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What 'Omics Can Tell Us About Antifungal Adaptation. FEMS Yeast Res 2021; 21:6484793. [PMID: 34958354 PMCID: PMC8755904 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foab070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive candidiasis, the most frequent healthcare-associated invasive fungal infection, is commonly caused by Candida albicans. However, in recent years other antifungal-resistant Candida species—namely Candida glabrata and Candidaauris—have emerged as a serious matter of concern. Much of our understanding of the mechanisms regulating antifungal resistance and tolerance relies on studies utilizing C. albicans, C. glabrataand the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ‘Omics studies have been used to describe alterations in metabolic, genomic and transcriptomic expression profiles upon antifungal treatment of fungal cells. The physiological changes identified by these approaches could significantly affect fungal fitness in the host and survival during antifungal challenge, as well as provide further understanding of clinical resistance. Thus, this review aims to comparatively address ‘omics data for C. albicans, C. glabrata andS. cerevisiae published from 2000 to 2021 to identify what these technologies can tell us regarding cellular responses to antifungal therapy. We will also highlight possible effects on pathogen survival and identify future avenues for antifungal research.
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The environmental stress sensitivities of pathogenic Candida species, including Candida auris, and implications for their spread in the hospital setting. Med Mycol 2020; 58:744-755. [PMID: 31912151 PMCID: PMC7398771 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myz127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida auris is an emerging pathogenic yeast of significant clinical concern because of its frequent intrinsic resistance to fluconazole and often other antifungal drugs and the high mortality rates associated with systemic infections. Furthermore, C. auris has a propensity for persistence and transmission in health care environments. The reasons for this efficient transmission are not well understood, and therefore we tested whether enhanced resistance to environmental stresses might contribute to the ability of C. auris to spread in health care environments. We compared C. auris to other pathogenic Candida species with respect to their resistance to individual stresses and combinations of stresses. Stress resistance was examined using in vitro assays on laboratory media and also on hospital linen. In general, the 17 C. auris isolates examined displayed similar degrees of resistance to oxidative, nitrosative, cationic and cell wall stresses as clinical isolates of C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, C. krusei, C. guilliermondii, C. lusitaniae and C. kefyr. All of the C. auris isolates examined were more sensitive to low pH (pH 2, but not pH 4) compared to C. albicans, but were more resistant to high pH (pH 13). C. auris was also sensitive to low pH, when tested on contaminated hospital linen. Most C. auris isolates were relatively thermotolerant, displaying significant growth at 47°C. Furthermore, C. auris was relatively resistant to certain combinations of combinatorial stress (e.g., pH 13 plus 47°C). Significantly, C. auris was sensitive to the stress combinations imposed by hospital laundering protocol (pH > 12 plus heat shock at >80°C), suggesting that current laundering procedures are sufficient to limit the transmission of this fungal pathogen via hospital linen.
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Impact of the Environment upon the Candida albicans Cell Wall and Resultant Effects upon Immune Surveillance. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 425:297-330. [PMID: 31781866 DOI: 10.1007/82_2019_182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The fungal cell wall is an essential organelle that maintains cellular morphology and protects the fungus from environmental insults. For fungal pathogens such as Candida albicans, it provides a degree of protection against attack by host immune defences. However, the cell wall also presents key epitopes that trigger host immunity and attractive targets for antifungal drugs. Rather than being a rigid shield, it has become clear that the fungal cell wall is an elastic organelle that permits rapid changes in cell volume and the transit of large liposomal particles such as extracellular vesicles. The fungal cell wall is also flexible in that it adapts to local environmental inputs, thereby enhancing the fitness of the fungus in these microenvironments. Recent evidence indicates that this cell wall adaptation affects host-fungus interactions by altering the exposure of major cell wall epitopes that are recognised by innate immune cells. Therefore, we discuss the impact of environmental adaptation upon fungal cell wall structure, and how this affects immune recognition, focussing on C. albicans and drawing parallels with other fungal pathogens.
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Haptoglobin typing in canine bloods. J Forensic Sci 1991; 36:1561-4. [PMID: 1955840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Haptoglobin typing by vertical electrophoresis in a discontinuous polyacrylamide gel was conducted on 47 dog blood samples, of which 19 were from Doberman pinschers, 20 from German shepherds, and 8 from pit bullterriers. Two phenotypes were common in the three breeds and could not be used to differentiate between them. Canine haptoglobin phenotypes were, however, sufficiently different from those of humans to warrant using haptoglobin typing as a method for determining the origin of bloodstains.
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Dimethylbis(5-methylfurfuryl)ammonium chloride. Acta Crystallogr C 1990. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108270189005184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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The structure of a five-membered cyclic sultone. Acta Crystallogr C 1987. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108270187090127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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The structure of the five-membered cyclic sultone 9,10-dihydro-10a-methyl-3a,9-methano-3H-benzo[5,6]cyclohept[1,2-d][1,2]oxathiol-4(3aH)-one dioxide, C14H14O4S. Acta Crystallogr C 1984. [DOI: 10.1107/s010827018400531x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Thermal cyclisation of trans-o-fluorocinnamic acids to coumarins. An apparent similarity between mass spectral and thermal fragmentations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1972. [DOI: 10.1039/p19720002911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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An apparent similarity between the mass spectral and thermal reactions of trans-pentafluorocinnamic acid. Synthesis of 5,6,7,8-tetrafluorocoumarin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1971. [DOI: 10.1039/c29710000894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Aryne chemistry. Part XXIX. Reactions of tetrahalogenobenzynes with bicyclo[2,2,1]heptene and bicyclo[2,2,1]heptadiene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1971. [DOI: 10.1039/j39710003129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Aryne chemistry. Part XXVIII. Some further cycloaddition reactions of tetrahalogenobenzynes generated from tetrahalogenoanthranilic acids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1971. [DOI: 10.1039/j39710000567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Aryne chemistry. Part XXV. Some reactions of tetraflurobenzyne with methoxybenzenes and the photolysis and thermolysis of some of the products. Tetrahedron Lett 1970. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)97963-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Aryne chemistry. Part XXVII. The photolysis of 1,2-di-iodotetrafluorobenzene in the presence of benzene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1970. [DOI: 10.1039/j39700002569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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The photoisomerisation of 5,6,7,8-tetrafluoro-1,4-dihydro-1,4-ethanonaphthalene. Tetrahedron Lett 1969. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)88407-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Aryne chemistry. Part XVII. The reaction of tetrahalogenobenzynes with thioanisole. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1969. [DOI: 10.1039/j39690000355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Aryne chemistry. Part XVIII. Some reactions of tetrahalogenobenzynes with styrene and substituted styrenes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1969. [DOI: 10.1039/j39690001684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Aryne chemistry. Part XIX. Some reactions of tetrachloro-4-methoxypyridine with Grignard reagents and organolithium compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1969. [DOI: 10.1039/j39690001908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Aryne chemistry. Part IX. Cycloaddition reactions of the isomeric trifluorobenzynes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1968. [DOI: 10.1039/j39680000889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Aryne chemistry. Part XIII. Polychloroaromatic compounds. Part III. The generation and reactions of trichloropyridynes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1968. [DOI: 10.1039/j39680002727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Aryne chemistry part VI the reaction of tetrahalogenobenzynes with bicyclohepta [2,2,1] diene. Tetrahedron Lett 1967. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)89984-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Steroids and arynes - I. Reactions of benzyne and tetrafluorobenzyne with 7-dehydrocholesteryl methyl ether. Tetrahedron Lett 1967. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)89933-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Steroids and arynes I. Reactions of benzyne and tetrafluorobenzyne with 7-dehydrocholesteryl methyl ether. Tetrahedron Lett 1967. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)89724-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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A new synthesis of substituted triphenylenes. Mechanisms of formation of triphenylenes in reactions involving aryne intermediates. Tetrahedron Lett 1964. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)89439-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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