by transporting miR-23a-3p into CFs, transforming fibroblasts into myofibroblasts and promoting excessive collagen deposition by targeting RAP1. Prevention of abnormal adipocyte exosome production, inhibition of miR-23a-3p biogenesis, and treatment with a miR-23a-3p antagonist are novel strategies for treating cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Su
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenpeng Li
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yue Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Siyao Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Chen Liang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - H E Liu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ruixin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - L I Sun
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ying Wei
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chunlei Li
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xuejie Han
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongting Hao
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xinbo Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yingchun Luo
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Sen Yan
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhenwei Pan
- Department of Pharmacology, The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Cell Translation, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiac Diseases and Heart Failure, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China.
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Liu HE, Vuppalapaty M, Wilkerson C, Renier C, Chiu M, Lemaire C, Che J, Matsumoto M, Carroll J, Crouse S, Hanft VR, Jeffrey SS, Di Carlo D, Garon EB, Goldman J, Sollier E. Detection of EGFR Mutations in cfDNA and CTCs, and Comparison to Tumor Tissue in Non-Small-Cell-Lung-Cancer (NSCLC) Patients. Front Oncol 2020; 10:572895. [PMID: 33117705 PMCID: PMC7578230 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.572895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapies, based on the evaluation of EGFR mutations, have shown dramatic clinical benefits. EGFR mutation assays are mainly performed on tumor biopsies, which carry risks, are not always successful and give results relevant to the timepoint of the assay. To detect secondary EGFR mutations, which cause resistance to 1st and 2nd generation TKIs and lead to the administration of a 3rd generation drug, effective and non-invasive monitoring of EGFR mutation status is needed. Liquid biopsy analytes, such as circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and circulating tumor DNA (cfDNA), allow such monitoring over the course of the therapy. The aim of this study was to develop and optimize a workflow for the evaluation of cfDNA and CTCs in NSCLC patients all from one blood sample. Using Vortex technology and EntroGen ctEGFR assay, EGFR mutations were identified at 0.5 ng of DNA (∼83 cells), with a sensitivity ranging from 0.1 to 2.0% for a total DNA varying from 25 ng (∼4 CTCs among 4000 white blood cells, WBCs) to 1 ng (∼4 CTCs among 200 WBCs). The processing of plasma-depleted-blood provided comparable capture recovery as whole blood, confirming the possibility of a multimodality liquid biopsy analysis (cfDNA and CTC DNA) from a single tube of blood. Different anticoagulants were evaluated and compared in terms of respective performance. Blood samples from 24 NSCLC patients and 6 age-matched healthy donors were analyzed with this combined workflow to minimize blood volume needed and sample-to-sample bias, and the EGFR mutation profile detected from CTCs and cfDNA was compared to matched tumor tissues. Despite the limited size of the patient cohort, results from this non-invasive EGFR mutation analysis are encouraging and this combined workflow represents a valuable means for informing therapy selection and for monitoring treatment of patients with NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan E Liu
- Vortex Biosciences, Inc., Pleasanton, CA, United States
| | | | | | | | - Michael Chiu
- Vortex Biosciences, Inc., Pleasanton, CA, United States
| | | | - James Che
- Vortex Biosciences, Inc., Pleasanton, CA, United States
| | - Melissa Matsumoto
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - James Carroll
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Steve Crouse
- Vortex Biosciences, Inc., Pleasanton, CA, United States
| | - Violet R Hanft
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Stefanie S Jeffrey
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,California NanoSystems Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Edward B Garon
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jonathan Goldman
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Renier C, Steffen J, Timnak A, Lemaire C, Sollier E, Liu HE. Abstract B31: Detection of viable tumor cells from cryopreserved buffy coat using the VTX-1 Liquid Biopsy Platform. Clin Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1557-3265.liqbiop20-b31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: Several circulating tumor cell (CTC) technologies have been developed amidst growing interests in the “liquid biopsy” field. The fully automated VTX-1 platform is developed to gently isolate intact CTCs from whole blood with high recovery and viability, compatible with many applications (1-3). However, many CTC technologies require processing of fresh patient samples at off-site facilities. Here we present encouraging preliminary results showing viable cell isolation by VTX-1 from cryopreserved buffy coat, using a telomerase-selective replicating adenovirus (TelomeScan). This widens potential applications of viable CTC detection for retrospective clinical studies and drug development.
Methods: Buffy coat preparation: Buffy coat was prepared by centrifugation of healthy donor blood collected in EDTA, heparin, or heparin CPT vacutainers. Cell spiking and processing: 1) Cancer cells were spiked into freshly prepared buffy coat and processed with the Vortex chip at different dilutions. 2) Cancer cells were labeled and spiked into healthy donor blood, and buffy coat was prepared and processed by VTX-1 either immediately or following cryopreservation up to 1 week. Imaging was evaluated for cell recovery. Viable, telomerase-activated tumor cell detection: VTX-1 enriched cells were directly collected in chamber slides and infected with the TelomeScan adenovirus (OBP-401) for 24 h (4). The percentage of GFP (+), viable, telomerase-expressing cells was evaluated alongside cell recovery.
Results: MCF7 cells were spiked into freshly prepared buffy coat, resuspended in 8mL, and processed at 5X, 10X, and 20X dilutions. The best compromise between recovery, WBC count, and processing time was obtained for the 10X dilution with 46% recovery. The majority of spiked cells (MCF7 and H1299) collected from buffy coat were shown to be viable, as demonstrated by infection with the telomerase-selective replicating adenovirus (TelomeScan, OBP-401). Cryopreservation of the buffy coat samples showed a slight reduction following cryopreservation.
Discussion: The optimal performance of the Vortex chip on buffy coat samples has previously been shown at 10X dilution. This capability of the VTX-1 was further demonstrated through infection with a telomerase-selective replicating adenovirus. This combined workflow has shown seamless integration from whole blood. Noteworthy recovery and sensitivity were also observed with cryopreserved buffy coat. Patient biobanked samples are currently being pursued. The overall advantages are: a) viable cell detection, b) direct collection of cells into culture media ready for in vitro testing, c) no requirements for fixation, labeling, backflushing, d) a very low WBC background eliminating false positives, and e) the potential to retrospectively analyze clinical biobanked samples at a centralized laboratory.
References: 1. Sollier E et al. Lab Chip 2014. 2. C. Renier et al. Nature Precision Oncology 2017. 3. H. Liu et al. Nature Genomic Medicine 2017. 4. Kojima T et al. J Clin Invest 2009.
Citation Format: Corinne Renier, Jamin Steffen, Azadeh Timnak, Clementine Lemaire, Elodie Sollier, Haiyan E. Liu. Detection of viable tumor cells from cryopreserved buffy coat using the VTX-1 Liquid Biopsy Platform [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Liquid Biopsies; Jan 13-16, 2020; Miami, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2020;26(11_Suppl):Abstract nr B31.
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Kidess-Sigal E, Liu HE, Triboulet MM, Che J, Ramani VC, Visser BC, Poultsides GA, Longacre TA, Marziali A, Vysotskaia V, Wiggin M, Heirich K, Hanft V, Keilholz U, Tinhofer I, Norton JA, Lee M, Sollier-Christen E, Jeffrey SS. Enumeration and targeted analysis of KRAS, BRAF and PIK3CA mutations in CTCs captured by a label-free platform: Comparison to ctDNA and tissue in metastatic colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:85349-85364. [PMID: 27863403 PMCID: PMC5356741 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of advanced colorectal cancer (CRC) requires multimodal therapeutic approaches and need for monitoring tumor plasticity. Liquid biopsy biomarkers, including CTCs and ctDNA, hold promise for evaluating treatment response in real-time and guiding therapeutic modifications. From 15 patients with advanced CRC undergoing liver metastasectomy with curative intent, we collected 41 blood samples at different time points before and after surgery for CTC isolation and quantification using label-free Vortex technology. For mutational profiling, KRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA hotspot mutations were analyzed in CTCs and ctDNA from 23 samples, nine matched liver metastases and three primary tumor samples. Mutational patterns were compared. 80% of patient blood samples were positive for CTCs, using a healthy baseline value as threshold (0.4 CTCs/mL), and 81.4% of captured cells were EpCAM+ CTCs. At least one mutation was detected in 78% of our blood samples. Among 23 matched CTC and ctDNA samples, we found a concordance of 78.2% for KRAS, 73.9% for BRAF and 91.3% for PIK3CA mutations. In several cases, CTCs exhibited a mutation that was not detected in ctDNA, and vice versa. Complementary assessment of both CTCs and ctDNA appears advantageous to assess dynamic tumor profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Kidess-Sigal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Melanie M Triboulet
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - James Che
- Vortex BioSciences, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Vishnu C Ramani
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Brendan C Visser
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - George A Poultsides
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Teri A Longacre
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Kyra Heirich
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Violet Hanft
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Ingeborg Tinhofer
- Department of Radiooncology and Radiotherapy, Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jeffrey A Norton
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Stefanie S Jeffrey
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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Liu HE, Triboulet M, Zia A, Vuppalapaty M, Kidess-Sigal E, Coller J, Natu VS, Shokoohi V, Che J, Renier C, Chan NH, Hanft VR, Jeffrey SS, Sollier-Christen E. Workflow optimization of whole genome amplification and targeted panel sequencing for CTC mutation detection. NPJ Genom Med 2017; 2:34. [PMID: 29263843 PMCID: PMC5677973 DOI: 10.1038/s41525-017-0034-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic characterization of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) may prove useful as a surrogate for conventional tissue biopsies. This is particularly important as studies have shown different mutational profiles between CTCs and ctDNA in some tumor subtypes. However, isolating rare CTCs from whole blood has significant hurdles. Very limited DNA quantities often can't meet NGS requirements without whole genome amplification (WGA). Moreover, white blood cells (WBC) germline contamination may confound CTC somatic mutation analyses. Thus, a good CTC enrichment platform with an efficient WGA and NGS workflow are needed. Here, Vortex label-free CTC enrichment platform was used to capture CTCs. DNA extraction was optimized, WGA evaluated and targeted NGS tested. We used metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) as the clinical target, HCT116 as the corresponding cell line, GenomePlex® and REPLI-g as the WGA methods, GeneRead DNAseq Human CRC Panel as the 38 gene panel. The workflow was further validated on metastatic CRC patient samples, assaying both tumor and CTCs. WBCs from the same patients were included to eliminate germline contaminations. The described workflow performed well on samples with sufficient DNA, but showed bias for rare cells with limited DNA input. REPLI-g provided an unbiased amplification on fresh rare cells, enabling an accurate variant calling using the targeted NGS. Somatic variants were detected in patient CTCs and not found in age matched healthy donors. This demonstrates the feasibility of a simple workflow for clinically relevant monitoring of tumor genetics in real time and over the course of a patient's therapy using CTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melanie Triboulet
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Amin Zia
- Stanford Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | | | - Evelyn Kidess-Sigal
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany
| | - John Coller
- Stanford Functional Genomics Facility, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Vanita S. Natu
- Stanford Functional Genomics Facility, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Vida Shokoohi
- Stanford Functional Genomics Facility, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - James Che
- Vortex Biosciences, Inc., Menlo Park, CA USA
| | | | - Natalie H. Chan
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Violet R. Hanft
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Stefanie S. Jeffrey
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
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Liu HE, Vuppalapaty M, Lemaire CA, Wilkerson C, Crouse SC, Goldman JW, Sollier-Christen E. Abstract 1715: EGFR mutational detection in ctDNA, Vortex-enriched CTCs and comparison to tumor tissue in non-small-cell-lung-cancer (NSCLC) patients. Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2017-1715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapies, based on the evaluation of EGFR mutation, have shown dramatic clinical benefits. EGFR mutation assays are mainly performed on tumor biopsies, which carry risks and expense and are not always successful. In order to identify the development of secondary EGFR mutations, which cause resistance to 1st and 2nd generation TKI’s and an indication for therapy with a 3rd generation drug, effective and non-invasive monitoring is needed. Liquid biopsy biomarkers, such as circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), allow such monitoring over the course of the therapy. Interestingly, ctDNA or CTC analysis alone had less sensitivity vs. combining both, with a genotyping of 70% and 80% for CTCs and ctDNA respectively, but 100% when combined2. Vortex technology is a platform enabling label-free capture of CTCs from blood samples and genomic assays downstream3. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the sensitivity of a combined CTC and ctDNA assay through Vortex using blood samples spiked with molecularly-characterized lung cancer cell lines and then to apply this technique to matched blood and tumor samples from NSCLC patients.
Method: Lung cancer cell lines with different EGFR mutations (A549: wild type, H1975: L858R+ and T790M+, HCC827: 19del+) were used to validate our CTC workflow. Blood samples and matched tumor tissues were collected from NSCLC patients. Plasma was extracted first for ctDNA assay. CTCs were isolated from the plasma-depleted-blood using Vortex technology, immunostained (CK, Vimentin, CD45) and enumerated. DNA from CTCs, plasma and matched tumor tissue was analyzed for EGFR mutations 19del, L858R and T790M using the ctEGFR kit from EntroGen.
Results: Mutant DNA could be identified at a quantity as low as 0.5 ng (~83 cells), with a sensitivity ranging from 0.1% to 2% for a total DNA varying from 25ng (~4 CTCs among 4000 WBCs) to 1ng (~4 CTCs among 200 WBCs). We demonstrated the ability of Vortex technology to enrich CTCs from metastatic NSCLC patients. Processing of plasma-depleted-blood showed the same capture efficiency when compared to whole blood. This makes possible the detection of EGFR mutations on CTC samples collected by Vortex technology. > 10 NSCLC patients are being enrolled in this study and results will be presented at AACR.
Conclusion: The ctEGFR mutation assay performed well on both Vortex-enriched CTCs and ctDNA, enabling a low cost approach to analyze EGFR mutation from a single blood tube. This non-invasive EGFR mutation analysis will be potentially a useful tool for monitoring treatment and medication guidance of NSCLC patients. 1. Calabuig-Fariñas et al. Transl Lung Cancer Res. 2016. 2. Sundaresan TK et al. Clin Cancer Res. 2016. 3. Kidess-Sigal E et al. Oncotarget 2016.
Citation Format: Haiyan E. Liu, Meghah Vuppalapaty, Clementine A. Lemaire, Charles Wilkerson, Steve C. Crouse, Jonathan W. Goldman, Elodie Sollier-Christen. EGFR mutational detection in ctDNA, Vortex-enriched CTCs and comparison to tumor tissue in non-small-cell-lung-cancer (NSCLC) patients [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1715. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-1715
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Renier C, Pao E, Che J, Liu HE, Lemaire CA, Matsumoto M, Triboulet M, Srivinas S, Jeffrey SS, Rettig M, Kulkarni RP, Di Carlo D, Sollier-Christen E. Label-free isolation of prostate circulating tumor cells using Vortex microfluidic technology. NPJ Precis Oncol 2017; 1:15. [PMID: 29872702 PMCID: PMC5859469 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-017-0015-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been increased interest in utilizing non-invasive "liquid biopsies" to identify biomarkers for cancer prognosis and monitoring, and to isolate genetic material that can predict response to targeted therapies. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have emerged as such a biomarker providing both genetic and phenotypic information about tumor evolution, potentially from both primary and metastatic sites. Currently, available CTC isolation approaches, including immunoaffinity and size-based filtration, have focused on high capture efficiency but with lower purity and often long and manual sample preparation, which limits the use of captured CTCs for downstream analyses. Here, we describe the use of the microfluidic Vortex Chip for size-based isolation of CTCs from 22 patients with advanced prostate cancer and, from an enumeration study on 18 of these patients, find that we can capture CTCs with high purity (from 1.74 to 37.59%) and efficiency (from 1.88 to 93.75 CTCs/7.5 mL) in less than 1 h. Interestingly, more atypical large circulating cells were identified in five age-matched healthy donors (46-77 years old; 1.25-2.50 CTCs/7.5 mL) than in five healthy donors <30 years old (21-27 years old; 0.00 CTC/7.5 mL). Using a threshold calculated from the five age-matched healthy donors (3.37 CTCs/mL), we identified CTCs in 80% of the prostate cancer patients. We also found that a fraction of the cells collected (11.5%) did not express epithelial prostate markers (cytokeratin and/or prostate-specific antigen) and that some instead expressed markers of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, i.e., vimentin and N-cadherin. We also show that the purity and DNA yield of isolated cells is amenable to targeted amplification and next-generation sequencing, without whole genome amplification, identifying unique mutations in 10 of 15 samples and 0 of 4 healthy samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Renier
- Vortex Biosciences Inc., 1490 O’Brien Drive, Suite E, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA
| | - Edward Pao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, 420 Westwood Plaza, 5121 Engineering V, PO Box 951600, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - James Che
- Vortex Biosciences Inc., 1490 O’Brien Drive, Suite E, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA
| | - Haiyan E. Liu
- Vortex Biosciences Inc., 1490 O’Brien Drive, Suite E, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA
| | | | - Melissa Matsumoto
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, 420 Westwood Plaza, 5121 Engineering V, PO Box 951600, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Melanie Triboulet
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, MSLS Bldg, 1201 Welch Road, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Sandy Srivinas
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 875 Blake Wilbur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Stefanie S. Jeffrey
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, MSLS Bldg, 1201 Welch Road, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Matthew Rettig
- Departments of Medicine Urology, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Medicine, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System-West Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90073 USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Rajan P. Kulkarni
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, 420 Westwood Plaza, 5121 Engineering V, PO Box 951600, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, 570 Westwood Plaza, Building 114, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Division of Dermatology, UCLA Medical Center, 52-121 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, 420 Westwood Plaza, 5121 Engineering V, PO Box 951600, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, 570 Westwood Plaza, Building 114, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
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9
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Kidess-Sigal E, Liu HE, Triboulet M, Che J, Poultsides GA, Visser BC, Marziali A, Lee M, Vysotskaia V, Wiggin M, Ramani VC, Keilholz U, Tinhofer I, Zia A, Coller J, Norton JA, Sollier E, Jeffrey SS. Abstract 3149: Enumeration and mutational profiling of CTCs and comparison to ctDNA and colorectal cancer liver metastases. Cancer Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2016-3149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the 3rd most common cancer diagnosed worldwide in both men and women. Only 39% of cancers are diagnosed at a localized stage, and 5-year survival rates decrease rapidly for patients with advanced and metastasized disease (stage III 61%, stage IV 8%). Better markers for detection of disease progression, therapeutic resistance and minimal residual disease are still needed. Liquid biopsies, such as CTCs and ctDNA, are emerging biomarkers shed by the tumor into the blood stream. Both markers currently are attracting growing interest for their use in disease prognosis, early detection of recurrence and are promising candidates for guiding cancer therapy in real-time.
Method
For rapid label-free isolation of CTCs from peripheral blood we used the Vortex technology, a microfluidic device using inertia and laminar microvortices. From 15 patients with metastatic CRC to the liver that underwent liver metastatectomy with curative intent, we collected CTCs preoperatively, at the 5th postoperative day and during follow-up visits. Cells collected were immunostained for EpCAM, CD45 and DAPI, enumerated using standardized classification criteria, and subjected to Sanger sequencing. CTC enumeration and mutational patterns were compared to the primary tumor, liver metastases and ctDNA (detected by a multiplexed PCR and enrichment technology; Kidess E et al., 2015) as well as CEA levels when available.
Results
41 blood samples from 15 patients were collected at different time points prior to and after surgical resection of liver metastases. More CTCs were found in preoperatively collected CRC patient samples (2.4 CTCs/mL, 0.1 - 5.5/mL) than in age-matched healthy controls (0.1 CTCs/mL, 0 - 0.4/mL). 80% of all CRC samples were identified as positive for CTCs (based on a calculated threshold from healthy controls), with varying levels of EpCAM expression (81.4% of CTCs being EpCAM+). The number of CTCs for each patient, showed a close correlation to clinical parameters and ctDNA levels: detection of CTCs, CTC mutational profiles as well as ctDNA revealed minimal residual disease and anticipated tumor recurrence earlier than carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) value or imaging. For example, for P006, postoperative imaging surveillance revealed progressive disease, which was accompanied by rising levels of CTCs (up to 29 CTCs/mL at the last time point) and PIK3CA mutant DNA in both plasma ctDNA and CTC DNA, while CEA remained in the normal range.
Conclusion
Our data illustrate that CTCs as well as ctDNA can efficiently reveal disease recurrence as well as disease progression earlier than imaging and far more reliable compared to CEA, the currently standard biomarker for CRC. Beyond enumeration, CTC molecular analysis gives additional information and will potentially help to promote the development of tailored therapies for every individual patient.
Citation Format: Evelyn Kidess-Sigal, Haiyan E. Liu, Melanie Triboulet, James Che, Georges A. Poultsides, Brendan C. Visser, Andre Marziali, Marc Lee, Valentina Vysotskaia, Matthew Wiggin, Vishnu C. Ramani, Ulrich Keilholz, Ingeborg Tinhofer, Amin Zia, John Coller, Jeffrey A. Norton, Elodie Sollier, Stefanie S. Jeffrey. Enumeration and mutational profiling of CTCs and comparison to ctDNA and colorectal cancer liver metastases. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 3149.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - James Che
- 3UCLA Bioengineering, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | | | | | - Marc Lee
- 4Boreal Genomics, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Amin Zia
- 6Stanford University, Stanford, CA
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10
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Hsu CY, Leu SJ, Chiang BL, Liu HE, Su HC, Lee YL. Cytokine gene-modulated dendritic cells protect against allergic airway inflammation by inducing IL-10(+)IFN-gamma(+)CD4(+) T cells. Gene Ther 2010; 17:1011-21. [PMID: 20357831 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2010.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is characterized by allergen-induced airway inflammation orchestrated by Th2 cells. Dendritic cells (DCs) were found to efficiently prime naive T-helper cells. Thus, modification of DC function may be used as an ideal tool to treat allergic asthma by changing CD4(+) T-cell differentiation or suppressing Th2 development. In this study, we examined whether a DC-based vaccine can be applied to DCs modified with interleukin (IL)-10- and IL-12-expressing adenoviruses to prevent ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma in mice. Herein, we show that these modified DCs efficiently moderated the characteristics of asthma, including expressions of OVA-specific antibodies, airway hyperresponsiveness, eosinophilic airway inflammation, and Th2 cytokines production. Additionally, IL-10 and IL-12 gene-modified DCs enhanced the development of both T-helper type 1 (Th1) and IL-10(+)IFN-gamma(+) (interferon-gamma) double-positive T cells in vivo. In vitro-generated OVA-specific IL-10(+)IFN-gamma(+)CD4(+) T cells inhibited the proliferation of naive CD4(+) T cells, and this suppressive effect was a cell contact-dependent mechanism. Furthermore, we showed that combined cytokine-modulated DCs could alleviate established allergic airway inflammation. Taken together, these results suggest that IL-10 and IL-12 gene-modulated DCs are effective in suppressing asthmatic airway inflammation through both immune deviation and immune suppression and are a potential therapeutic approach for asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-Y Hsu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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11
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Abstract
The number of patients suffering from end-stage renal disease is increasing rapidly around the world, including in Taiwan. Hemodialysis (HD) patients report fatigue as a major stressor. The purpose of this correlational study with systematic sampling was to explore fatigue and associated physiological, psychological, and situational factors in 119 Taiwanese HD patients. Results indicate that levels of fatigue were mild. Three variables (gender, employment, and depression) had a significant impact on fatigue. Some differences in physiological factors by depression, gender, and employment were found. Stepwise regressions showed that depression, age, and urea reduction ratio were significant predictors for overall fatigue and two of its dimensions. Some relationships from the theory of unpleasant symptoms were supported.
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Affiliation(s)
- H E Liu
- School of Nursing, Chang Gung University, Tao Yuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Lin YC, Chen JS, Wang CH, Wang HM, Chang HK, Liaul CT, Yang TS, Liaw CC, Liu HE. Weekly high-dose 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), leucovorin (LV) and bimonthly cisplatin in patients with advanced gastric cancer. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2001; 31:605-9. [PMID: 11902492 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hye130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A phase II clinical trial was performed to evaluate the activity and toxicity of bimonthly cisplatin and weekly 24-h infusion of high-dose 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin in patients with advanced gastric cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS From September 1997 to March 1998, 23 chemo-naive patients of advanced gastric cancer were enrolled in this study. The regimen consisted of weekly 24-h infusion of 5-FU (2,600 mg/m2) and LV 150 mg and bimonthly cisplatin (25-50 mg/m2) bolus for 12 weeks followed by a 2-week break. RESULTS There were 10 male and 13 female patients with a median age of 52 years. A total of 428 chemotherapy treatments were given with a mean of 11. Seventeen patients were evaluable for response. There were 41% (7/17) partial response, 18% (3/17) stable disease and 41% (7/17) progressive disease. The grade III or IV toxicity included anorexia 35% (8/23), fatigue 26% (6/23), vomiting 17% (4/23) and mucositis 9% (2/23). One patient developed perforated duodenal stump after chemotherapy. One patient died of hyperammonemia-related coma. The median times to disease progression and overall survival were 3.5 and 7 months, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This regimen showed modest activity against gastric cancer. However, there was no survival advantage and there was greater toxicity than with weekly high-dose 5-FU-LV alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y C Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Liu HE, Ya SF. The immediate and short-term effects of an educational program for post radical hysterectomy self-care of the lower urinary tract. Chang Gung Med J 2001; 24:440-5. [PMID: 11565250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical cancer has recently become one of the major malignancies of women in Taiwan. Patients receive radical hysterectomy as a first step in treatment. Urinary tract infection is a potential complication after surgery. To enhance the knowledge and Foley catheter self-care ability are major tasks that patients need to learn during hospitalization. Therefore, the impact of an educational program is evaluated. METHOD A post-test only design with nonequivalent groups was selected to conduct the present study. Patients who had radical hysterectomy were distributed into an experimental group (N = 11; taught by the head nurse with extra written material) and a control group (N = 9; taught by nurses in sequence). Knowledge level, home performance, and laboratory data (urinalysis and urine culture) were selected as indicators for evaluation. Non-parametric statistics such as Mann-Whitney U test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test were performed to verify the impact of this educational program. RESULTS In regard to the immediate effects, the experimental group reported a higher level of knowledge than the control group during the first assessment. However, after clarification by the head nurse in a discharge interview, this difference disappeared in the second assessment 2 weeks later (short-term effects). Nevertheless, no significant difference was found either in the performance at home, urinalysis, or urine culture. CONCLUSION Different position of the nurses and additional written material had an impact on the knowledge level of patients. However, no significant differences were found within the subjective and objective indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- H E Liu
- School of Nursing, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, R.O.C.
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Lin YC, Liu HE, Wang CH, Wang HM, Yang TS, Liau CT, Chen JS. Clinical benefit and response in patients with gastric cancer to weekly 24-hour infusion of high-dose 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and leucovorin (LV). Anticancer Res 1999; 19:5615-20. [PMID: 10697628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A prospective study evaluated the efficacy and correlation of different outcome measurements, including the WHO response criteria and clinical benefit (CB), to weekly high-dose 5-FU and LV for patients with advanced gastric cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS Thirty-nine chemotherapy-naive patients were enrolled from Sep. 1996 to Oct. 1997. The treatment consisted of a 24-hour continuous infusion of 5-FU 2600 mg/m2 & LV 150 mg weekly for 6 weeks with a subsequent 2-week break. The responses were evaluated by CB and WHO criteria at the end of the 8th week, then at 8-week intervals. RESULTS There were 21 male and 18 female patients with a median age of 56 years. The median Karnofsky performance score was 70%. Thirty-six patients were evaluable for WHO criteria, and 12 (33.3%) had partial response, 12 (33.3%) had stable disease and 12 (33.3%) had progressive disease. Twenty-one of the 35 (60%) evaluable patients for CB were found to have a positive response. There was a significant correlation between WHO response and CB. The median survival was 10.5 months for CB responders, while the median survival among the CB non-responders was 5 months only. CONCLUSIONS This study found that this regimen yielded a 60% CB, despite a 33% WHO response rate. Improvement in CB resulted in an improvement in survival as well as the correlation between CB and WHO response, and suggested the value of CB as an alternative indicator for clinical response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y C Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Chen JS, Liu HE, Wang CH, Yang TS, Wang HM, Liau CT, Chang WC, Lin YC. Weekly 24-h infusion of high-dose 5-flurouracil and leucovorin in patients with advanced gastric cancer. Anticancer Drugs 1999; 10:355-9. [PMID: 10378669 DOI: 10.1097/00001813-199904000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The effect of biochemical modulation of weekly high-dose 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) 24 h infusion by leucovorin (LV) in the treatment of 39 consecutive patients with advanced gastric cancer without prior chemotherapy from October 1996 to August 1997 was examined. There were 21 male and 18 female patients with a median age of 56 years. The regimen consisted of 5-FU 2600 mg/m2 and LV 150 mg administered by 24 h infusion weekly for 6 weeks followed by a 2 week break. The treatment was repeated every 8 weeks until disease progression, patient refusal or unacceptable toxicity. Placement of a central vascular device and a portable external infusion pump was required in all patients and was used for outpatient treatment. The response to treatment was evaluated every 8 weeks. A total of 395 chemotherapy treatments were given with a mean of 10 (2-24). This response rate was: 33% (12 of 36) partial response (PR) rate, 33% (12 of 36) stable disease (SD) and 33% (12 of 36) progressive disease (PD). In general, the toxicity was mild but two toxic deaths occurred, one due to neutropenic sepsis and the other due to hyperammonemia. The median time to progression was 4 months. The overall median survival was 7 months. The survivals of the PR, SD and PD were 12, 8 and 5 months, respectively. This regimen showed a modest activity against gastric cancer with acceptable toxicity. Weekly 24 h infusion of high-dose 5-FU with LV in an outpatient setting for patients with gastric cancer is feasible and deserves further study as a basis for combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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