1
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Kuzmin J, Röckl J, Schwarz N, Djossou J, Ahumada G, Ahlquist M, Lundberg H. Electroreductive Desulfurative Transformations with Thioethers as Alkyl Radical Precursors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202304272. [PMID: 37342889 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202304272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Thioethers are highly prevalent functional groups in organic compounds of natural and synthetic origin but remain remarkably underexplored as starting materials in desulfurative transformations. As such, new synthetic methods are highly desirable to unlock the potential of the compound class. In this vein, electrochemistry is an ideal tool to enable new reactivity and selectivity under mild conditions. Herein, we demonstrate the efficient use of aryl alkyl thioethers as alkyl radical precursors in electroreductive transformations, along with mechanistic details. The transformations proceed with complete selectivity for C(sp3 )-S bond cleavage, orthogonal to that of established transition metal-catalyzed two-electron routes. We showcase a hydrodesulfurization protocol with broad functional group tolerance, the first example of desulfurative C(sp3 )-C(sp3 ) bond formation in Giese-type cross-coupling and the first protocol for electrocarboxylation of synthetic relevance with thioethers as starting materials. Finally, the compound class is shown to outcompete their well-established sulfone analogues as alkyl radical precursors, demonstrating their synthetic potential for future desulfurative transformations in a one-electron manifold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Kuzmin
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johannes Röckl
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nils Schwarz
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Djossou
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Guillermo Ahumada
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mårten Ahlquist
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helena Lundberg
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044, Stockholm, Sweden
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2
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Villo P, Shatskiy A, Kärkäs MD, Lundberg H. Electrosynthetic C-O Bond Activation in Alcohols and Alcohol Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202211952. [PMID: 36278406 PMCID: PMC10107720 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202211952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Alcohols and their derivatives are ubiquitous and versatile motifs in organic synthesis. Deoxygenative transformations of these compounds are often challenging due to the thermodynamic penalty associated with the cleavage of the C-O bond. However, electrochemically driven redox events have been shown to facilitate the C-O bond cleavage in alcohols and their derivatives either through direct electron transfer or through the use of electron transfer mediators and electroactive catalysts. Herein, a comprehensive overview of preparative electrochemically mediated protocols for C-O bond activation and functionalization is detailed, including direct and indirect electrosynthetic methods, as well as photoelectrochemical strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piret Villo
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrey Shatskiy
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus D Kärkäs
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helena Lundberg
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
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3
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Röckl JL, Lundberg H. Samarium and Ytterbium in Organic Electrosynthesis. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1997-0939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Low-valent lanthanide catalysts and reagents are well-established as versatile and tuneable mediators for a variety of synthetic transformations. Despite the contemporary interest in electricity as sustainable alternative to stoichiometric redox reagents, electrochemical (re)generation of such low-valent metal complexes in a synthetic setting is surprisingly limited. With focus on samarium and ytterbium, this Review presents a comprehensive overview of mediated electroreductive transformations to inspire further work in this field with great potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes L. Röckl
- Department of Chemistry, Kungliga Tekniska Hogskolan, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helena Lundberg
- Department of Chemistry, Kungliga Tekniska Hogskolan, Stockholm, Sweden
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4
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Villo P, Shatskiy A, Kärkäs MD, Lundberg H. Electrosynthetic C–O Bond Activation in Alcohols and Alcohol Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202211952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Piret Villo
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology: Kungliga Tekniska Hogskolan Department of Chemistry Teknikringen 30 10044 Stockholm SWEDEN
| | - Andrey Shatskiy
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology: Kungliga Tekniska Hogskolan Department of Chemistry Teknikringen 30 10044 Stockholm SWEDEN
| | - Markus D. Kärkäs
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology: Kungliga Tekniska Hogskolan Department of Chemistry Teknikringen 30 10044 Stockholm SWEDEN
| | - Helena Lundberg
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology: Kungliga Tekniska Hogskolan Department of Chemistry Teknikringen 30 10044 Stockholm SWEDEN
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5
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Abstract
Fluorinated organic compounds are common among pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals and materials. The significant strength of the C-F bond results in chemical inertness that, depending on the context, is beneficial, problematic or simply a formidable synthetic challenge. Electrosynthesis is a rapidly expanding methodology that can enable new reactivity and selectivity for cleavage and formation of chemical bonds. Here, a comprehensive overview of synthetically relevant electrochemically driven protocols for C-F bond activation and functionalization is presented, including photoelectrochemical strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes L Röckl
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | - Helena Lundberg
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden.
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6
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Margarita C, Villo P, Tuñon H, Dalla-Santa O, Camaj D, Carlsson R, Lill M, Ramström A, Lundberg H. Zirconium-catalysed direct substitution of alcohols: enhancing the selectivity by kinetic analysis. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy01219c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Kinetic analysis was used as a tool for rational optimization of catalytic direct substitution of alcohols to enable selective formation of ethers, thioethers, and Friedel–Crafts alkylation products using a moisture-tolerant and commercially available Zr complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Margarita
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, S-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Piret Villo
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, S-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hernando Tuñon
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, S-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oscar Dalla-Santa
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, S-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Camaj
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, S-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robin Carlsson
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, S-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Malin Lill
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, S-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anja Ramström
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, S-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helena Lundberg
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, S-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
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7
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Villo P, Dalla-Santa O, Szabó Z, Lundberg H. Kinetic Analysis as an Optimization Tool for Catalytic Esterification with a Moisture-Tolerant Zirconium Complex. J Org Chem 2020; 85:6959-6969. [PMID: 32352291 PMCID: PMC7304901 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
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This work describes the use of kinetics
as a tool for rational
optimization of an esterification process with down to equimolar ratios
of reagents using a recyclable commercially available zirconocene
complex in catalytic amounts. In contrast to previously reported group
IV metal-catalyzed esterification protocols, the work presented herein
circumvents the use of water scavengers and perfluorooctane sulfonate
(PFOS) ligands. Insights into the operating mechanism are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piret Villo
- School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, S-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oscar Dalla-Santa
- School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, S-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zoltán Szabó
- School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, S-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helena Lundberg
- School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, S-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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8
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Xiang J, Shang M, Kawamata Y, Lundberg H, Reisberg SH, Chen M, Mykhailiuk P, Beutner G, Collins MR, Davies A, Del Bel M, Gallego GM, Spangler JE, Starr J, Yang S, Blackmond DG, Baran PS. Hindered dialkyl ether synthesis with electrogenerated carbocations. Nature 2019; 573:398-402. [PMID: 31501569 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1539-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Hindered ethers are of high value for various applications; however, they remain an underexplored area of chemical space because they are difficult to synthesize via conventional reactions1,2. Such motifs are highly coveted in medicinal chemistry, because extensive substitution about the ether bond prevents unwanted metabolic processes that can lead to rapid degradation in vivo. Here we report a simple route towards the synthesis of hindered ethers, in which electrochemical oxidation is used to liberate high-energy carbocations from simple carboxylic acids. These reactive carbocation intermediates, which are generated with low electrochemical potentials, capture an alcohol donor under non-acidic conditions; this enables the formation of a range of ethers (more than 80 have been prepared here) that would otherwise be difficult to access. The carbocations can also be intercepted by simple nucleophiles, leading to the formation of hindered alcohols and even alkyl fluorides. This method was evaluated for its ability to circumvent the synthetic bottlenecks encountered in the preparation of 12 chemical scaffolds, leading to higher yields of the required products, in addition to substantial reductions in the number of steps and the amount of labour required to prepare them. The use of molecular probes and the results of kinetic studies support the proposed mechanism and the role of additives under the conditions examined. The reaction manifold that we report here demonstrates the power of electrochemistry to access highly reactive intermediates under mild conditions and, in turn, the substantial improvements in efficiency that can be achieved with these otherwise-inaccessible intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbao Xiang
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA.,The Center for Combinatorial Chemistry and Drug Discovery of Jilin University, The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Shang
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yu Kawamata
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Helena Lundberg
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Miao Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Pavel Mykhailiuk
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Enamine Ltd, Kiev, Ukraine.,Chemistry Department, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Gregory Beutner
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Michael R Collins
- Department of Chemistry, La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Inc, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Matthew Del Bel
- Department of Chemistry, La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Inc, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Gary M Gallego
- Department of Chemistry, La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Inc, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jillian E Spangler
- Department of Chemistry, La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Inc, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Shouliang Yang
- Department of Chemistry, La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Inc, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Phil S Baran
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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9
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Shatskiy A, Lundberg H, Kärkäs MD. Cover Feature: Organic Electrosynthesis: Applications in Complex Molecule Synthesis (ChemElectroChem 16/2019). ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201901157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Shatskiy
- Department of ChemistryKTH Royal Institute of Technology SE-100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Helena Lundberg
- Department of ChemistryKTH Royal Institute of Technology SE-100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Markus D. Kärkäs
- Department of ChemistryKTH Royal Institute of Technology SE-100 44 Stockholm Sweden
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Lundberg
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Organic Chemistry Royal Institute of Technology SE‐10044 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Fredrik Tinnis
- Department of Organic Chemistry Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratory SE‐10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Hans Adolfsson
- Department of Chemistry Umeå University SE‐90187 Umeå Sweden
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Shatskiy
- Department of ChemistryKTH Royal Institute of Technology SE-100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Helena Lundberg
- Department of ChemistryKTH Royal Institute of Technology SE-100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Markus D. Kärkäs
- Department of ChemistryKTH Royal Institute of Technology SE-100 44 Stockholm Sweden
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12
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Wang J, Shang M, Lundberg H, Feu KS, Hecker SJ, Qin T, Blackmond DG, Baran PS. Cu-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Borylation. ACS Catal 2018; 8:9537-9542. [PMID: 30505624 PMCID: PMC6257631 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b02928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
![]()
A simple
method for the conversion of carboxylic acids to boronic
esters via redox-active esters (RAEs) is reported using copper catalysis.
The scope of this transformation is broad, and compared with the known
protocols available, it represents the most inexpensive, rapid, and
operationally simple option. In addition to a full exploration of
the scope, a kinetic study was performed to elucidate substrate and
reagent concentration dependences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Ming Shang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Helena Lundberg
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Karla S. Feu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Scott J. Hecker
- The Medicines Company, 3013 Science Park Road, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Tian Qin
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Donna G. Blackmond
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Phil S. Baran
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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13
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Lundberg H, Tinnis F, Zhang J, Algarra AG, Himo F, Adolfsson H. Mechanistic Elucidation of Zirconium-Catalyzed Direct Amidation. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:2286-2295. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b10973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Lundberg
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Tinnis
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jiji Zhang
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrés G. Algarra
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Departamento
de Ciencia de los Materiales e Ingeniería Metalúrgica
y Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus
Universitario de Puerto Real, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Fahmi Himo
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans Adolfsson
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department
of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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14
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Shatskiy
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Arrhenius Laboratory; Stockholm University; 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Tove Kivijärvi
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Arrhenius Laboratory; Stockholm University; 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Helena Lundberg
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Arrhenius Laboratory; Stockholm University; 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Fredrik Tinnis
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Arrhenius Laboratory; Stockholm University; 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Hans Adolfsson
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Arrhenius Laboratory; Stockholm University; 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
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16
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Abstract
The arylation of secondary acyclic amides has been achieved with diaryliodonium salts under mild and metal-free conditions. The methodology has a wide scope, allows synthesis of tertiary amides with highly congested aryl moieties, and avoids the regioselectivity problems observed in reactions with (diacetoxyiodo)benzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Tinnis
- †Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elin Stridfeldt
- †Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helena Lundberg
- †Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans Adolfsson
- †Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Berit Olofsson
- †Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.,‡Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study (STIAS), Wallenberg Research Centre at Stellenbosch University, Marais Street, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Lundberg
- Department of Organic Chemistry,
The Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans Adolfsson
- Department of Organic Chemistry,
The Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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18
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Lundberg H, Enevoldsen LH. [Inflammation in the abdominal wall surgical mesh]. Ugeskr Laeger 2015; 177:V65744. [PMID: 25697169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
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19
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Slagbrand T, Lundberg H, Adolfsson H. Ruthenium-Catalyzed Tandem-Isomerization/Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Allylic Alcohols. Chemistry 2014; 20:16102-6. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201405207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Kovalenko OO, Lundberg H, Hübner D, Adolfsson H. Tandem α-Alkylation/Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Acetophenones with Primary Alcohols. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201403032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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Abstract
The amide functionality is found in a wide variety of biological and synthetic structures such as proteins, polymers, pesticides and pharmaceuticals. Due to the fact that synthetic amides are still mainly produced by the aid of coupling reagents with poor atom-economy, the direct catalytic formation of amides from carboxylic acids and amines has become a field of emerging importance. A general, efficient and selective catalytic method for this transformation would meet well with the increasing demands for green chemistry procedures. This review covers catalytic and synthetically relevant methods for direct condensation of carboxylic acids and amines. A comprehensive overview of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic methods is presented, covering biocatalysts, Lewis acid catalysts based on boron and metals as well an assortment of other types of catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Lundberg
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
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22
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Buitrago E, Lundberg H, Andersson H, Ryberg P, Adolfsson H. High Throughput Screening of a Catalyst Library for the Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Heteroaromatic Ketones: Formal Syntheses of (R)-Fluoxetine and (S)-Duloxetine. ChemCatChem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201200308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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23
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Tinnis F, Lundberg H, Adolfsson H. Direct Catalytic Formation of Primary and Tertiary Amides from Non‐Activated Carboxylic Acids, Employing Carbamates as Amine Source. Adv Synth Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201200436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Tinnis
- Department of Organic Chemistry, the Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE‐106 91 Stockholm Sweden, Fax: (+46)‐8‐154‐908; phone: (+46)‐8‐162‐484
| | - Helena Lundberg
- Department of Organic Chemistry, the Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE‐106 91 Stockholm Sweden, Fax: (+46)‐8‐154‐908; phone: (+46)‐8‐162‐484
| | - Hans Adolfsson
- Department of Organic Chemistry, the Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE‐106 91 Stockholm Sweden, Fax: (+46)‐8‐154‐908; phone: (+46)‐8‐162‐484
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24
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Adolfsson H, Lundberg H, Tinnis F. Titanium(IV) Isopropoxide as an Efficient Catalyst for Direct Amidation of Nonactivated Carboxylic Acids. Synlett 2012. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1316993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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25
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Lundberg H, Tinnis F, Adolfsson H. Direct Amide Coupling of Non-activated Carboxylic Acids and Amines Catalysed by Zirconium(IV) Chloride. Chemistry 2012; 18:3822-6. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201104055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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26
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Sahoo S, Lundberg H, Edén M, Ahlsten N, Wan W, Zou X, Martín-Matute B. Single Site Supported Cationic Rhodium(I) Complexes for the Selective Redox Isomerization of Allylic Alcohols. ChemCatChem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201100321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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28
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Andréasson H, Nilsson M, Budowle B, Lundberg H, Allen M. Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA quantification of various forensic materials. Forensic Sci Int 2006; 164:56-64. [PMID: 16427750 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2005] [Revised: 11/17/2005] [Accepted: 11/22/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Due to the different types and quality of forensic evidence materials, their DNA content can vary substantially, and particularly low quantities can impact the results in an identification analysis. In this study, the quantity of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA was determined in a variety of materials using a previously described real-time PCR method. DNA quantification in the roots and distal sections of plucked and shed head hairs revealed large variations in DNA content particularly between the root and the shaft of plucked hairs. Also large intra- and inter-individual variations were found among hairs. In addition, DNA content was estimated in samples collected from fingerprints and accessories. The quantification of DNA on various items also displayed large variations, with some materials containing large amounts of nuclear DNA while no detectable nuclear DNA and only limited amounts of mitochondrial DNA were seen in others. Using this sensitive real-time PCR quantification assay, a better understanding was obtained regarding DNA content and variation in commonly analysed forensic evidence materials and this may guide the forensic scientist as to the best molecular biology approach for analysing various forensic evidence materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Andréasson
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
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29
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Rostohar D, Derkatch A, Hartman H, Johansson S, Lundberg H, Mannervik S, Norlin LO, Royen P, Schmitt A. Lifetime measurements of metastable states in Fe+. Phys Rev Lett 2001; 86:1466-1469. [PMID: 11290169 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.86.1466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The lifetime of two metastable levels in Fe+ has been measured by laser probing of a stored ion beam. In the dense spectrum of Fe+, the metastable levels a (6)S(5/2) and b (4)D(7/2) were selected and their lifetimes were determined to be 230 +/- 30 and 530 +/- 30 ms, respectively. The lifetimes are compared with previous theoretical results. Metastable lifetime measurements of Fe+ are of great importance for interpretation of spectra from astronomical objects. The present experiment opens for the possibilities to investigate lifetimes of metastable states in complex atomic ions, which have, so far, been unexplored.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rostohar
- Atomic Physics, Stockholm University, Sweden
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Grundevik P, Lundberg H, Martensson AM, Nystrom K, Svanberg S. Hyperfine-structure study in the P sequence of23Na using quantum-beam spectroscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1088/0022-3700/12/16/012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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32
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33
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34
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Bergström H, Levinson C, Lundberg H, Svanberg S, Wahlström CG. Hyperfine-dependent lifetimes induced by singlet-triplet mixing. Phys Rev A Gen Phys 1986; 33:2387-2390. [PMID: 9896919 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.33.2387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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35
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Kröll S, Lundberg H, Persson A, Svanberg S. Time-resolved laser spectroscopy on high-lying states in neutral oxygen. Phys Rev Lett 1985; 55:284-287. [PMID: 10032309 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.55.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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36
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Silfvast WT, Wood Ii OR, Lundberg H, Macklin JJ. Stimulated emission in the ultraviolet by optical pumping from photoionization-produced inner-shell states in Cd(+). Opt Lett 1985; 10:122-124. [PMID: 19724366 DOI: 10.1364/ol.10.000122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Stimulated emission on three UV transitions in Cd(+) has been observed by transferring population from inner-shell d-electron states, populated by photoionization, to outer-shell p-electron states using the output from a narrow-frequency dye laser. The use of similar techniques in other elements could eventually result in a number of new lasers in the UV and VUV.
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Owe Berg TG, Lundberg H. Oberflächenspannunsg elektrostatisch geladener, natriumlaurylsulfathaltiger Wassertröpfchen. TENSIDE SURFACT DET 1984. [DOI: 10.1515/tsd-1984-210105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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38
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Aldèn M, Grafströom P, Lundberg H, Svanberg S. Spatially resolved temperature measurements in a flame using laser-excited two-line atomic fluorescence and diode-array detection. Opt Lett 1983; 8:241-243. [PMID: 19718074 DOI: 10.1364/ol.8.000241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Spatially resolved temperature measurements in a CH(4)-air flame have been achieved using two-line laser-induced fluorescence from indium atoms seeded to the flame.
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40
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Grundevik P, Lundberg H, Nilsson L, Olsson G. Hyperfine structure in the 6p5d configuration and isotope shifts in transitions between the 6s5d and the 6p5d configurations in Ba I. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01415122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Gustavsson M, Lundberg H, Nilsson L, Svanberg S. Lifetime measurements for excited states of rare-earth atoms using pulse modulation of a cw dye-laser beam. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1364/josa.69.000984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Dhunér KG, Lundberg H, Peterhoff V. Anesthesia in renal transplantation. Observations at 142 anesthetics in 50 patients. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1968; 2:31-5. [PMID: 4893372 DOI: 10.3109/00365596809133559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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