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Molecular Mechanisms of Ischemic Stroke: A Review Integrating Clinical Imaging and Therapeutic Perspectives. Biomedicines 2024; 12:812. [PMID: 38672167 PMCID: PMC11048412 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke poses a significant global health challenge, necessitating ongoing exploration of its pathophysiology and treatment strategies. This comprehensive review integrates various aspects of ischemic stroke research, emphasizing crucial mechanisms, therapeutic approaches, and the role of clinical imaging in disease management. It discusses the multifaceted role of Netrin-1, highlighting its potential in promoting neurovascular repair and mitigating post-stroke neurological decline. It also examines the impact of blood-brain barrier permeability on stroke outcomes and explores alternative therapeutic targets such as statins and sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling. Neurocardiology investigations underscore the contribution of cardiac factors to post-stroke mortality, emphasizing the importance of understanding the brain-heart axis for targeted interventions. Additionally, the review advocates for early reperfusion and neuroprotective agents to counter-time-dependent excitotoxicity and inflammation, aiming to preserve tissue viability. Advanced imaging techniques, including DWI, PI, and MR angiography, are discussed for their role in evaluating ischemic penumbra evolution and guiding therapeutic decisions. By integrating molecular insights with imaging modalities, this interdisciplinary approach enhances our understanding of ischemic stroke and offers promising avenues for future research and clinical interventions to improve patient outcomes.
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2
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A new acyl derivative of sulfadimethoxine inhibits phagocyte oxidative burst and ameliorates inflammation in a mice model of zymosan-induced generalised inflammation. Inflammopharmacology 2023; 31:3303-3316. [PMID: 37971604 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01372-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of most challenging illnesses, including cancer, Alzheimer's, cardiovascular and autoimmune diseases. The present study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory potential of a new sulfadimethoxine derivative N-(4-(N-(2,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-4-yl) sulfamoyl) phenyl) dodecanamide (MHH-II-32). The compound was characterised by applying 1H-, 13C-NMR, EI-MS and HRFAB-MS spectroscopic techniques. The compound inhibited zymosan-induced oxidative bursts from whole blood phagocytes and isolated polymorphonuclear cells with an IC50 value of (2.5 ± 0.4 and 3.4 ± 0.3 µg/mL), respectively. Furthermore, the inhibition of nitric oxide with an IC50 (3.6 ± 2.2 µg/mL) from lipopolysaccharide-induced J774.2 macrophages indicates its in vitro anti-inflammatory efficacy. The compound did not show toxicity towards normal fibroblast cells. The observational findings, gross anatomical analysis of visceral organs and serological tests revealed the non-toxicity of the compound at the highest tested intraperitoneal (IP) dose of 100 mg/kg in acute toxicological studies in Balb/c mice. The compound treatment (100 mg/kg) (SC) significantly (P < 0.001) downregulated the mRNA expression of inflammatory markers TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-13, and NF-κB, which were elevated in zymosan-induced generalised inflammation (IP) in Balb/c mice while upregulated the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, which was reduced in zymosan-treated mice. No suppressive effect was observed at the dose of 25 mg/kg. Ibuprofen was taken as a standard drug. The results revealed that the new acyl derivative of sulfadimethoxine has an immunomodulatory effect against generalised inflammatory response with non-toxicity both in vitro and in vivo, and has therapeutic potential for various chronic inflammatory illnesses.
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3
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Synthesis, density functional theory and kinetic studies of aminopyridine based α-glucosidase inhibitors. Future Med Chem 2023; 15:1757-1772. [PMID: 37842772 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2023-0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims: The current study aimed to develop new thiourea derivatives as potential α-glucosidase inhibitors for the management of hyperglycemia in patients of Type 2 diabetes, with a focus on identifying safer and more effective antidiabetic agents. Materials & methods: New thiourea derivatives (1-16) were synthesized through single-step chemical transformation and evaluated for in vitro α-glucosidase inhibition. Kinetic studies identified the mode of inhibition, free energy and type of interactions were analyzed through density functional theory and molecular docking. Results & conclusion: Compound 5 was identified as the most potent, noncompetitive and noncytotoxic inhibitor of α-glucosidase enzyme with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 24.62 ± 0.94 μM. Computational studies reinforce experimental results, demonstrating significant enzyme interactions via hydrophobic and π-π stacking forces.
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4
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Editorial: Re-emergence of natural products for drug discovery in honor of Prof. Dr. M. Iqbal Choudhary. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1227732. [PMID: 37475715 PMCID: PMC10354788 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1227732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
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5
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Retraction: Functionalization of 2‐Amino‐4‐chloropyridine as Potential
In Vitro
Inhibitors of Urease Enzyme: Synthesis, Kinetics and
In Silico
Studies. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202300163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
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6
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Prof. Dr. M. Iqbal Choudhary-A lifetime career dedicated to remarkable services in "natural products sciences". Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1119419. [PMID: 36778013 PMCID: PMC9912981 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1119419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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7
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Identification of potent compounds against SARs-CoV-2: An in-silico based drug searching against Mpro. Comput Biol Med 2022; 151:106284. [PMID: 36370580 PMCID: PMC9635257 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.106284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) along with the various newly discovered major SARS-CoV-2 variants, including B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and B.1.1.28, constitute the Variant of Concerns (VOC). It's difficult to keep these variants from spreading over the planet. As a result of these VOCs, the fifth wave has already begun in several countries. The rapid spread of VOCs is posing a serious threat to human civilization. There is currently no specific medicine available for the treatment of COVID-19. Here, we present the findings of methods that used a combination of structure-assisted drug design, virtual screening, and high-throughput screening to swiftly generate lead compounds against Mpro protein of SARs-CoV-2. Therapeutics, in addition to vaccinations, are an essential element of the healthcare response to COVID-19's persistent threat. In the current study, we designed the efficient compounds that may combat all emerging variants of SARs-CoV-2 by targeting the common Mpro protein. The present study was aimed to discover new compounds that may be proposed as new therapeutic agents to treat COVID-19 infection without any adverse effects. For this purpose, a computational-based virtual screening of 352 in-house synthesized compounds library was performed through molecular docking and Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation approach. As a result, four novel potent compounds were successfully shortlisted by implementing certain pharmacological, physiological, and ADMET criteria i.e., compounds 3, 4, 21, and 22. Furthermore, MD simulations were performed to evaluate the stability and dynamic behavior of these compounds with Mpro complex for about 30 ns. Eventually, compound 22 was found to be highly potent against Mpro protein and was further evaluated by applying 100 ns simulations. Our findings showed that these shortlisted compounds may have potency to treat the COVID-19 infection for which further experimental validation is proposed as part of a follow-up investigation.
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Use of remdesivir for COVID-19 pneumonia in patients with advanced kidney disease: A retrospective multicenter study. CLINICAL INFECTION IN PRACTICE 2022; 16:100207. [PMID: 36268055 PMCID: PMC9557110 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinpr.2022.100207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives Remdesivir, an antiviral drug routinely used in the treatment of COVID-19 has not yet received FDA approval for use in patients with advanced kidney disease defined as GFR < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2. There is concern that an excipient in Veklury (Gilead's proprietary name for remdesivir) called sulfobutylether-beta-cyclodextrin (SBECD), which is renally cleared, may accumulate and reach toxic levels in patients with advanced kidney disease. The aim of this study was to summarize characteristics and incidence of adverse events of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients who received remdesivir during hospitalization.Design, setting, participants, and measurements.We retrospectively studied patients admitted to one of several hospitals of the Mayo Clinic Foundation with the diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia and CKD. Laboratory values were also measured when remdesivir was first administered and stopped. All analyses were performed in the overall patient group and three separate subgroups of patients with a GFR ≥ 15, a GFR < 15 and dialysis, and a GFR < 15 and no dialysis. Results A total of 444 CKD patients who were admitted to the hospital with COVID-19 pneumonia between May 2020 and September 2021 were included. Information was collected on patient characteristics, hospitalization, and adverse events. In the overall cohort, median age was 72 years (Range: 21-100 years), 55.2 % of patients were male, and most (86.5 %) were Caucasian. CKD stage was 3 for 114 patients (25.7 %), 4 for 229 patients (51.6 %), and 5 for 101 patients (22.7 %). A total of 146 patients (32.9 %) were admitted to the ICU, 103 (23.2 %) died in the hospital, and 120 (27.0 %) were on dialysis. The proportion of patients with an adverse event did not differ dramatically between the GFR ≥ 15 (20.9 %), GFR < 15 and dialysis (30.2 %), and GFR < 15 and no dialysis (32.3 %) groups (P = 0.12). Conclusion Our results suggest that the use of remdesivir in patients with very severe CKD is safe, even in those who are not on renal replacement therapy.
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Ultrasonic-assisted synthesis of amantadine derivatives-in vitro urease and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities, mechanistic, and computational studies. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Density functional theory calculations of δ( 13 C) and δ( 1 H) chemical shifts and 3 J( 13 COO 1 H) coupling constants as structural and analytical tools in hydroperoxides: Prospects and limitations of 1 H 13 C heteronuclear multiple bond correlation experiments. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2022; 60:970-984. [PMID: 35830967 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.5298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) calculations of δ(13 C) and δ(1 H) chemical shifts and 3 J(13 COO1 H) coupling constants of three model hydroperoxides of the naturally occurring cis-11-OOH and trans-9-OOH isomers of oleate and 9-cis, 11-trans-16-OOH endo hydroperoxide of methyl linolenate are reported. The computational δ(OOH) for various functionals and basis sets were found to be nearly identical for the cis/trans geometric isomers. The chemical shifts of the methine CHOOH protons and carbons, on the contrary, are highly diagnostic for the identification of cis/trans geometric isomerism. The chemical shifts of the olefinic protons and carbons strongly depend on the orientation of the hydroperoxide unit relative to the double bond and, thus, of importance in conformational analysis. The results are in very good agreement with the available experimental data. For the various diastereomeric pairs of the model endo-hydroperoxide, the strongly deshielded OOH resonances, due to the presence of an intramolecular hydrogen bond between the hydroperoxide proton and an oxygen of the endo-peroxide ring, along with the δ(CHOOH), are highly diagnostic for identification and structure elucidation of complex erythro- and threo- diastereomeric pairs of endo-hydroperoxides; the computational results are in very good agreement with the available experimental data. The 3 J(13 COO1 H) coupling constants were found to be < 2 Hz for the cis-trans geometric models and < 0.5 Hz for the endo-hydroperoxide and, thus, unimportant in stereochemical analysis. Sharp resonances of the hydroperoxide protons, with Δν1/2 < 3 Hz, are required for the successful implementation of the 1 H13 C heteronuclear multiple bond correlation (HMBC) technique.
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11
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Functionalization of 2‐Amino‐4‐chloropyridine as Potential
In Vitro
Inhibitors of Urease Enzyme: Synthesis, Kinetics and
In Silico
Studies. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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12
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Identification of quinoline derivatives as growth inhibitors of MDR pathogen Klebsiella pneumoniae. Future Microbiol 2022; 17:843-859. [PMID: 35796056 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2021-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: This study was aimed to identify compounds with significant inhibitory potential against multidrug-resistant (MDR), multidrug-sensitive, and clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Materials & methods: Antibacterial activity of the nitroquinoline derivatives was assessed by micro-plate Alamar Blue assay. Results: Nitroquinoline derivatives 9, 11 and 14 showed inhibitory activity against MDR K. pneumoniae. Docking studies of these compounds with topoisomerase IV of K. pneumonia indicated the interactions of these compounds at the active site residues of enzyme near to cofactor (Mg+2). Furthermore, compound 11 was identified as a reactive oxygen species (ROS) inducer. None of the compounds showed hemolytic effect. Conclusion: This study was designed to identify compounds active against MDR K. pneumoniae which causes infections, such as pneumonia and urinary tract infections.
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13
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Complications associated with the use of prophylactic ureteral stents in gynecologic surgery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2021.12.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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14
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Microwave Assisted Biology-Oriented Drug Synthesis (BIODS) of NewN, N′-Disubstituted Benzylamine Analogous of 4-Aminoantipyrine against Leishmaniasis -In VitroAssay and In silico-Predicted Molecular Interactions with Key Metabolic Targets. Bioorg Chem 2022; 120:105621. [PMID: 35074578 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Biology-Oriented Drug Synthesis (BIODS) deals with the simple chemical transformations on the commercially available drugs in order to enhance their new and diversified pharmacological profile. It opens new avenues for the rapid development of drug candidates for neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). Leishmaniasis is one of the NTDs which spread by the bite of sandflies (plebotomine). It ranges from cutaneous self-healing leishmaniasis to life threatening visceral leishmaniasis, known as kala-azar. The current treatment options include the use of pentamidine, miltefosine, and amphotericin B drugs. Unfortunately, all currently available drugs are associated with adverse effects, such as severe nephron- and cardiotoxicity, pancreatitis, and hepatotoxicity. This warrants the development of new drugs against leishmaniasis. Moreover, emergence of resistance against the current medications further worsens the conditions. With this objective, new N, N'-disubstituted benzylamine derivatives of ampyrone (4-aminoantipyrine) were synthesized by using ultrasonication, and microwave assistance. All derivatives were found to be new, except 1, 4, and 11. All the compounds were evaluated for their anti-leishmanial activity, and cellular cytotoxicity. Among them, compounds 4, 5, 8, and 9 showed a significant anti-leishmanial activity in vitro, in comparison to standard drug, miltefosine (IC50 = 25.78 ± 0.2 µM). These compounds were also docked against various metabolic enzymes to predict their interactions and mechanism of action, and were found to act via targeting important enzymes of various metabolic pathways.
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Synthesis of 1,2,3,triazole modified analogues of hydrochlorothiazide via click chemistry approach and in-vitro α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition studies. Mol Divers 2021; 26:2049-2067. [PMID: 34608550 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-021-10314-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The current study was aimed to discover potent inhibitors of α-glucosidase enzyme. A 25 membered library of new 1,2,3-triazole derivatives of hydrochlorothiazide (1) (HCTZ, a diuretic drug also being used for the treatment of high blood pressure) was synthesized through click chemistry approach. The structures of all derivatives 2-26 were deduced by MS, IR, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR spectroscopic techniques. All the compounds were found to be new. Compounds 1-26 were evaluated for α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition activity. Among them, 18 compounds showed potent inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase with IC50 values between 24 and 379 µM. α-Glucosidase inhibitor drug acarbose (IC50 = 875.75 ± 2.08 μM) was used as the standard. Kinetics studies of compounds 6, 9, 11, 12, 15, 20, 23, and 24 revealed that only compound 15 as a mixed-type of inhibitor, while others were non-competitive inhibitors of α-glucosidase enzyme. All the compounds were found to be non-cytotoxic when checked against mouse fibroblast 3T3 cell line.
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Synthesis and Erythroid Induction Activity of New Thiourea Derivatives. Med Chem 2021; 17:121-133. [PMID: 32407283 DOI: 10.2174/1573406416666200514085623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of medicinal agents to augment the fetal hemoglobin (HbF) accretion is an important approach for the treatment of sickle-cell anemia and β-thalassemia. HbF inducers have the potential to reduce the clinical symptoms and blood transfusion dependence in the patients of β- hemoglobinopathies. OBJECTIVE The current study was aimed to examine the erythroid induction potential of newly synthesized thiourea derivatives. METHODS Thiourea derivatives 1-27 were synthesized by using environmentally friendly methods. Compounds 3, 10 and 22 were found to be new. The structures of synthesized derivatives were deduced by using various spectroscopic techniques. These derivatives were then evaluated for their erythroid induction using the human erythroleukemic K562 cell line, as a model. The benzidine-H2O2 assay was used to evaluate erythroid induction, while HbF expression was studied through immunocytochemistry using the Anti-HbF antibody. Cytotoxicity of compounds 1-27 was also evaluated on mouse fibroblast 3T3 cell line and cancer Hela cell line using MTT assay. RESULT All the compounds (1-27) have not been reported for their erythroid induction activity previously. Compounds 1, 2, and 3 were found to be the potent erythroid inducing agents with % induction of 45± 6.9, 44± 5.9, and 41± 6.1, at 1.56, 0.78, and 0.78 μM concentrations, respectively, as compared to untreated control (12 ± 1 % induction). Furthermore, compound 1, 2, and 3 significantly induced fetal hemoglobin the expression up to 4.2-fold, 4.06-fold, and 3.52-fold, respectively, as compared to untreated control. Moreover, the compounds 1-4, 6-9, 11, 12, 15, 17, 19, 22, 23, and 25 were found to be non-cytotoxic against the 3T3 cell line. CONCLUSION This study signifies that the compounds reported here may serve as the starting point for the designing and development of new fetal hemoglobin inducers for the treatment of β- hemoglobinopathies.
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Effect of sciatic nerve mobilisation on muscle flexibility among diabetic and non-diabetic sedentary individuals: a comparative study. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.3920/cep200060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to compare the effect of sciatic nerve mobilisation on muscle flexibility among diabetic and non-diabetic sedentary individuals. The study was a pre-post experimental-group design. A sample of 40 sedentary subjects was assigned into two groups; Group A (diabetics: 10 males and 10 females) and Group B (non-diabetics: 10 males and 10 females). Both groups were tested for hamstring and calf flexibility following which sciatic nerve mobilisation was given to the most affected lower limb in terms of reduced hamstring and calf flexibility. Hamstring flexibility was checked by active knee extension test and calf flexibility was checked with the distance-to-wall technique using a tape measure. It was a two-week program in which subjects were given sciatic nerve mobilisation using sliders technique after which flexibility was checked. Three sessions per week were given for two weeks and muscle flexibility of hamstring and calf was measured after the intervention. The present study findings reveal that sciatic nerve mobilisation by sliders technique when given to diabetic and non-diabetic groups of sedentary individuals for two weeks, enhance patient outcomes in both the groups in terms of increase in hamstring and calf flexibility, but results were more significant in non-diabetic individuals as compared to diabetic individuals. In conclusion, sciatic nerve mobilisation resulted in an increase of muscle flexibility of hamstring and calf muscles in both groups.
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18
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Synthesis, crystal structure and Hirshfeld Surface analysis of benzamide derivatives of thiourea as potent inhibitors of α-glucosidase in-vitro. Bioorg Chem 2020; 107:104531. [PMID: 33339666 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Benzamide based structural analogues 1-15 were synthesized, and evaluated for α-glucosidase inhibition activity in vitro for the first time. Compounds 1-9 were found to be known, while compounds 10-15 were found to be new. However, to the best of our knowledge we are reporting α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of these bezamide derivatives of thiourea for the first time. Compounds 1, 3, 6-8, 10-14 were found to be potent inhibitors of α-glucosidase within IC50 range of 20.44-333.41 µM, in comparison to the standard inhibitor, acarbose (IC50 = 875.75 ± 2.08 µM). Mode of the enzyme inhibition was determined on the basis of kinetic studies which demonstrated that compounds 8, and 10 were non-competitive and competitive inhibitors of α-glucosidase enzyme, respectively. These compounds were also evaluated for their DPPH radical scavenging activity, and cytotoxicity against 3T3 mouse fibroblast cell lines. All synthesized compounds showed a significant to moderate DPPH radical scavenging activity and appeared to be non-cytotoxic except compound 9 which showed cytotoxicity against 3T3 normal mouse fibroblast cell lines. A single crystal X-ray and Hirshfeld Surface analysis of a representative compound is also presented.
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Tyramine Derivatives as Potent Therapeutics for Type 2 Diabetes: Synthesis and In Vitro Inhibition of α-Glucosidase Enzyme. Med Chem 2020; 16:1124-1135. [DOI: 10.2174/1573406416666200128114422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Tyramine derivatives 3-16 were prepared and tested first time for their α-
glucosidase (Sources: Saccharomyces cerevisiae) inhibitory activity by using an in vitro mechanismbased
biochemical assay. All the compounds were found to be new, except compounds 3, 10-12 and
16.
Objective:
In continuation of our research to synthesize and identify potent inhibitors of α-glucosidase
enzyme, we intended to synthesize new inhibitors of α-glucosidase enzyme with enhanced efficacy in
order to provide the basis for the better treatment of the type-II diabetic.
Methods:
Tyramine (1) was allowed to react with a variety of aryl chlorides (2) to yield the corresponding
amides. Synthesized compounds were then purified through normal phase column chromatography.
Compounds 3-16 were then assessed for their α-glucosidase inhibitory activity in an in
vitro biochemical assay. The cytotoxicity of compounds 3-16 was determined by using 3T3 mouse
fibroblast cell lines.
Results:
Compounds 3-5, 8, 13, and 15-16 were found to be more active (IC50 = 103.1±0.46,
37.3±4.51, 56.7±4.2, 23.9±2.31, 43.6±2.88, 55.8±1.73, and 38.2±0.86 μM, respectively) than the
acarbose, the standard inhibitor of α-glucosidase enzyme, (IC50= 840.0±1.73 μM). To determine the
dissociation constants and mode of inhibition, the kinetic studies were also performed for compounds
4 and 8 (the most potent inhibitors). It was observed that compounds 4 and 8 possess noncompetitive
properties as the inhibitors of α-glucosidase. All the compounds were found to be noncytotoxic,
except 5 and 12 (IC50= 14.7± 0.24 and 6.6± 0.38 μM, respectively).
Conclusion:
The current study gives the facile synthesis and identification of potent inhibitors of α-
glucosidase. The new inhibitors reported here may be investigated further for the designing and
development of novel anti-diabetic agents.
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NMR and Computational Studies as Analytical and High-Resolution Structural Tool for Complex Hydroperoxides and Diastereomeric Endo-Hydroperoxides of Fatty Acids in Solution-Exemplified by Methyl Linolenate. Molecules 2020; 25:E4902. [PMID: 33113947 PMCID: PMC7660186 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25214902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A combination of selective 1D Total Correlation Spectroscopy (TOCSY) and 1H-13C Heteronuclear Multiple Bond Correlation (HMBC) NMR techniques has been employed for the identification of methyl linolenate primary oxidation products without the need for laborious isolation of the individual compounds. Complex hydroperoxides and diastereomeric endo-hydroperoxides were identified and quantified. Strongly deshielded C-O-O-H 1H-NMR resonances of diastereomeric endo-hydroperoxides in the region of 8.8 to 9.6 ppm were shown to be due to intramolecular hydrogen bonding interactions of the hydroperoxide proton with an oxygen atom of the five-member endo-peroxide ring. These strongly deshielded resonances were utilized as a new method to derive, for the first time, three-dimensional structures with an assignment of pairs of diastereomers in solution with the combined use of 1H-NMR chemical shifts, Density Functional Theory (DFT), and Our N-layered Integrated molecular Orbital and molecular Mechanics (ONIOM) calculations.
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21
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Synthesis of new Enrofloxacin Derivatives as Potential Antibiofilm Drugs Against Staphylococcus Aureus and Klebsiella Pneumoniae. Med Chem 2020; 17:85-96. [PMID: 32238140 DOI: 10.2174/1573406416666200402151705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The antimicrobial resistance due to biofilm formation among bacteria is a significant problem in the healthcare and food industries. OBJECTIVE The current study describes the synthesis of enrofloxacin derivatives 2-17, and the evaluation of their anti-bacterial and anti-biofilm activities. METHODS Compounds 2-17 were synthesized through the acylation of enrofloxacin with thionyl chloride, followed by reaction with different aromatic amines. The new analogues identified among the sixteen compounds were 2-7, 11, 14, and 17. RESULTS Compound 2 appeared to be effective against pathogens S. aureus as well as K. pneumonia, whereas, compound 11 was found active against K. pneumonia only. Compound 2 inhibited >75% biofilm formation of S. aureus at 20 μg/mL and K. pneumonia at 10 μg/mL concentrations. These doses are far below the bactericidal concentration of compound 2, suggesting the anti-virulence mechanism of these compounds. Compound 11 inhibited 60% biofilm formation of K. pneumoniae at 70 μg/mL concentration. Compound 5 inhibited the biofilm of K. pneumoniae at 62 μg/mL concentration but also had bactericidal properties at this concentration. Interestingly, compound 2 eradicated the preformed biofilm of both the pathogens at much lower doses as compared to control drug, gentamycin and substrate, enrofloxacin. Cytotoxicity of compounds 2-17 was checked by a standard method using 3T3 normal cell lines (mouse fibroblast), all compounds were found to be noncytotoxic. CONCLUSION These compounds can be used alone or with FDA approved drugs to overcome biofilm related K. pneumoniae and S. aureus infections.
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Chemical constituents from Parrotia persica- Structural derivatization and their potential prolyl endopeptidase inhibition activity. Bioorg Chem 2020; 96:103526. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Solvent free synthesis of 1-alkoxyphosphonium chlorides for stereoselective multipurpose vinyl ethers. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2019.1633533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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The surgical treatment of Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans. Indian J Plast Surg 2019. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1699486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Background: Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans (BXO) is a chronic, often progressive disease, which can lead to phimosis and urethral stenosis, affecting both urinary and sexual function. Steroid creams are usually the first-line treatment but have a limited role and surgical intervention is frequently necessary. Conservative surgical procedures (circumcision) are often preferred in the first instance with the premise that recurrence of disease will require a more definitive reconstruction. This study looked at patients with pathologically proven BXO referred to the Plastic Surgery Unit at James Cook University Hospital between 2005 and 2009. The aim was to look at their management in the past and subsequent management by us. We also looked at whether early referral of progressive and recurrent BXO patients to reconstructive surgery could have prevented unnecessary delay in resolving symptoms at an earlier stage. Materials and Methods: Data was collected retrospectively and information regarding the exact anatomical location affected, the extent of the disease, the referring specialty and any previous surgical interventions was obtained. Alterations in urinary and sexual function and relief of symptoms following reconstructive surgery were analysed. Results: Of the 23 patients in the study, 43% had previous surgery and 60% of those had undergone two or more procedures. Twenty-one percent of patients had a history of BXO for over five years. Forty-seven percent of patients had alteration in their urinary function and 48% alteration in their sexual function due to the disease, prior to referral. Early results showed remarkable improvement in urinary and sexual function following reconstructive surgery in this group. Conclusions: Steroid creams have been shown to limit the progression of the disease but do not offer a cure in the majority of cases. Circumcision can be a curative procedure in early disease. Although there is conflicting evidence for treatment of recurring urethral strictures, repeated urethrotomy or urethral dilatation has poor long-term outcome. In patients with recurrent disease and associated complications we propose early referral to a plastic surgeon with genitourinary interest or reconstructive urologist for definitive treatment.
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Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of N-(2-chloro-phenyl-carbamo-thio-yl)-4-fluoro-benzamide and N-(4-bromo-phenyl-carbamo-thio-yl)-4-fluoro-benzamide. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2019; 75:1026-1029. [PMID: 31392018 PMCID: PMC6659326 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989019008569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The title compounds, C14H10ClFN2OS (1) and C14H10BrFN2OS (2), were synthesized by two-step reactions. The dihedral angles between the aromatic rings are 31.99 (3) and 9.17 (5)° for 1 and 2, respectively. Compound 1 features an intra-molecular bifurcated N-H⋯(O,Cl) link due to the presence of the ortho-Cl atom on the benzene ring, whereas 2 features an intra-molecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bond. In the crystal of 1, inversion dimers linked by pairs of N-H⋯S hydrogen bonds generate R 2 2(8) loops. The extended structure of 2 features the same motif but an additional weak C-H⋯S inter-action links the inversion dimers into [100] double columns. Hirshfeld surface analyses indicate that the most important contributors towards the crystal packing are H⋯H (26.6%), S⋯H/H.·S (13.8%) and Cl⋯H/H⋯Cl (9.5%) contacts for 1 and H⋯H (19.7%), C⋯H/H⋯C (14.8%) and Br⋯H/H⋯Br (12.4%) contacts for 2.
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Diagnostic Accuracy of Echo-planar Diffusion-weighted Imaging in the Diagnosis of Intra-cerebral Abscess by Taking Histopathological Findings as the Gold Standard. Cureus 2019; 11:e4677. [PMID: 31328068 PMCID: PMC6634348 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.4677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine the diagnostic accuracy of echo-planar diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in the diagnosis of intra-cerebral abscesses by taking histopathological findings as the gold standard. Subject and methods A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed from July 2014 to June 2015 at a tertiary care hospital in Karachi. A total of 462 patients, who were referred for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain, presenting with clinical suspicion of an intra-cerebral abscess on the basis of clinical signs and symptoms, were included in this study. MR imaging was performed. All patients subsequently underwent surgery. The histopathological findings of these patients were collected and compared with echo-planar diffusion-weighted MRI findings. A proforma was used to record the findings. Results The mean age of the patients was 47.39±13.54 years. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and diagnostic accuracy of echo-planar diffusion-weighted MRI in the diagnosis of intra-cerebral abscesses was 85.64%, 95.88%, 93.82%, 90.14%, and 91.56%, respectively. Conclusion Brain abscesses and necrotic tumors are, most of the time, difficult to differentiate on routine conventional imaging, and prompt diagnosis is important, as an untreated brain abscess could be lethal. Diffusion imaging can aid in the diagnosis and further management plan so as to help in improved patient care. Although this sequence has high sensitivity and specificity, it should be used in addition to conventional imaging and not as a replacement of histopathology.
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Thiourea derivatives induce fetal hemoglobin production in-vitro: A new class of potential therapeutic agents for β-thalassemia. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 855:285-293. [PMID: 31100414 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) induction is a cost-effective therapeutic approach for the treatment of β-hemoglobinopathies like β-thalassemia and sickle cell anemia. The present study discusses the potential of thiourea derivatives as new class of compounds that induce the fetal hemoglobin production. HbF inducing effect of thiourea derivatives was studied using experimental cell system, the human erythroleukemic K562 cell line. Erythroid induction of K562 cells was studied by the benzidine/H2O2 reaction, total hemoglobin production was estimated by plasma hemoglobin assay kit, and γ-globin gene expression by RT-qPCR, whereas fetal hemoglobin production was estimated by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence microscopy. The results indicated that newly synthesized thiourea derivative are potent inducers of erythroid differentiation of K562 cells with an increased γ-globin gene expression and fetal hemoglobin production. Moreover, these compounds showed no cytotoxic effect and inhibition on K562 cells at HbF inducing concentrations. It is important to note that hydroxyurea is a cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agent and have deleterious side effects, reflecting the need to identify new safe and effective HbF induces. These results signify thiourea derivatives as promising HbF inducers, with the potential to be studied against hematological disorders, including β-thalassemia and sickle cell anemia.
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Studies on Isoniazid Derivatives through a Medicinal Chemistry Approach for the Identification of New Inhibitors of Urease and Inflammatory Markers. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6738. [PMID: 31043636 PMCID: PMC6494997 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43082-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A library of thiosemicarbazide derivatives of isoniazid 3-27, was synthesized and evaluated for their anti-inflammatory and urease inhibition activities, by using in vitro bioassays. Among these compounds 9, 10, 12, 21, and 26 were identified as new derivatives. Prolonged use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and infections caused by Helicobacter pylori (ureolytic bacteria), are the two most significant causes of gastric and peptic ulcers. We focused on the identification of the dual inhibitors of inflammation and urease enzyme. Compound 23 was identified as the best dual inhibitor of inflammation (ROS; IC50 = 12.3 µg/mL), and urease enzyme inhibition activity (IC50 = 22.4 µM). Many of these compounds showed comparable activities to the standard anti-inflammatory drug (ibuprofen, IC50 = 11.2 µg/mL) and urease inhibitor (thiourea/acetohydraoxamic acid, IC50 = 21.1/20.3 µM). Compound 12 was found to be the most potent urease inhibitor (IC50 = 12.3 µM) and good inhibitor of inflammation (IC50 = 27.7 µg/mL). Compounds 19, 11, 13, 9, 17, 10, and 16, were also found to be potent inhibitors of urease. Cytotoxicity was also evaluated and all the compounds were found to be non-cytotoxic, except compound 18 and the parent drug isoniazid (IC50 = 29.5 and 28.5 µM, respectively).
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1 H- 13 C HMBC NMR experiments as a structural and analytical tool for the characterization of elusive trans/cis hydroperoxide isomers from oxidized unsaturated fatty acids in solution. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2019; 57:S69-S74. [PMID: 30702165 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The radical-dependent oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids is a fundamental reaction in lipid chemistry, biochemistry, and technology. We report herein the first successful application of 1 H-13 C HMBC NMR experiment for the identification and quantification of complex and minor (3.9% to 0.85%) components of cis and trans primary hydroperoxide isomers of oxidized oleate and linoleate methyl esters in solution, without the need of laborious isolation of the individual components.
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Sulphamethazine derivatives as immunomodulating agents: New therapeutic strategies for inflammatory diseases. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208933. [PMID: 30566465 PMCID: PMC6300282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfamethazine (SMZ) (1) is an antibacterial sulfa drug which suppresses the synthesis of dihydrofolic acid. It is used for the treatment of infections in livestock; such as gastrointestinal, and respiratory tract infections. During the current study, synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of immunomodulatory activities of derivatives of sulfamethazine (SMZ) (3-39) was carried out. These derivatives were synthesized by the reaction of sulfamethazine with a range of acid chlorides. All the compounds were characterized by using modern spectroscopic techniques, such as 1H-, and 13C-NMR, EI-MS, and HRFAB-MS. Compounds 3-10, 14, and 15 were identified as new compounds. Immunomodulatory effect of compounds 3-39 on different parameters of innate immune response was evaluated, including the production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) from human whole blood and isolated polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), nitric oxide (NO), and pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α. All the new compounds, except 14 and 15, showed a significant anti-inflammatory activity. Compounds 3-39 were also evaluated for their anti-bacterial activity and cytotoxicity (3T3 mouse fibroblast cell lines). All the compounds were found to be non-cytotoxic against normal cell lines.
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Facile Efficient Synthesis of New Alkoxymethylphosphonium Tetrafluoroborates; Valuable Alternative to Their Halide Analogues. CHEMISTRY AFRICA 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s42250-018-0009-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Chemical constituents from the leaves of Pseuderanthemum tunicatum (Afzel.) Milne-Redhead (Acanthaceae). BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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High Resolution NMR Spectroscopy as a Structural and Analytical Tool for Unsaturated Lipids in Solution. Molecules 2017; 22:E1663. [PMID: 28981459 PMCID: PMC6151582 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mono- and polyunsaturated lipids are widely distributed in Nature, and are structurally and functionally a diverse class of molecules with a variety of physicochemical, biological, medicinal and nutritional properties. High resolution NMR spectroscopic techniques including 1H-, 13C- and 31P-NMR have been successfully employed as a structural and analytical tool for unsaturated lipids. The objective of this review article is to provide: (i) an overview of the critical 1H-, 13C- and 31P-NMR parameters for structural and analytical investigations; (ii) an overview of various 1D and 2D NMR techniques that have been used for resonance assignments; (iii) selected analytical and structural studies with emphasis in the identification of major and minor unsaturated fatty acids in complex lipid extracts without the need for the isolation of the individual components; (iv) selected investigations of oxidation products of lipids; (v) applications in the emerging field of lipidomics; (vi) studies of protein-lipid interactions at a molecular level; (vii) practical considerations and (viii) an overview of future developments in the field.
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Harmaline and its Derivatives Against the Infectious Multi-Drug Resistant Escherichia coli. Med Chem 2017; 13:465-476. [PMID: 28124613 DOI: 10.2174/1573406413666170125113832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a major challenge in the treatment of infectious diseases. The MDR in urinary tract infection causing bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, has made treatment of UTI very difficult. OBJECTIVE The aims of the current study were to synthesize a library of harmaline derivatives, and to evaluate their activity against various strains of multi-drug resistance (MDR) E. coli. METHOD Harmaline derivatives were synthesized by the reaction of harmaline (1) with various acid halides and anhydrides. These compounds were subjected to susceptibility determination by in vitro MTT assay. The changes in morphology of the bacterial cells after the treatment with harmaline (1) and its new derivatives 2 and 3 were studied through scanning electron, atomic force and fluorescence microscopy. Effect of harmaline and its derivatives on the production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in MDR E. coli was assessed through lucigenin chemiluminescence assays. RESULTS The selected compounds assisted the fluorescently labeled dye DiBAC4(3) to bind to the lipid rich intra-cellular entities, and thus produced a sharp green fluorescence by easily penetrating into the compound-induced depolarized membrane of MDR E. coli. These compounds have also triggered a significant generation of ROS from bacterial cells as compared to the conventional antibiotics. The current study demonstrated that harmaline (1), and its derivatives 2 and 3 were identified as anti-MDR agents against MDR strains of E. coli. Antibacterial effect of compounds 1-3 on MDR E. coli is possibly due to membrane depolarization due to ROS-induced damage to the bacterial cell membrane. CONCLUSION Harmaline and its derivatives were identified as anti-MDR agents against various highly resistant and Pakistani MDR clinical isolates of E. coli. These compounds may serve as the leads for further studies towards the development of treatment against the infections caused by MDR E. coli.
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Multi-disciplinary management of complex pressure sore reconstruction: 5-year review of experience in a spinal injuries centre. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2017; 99:169-174. [PMID: 27490980 PMCID: PMC5392815 DOI: 10.1308/rcsann.2016.0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In our regional spinal injuries unit, complex pressure ulcer reconstruction is facilitated by a monthly multidisciplinary team clinic. This study reviews a series of the more complex of these patients who underwent surgery as a joint case between plastics and other surgical specialties, aiming to provide descriptive data as well as share the experience of treating these complex wounds. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients operated on as a joint case from 2010 to 2014 were identified through a locally held database and hospital records were then retrospectively reviewed for perioperative variables. Descriptive statistics were collected. RESULTS 12 patients underwent 15 procedures as a joint collaboration between plastic surgery and other surgical specialties: one with spinal surgery, 12 with orthopaedic and two with both orthopaedic and urology involvement. Ischial and trochanteric wounds accounted for 88% of cases with five Girdlestone procedures being performed and 12 requiring soft-tissue flap reconstruction. Mean operative time was 3.8hours. Four patients required high-dependency care and 13 patients received long-term antibiotics. Only three minor complications (20%) were seen with postoperative wound dehiscence. DISCUSSION The multidisciplinary team clinic allows careful assessment and selection of patients appropriate for surgical reconstruction and to help match expectations and limitations imposed by surgery, which are likely to influence their current lifestyle in this largely independent patient group. Collaboration with other specialties gives the best surgical outcome both for the present episode as well as leaving avenues open for potential future reconstruction.
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Synthesis and in vitro α-chymotrypsin inhibitory activity of 6-chlorobenzimidazole derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:3387-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Essential Oils of the Leaf, Stem-Bark, and Nut ofArtocarpus camansi: Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis and Activities against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10496475.2016.1159638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Improving outcomes following reconstruction of pressure sores in spinal injury patients: A multidisciplinary approach. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2016; 69:994-1002. [PMID: 27117674 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2016.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Pressure sore treatment in spinal injury patients is challenging. A multidisciplinary approach with joint management by the plastic surgery and spinal injury teams was initiated at our institution in 2005 to improve patient care and surgical outcomes following reconstruction. This study assessed the surgical outcomes following reconstruction using the team approach and to compare inpatient stay and readmissions for complications before and after the multidisciplinary protocol was introduced. METHODS A retrospective review of consecutive patients in the multidisciplinary pressure sore clinic was performed. Data were collected on patient demographics, reconstructive techniques, surgical outcomes and readmission for any complications. RESULTS In total, 45 patients with 60 pressure sores (grade 3 or 4) were reviewed in the joint clinic between 2005 and 2011. The majority of patients were paraplegic (78%), while the remaining 22% were tetraplegic. Ischial sores were the most common (45%) followed by trochanteric (23%) and sacral (20%) sores. Multiple sores were noted in 44% of patients. Flap reconstruction was required in 32 patients (71%); after a mean follow-up time of 33 months (range 25-72 months), there were three (9%) major complications (two recurrences of pressure sores and one sinus) and seven (22%) minor complications. After introduction of patient care pathways through the multidisciplinary approach, the rate of readmission for complications decreased from 14% to 5.5% and inpatient stay upon readmission reduced from 65 to 45 days. CONCLUSIONS Implementation of a multidisciplinary approach was key to optimising surgical outcomes, achieving a low recurrence rate (6%) and reducing readmissions.
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Ultrasonic synthesis of tyramine derivatives as novel inhibitors of α-glucosidase in vitro. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2016; 31:1392-403. [PMID: 26912275 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2016.1142983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyramine derivatives 3-27 were synthesized by using conventional and environmental friendly ultrasonic techniques. These derivatives were then evaluated for the first time for their α-glucosidase (Sources: Saccharomyces cerevisiae and mammalian rat-intestinal acetone powder) inhibitory activity by using in vitro mechanism-based biochemical assays. Compounds 7, 14, 20, 21 and 26 were found to be more active (IC50 = 49.7 ± 0.4, 318.8 ± 3.7, 23.5 ± 0.9, 302.0 ± 7.3 and 230.7 ± 4.0 μM, respectively) than the standard drug, acarbose (IC50 = 840.0 ± 1.73 μM (observed) and 780 ± 0.028 μM (reported)) against α-glucosidase obtained from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Kinetic studies were carried out on the most active members of the series in order to determine their mode of inhibition and dissociation constants. Compounds 7, 20 and 26 were found to be the competitive inhibitors of α-glucosidase. These compounds were also screened for their protein antiglycation, and dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitory activities. Only compounds 20, 22 and 27 showed weak antiglycation activity with IC50 values 505.27 ± 5.95, 581.87 ± 5.50 and 440.58 ± 2.74 μM, respectively. All the compounds were found to be inactive against DDP-IV enzyme. Inhibition of α-glucosidase, DPP-IV enzymes and glycation of proteins are valid targets for the discovery of antidiabetic drugs. Cytotoxicity of compounds 3-27 was also evaluated by using mouse fibroblast 3T3 cell lines. All the compounds were found to be noncytotoxic. The current study describes the synthesis α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of derivatives, based on a natural product tyramine template. The compounds reported here may serve as the starting point for the design and development of novel α-glucosidase inhibitors as antidiabetic agents.
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2,6-Di-fluoro-N-(prop-2-yn-yl)benzamide. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2014; 69:o1440. [PMID: 24427068 PMCID: PMC3884469 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536813021120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the molecule of the title difluorobenzamide derivative, C10H7F2NO, the angle formed by the least-squares mean line through the prop-2-ynyl group [maximum deviation = 0.011 (3) Å] and the normal to the benzene ring is 59.03 (7)°. In the crystal, molecules are linked via N—H⋯O and C—H⋯F hydrogen bonds into layers parallel to the ac plane.
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A kick in the shins: the financial impact of uncontrolled warfarin use in pre-tibial haematomas. Injury 2014; 45:250-2. [PMID: 22877788 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 06/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Warfarin is increasingly prescribed in the elderly population for a number of medical conditions. Pre-tibial haematomas are a common cause of morbidity in this group. The aim of the study was to identify the proficiency of INR monitoring at a primary care level in correlation with their recommended INR range and to study the treatment outcome in this group. A retrospective single-centre study of patients diagnosed with pre-tibial haematomas was conducted over a two-year period. Length of hospital stay, time delay until operative intervention, blood transfusion and warfarin reversal requirements, social care input and cost to the NHS were considered. A total of 62 patients were admitted with pre-tibial haematomas of which 20 were on Warfarin. Females were predominantly more affected (5.6:1). The mechanism of injury was as a result of minor trauma. The mean INR level was 3.8 with a standard deviation of 3.1. Mean length of hospital stay was 11 days with a standard deviation of 13.6. Nine patients required skin grafting. Average cost for the acute episode was £3500 per patient. INR levels were significantly outwith the target range causing substantial patient morbidity and imposing a significant financial burden on the NHS. Tighter regulation at a primary care level should help reduce this risk.
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Diphencyprone immunotherapy for viral warts in immunosuppressed patients. Br J Dermatol 2013; 168:1138-9. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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2-[3-(1,3-Benzothiazol-2-yl)-2,2-dimethylpropyl]-2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzothiazole. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2012; 68:o2349. [PMID: 22904817 PMCID: PMC3414284 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536812029297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In the title compound, C20H22N2S2, the five-membered thiazole ring of the 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzothiazole unit has an envelope conformation. The dihedral angle between the planar [maximum deviation of 0.014 (1) Å for the S atom] benzothiazole ring system and the benzene ring is 78.37 (12)°. Two intramolecular C—H⋯S hydrogen bonds are observed, forming rings of graph-set motif S(6). In the crystal, the molecules are consolidated in pairs through N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds and are arranged parallel to the b axis.
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N-(4-Meth-oxy-2-nitro-phen-yl)-N-(methyl-sulfon-yl)methane-sulfonamide. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2012; 68:o2090. [PMID: 22798770 PMCID: PMC3393905 DOI: 10.1107/s160053681202483x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In the title compound, C(9)H(12)N(2)O(7)S(2), the nitro substituent is slightly twisted from the benzene ring [dihedral angle = 14.69 (10)°]. The mol-ecular geometry is stabilized by intra-molecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming S(6) ring motifs. In the crystal, molecules are linked by C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds into layers parallel to (10-2).
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Synthesis and Antiglycation Activity of Kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (Nicotiflorin). Med Chem 2012; 8:415-20. [DOI: 10.2174/1573406411208030415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 03/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans (BXO) is a chronic, often progressive disease, which can lead to phimosis and urethral stenosis, affecting both urinary and sexual function. Steroid creams are usually the first-line treatment but have a limited role and surgical intervention is frequently necessary. Conservative surgical procedures (circumcision) are often preferred in the first instance with the premise that recurrence of disease will require a more definitive reconstruction. This study looked at patients with pathologically proven BXO referred to the Plastic Surgery Unit at James Cook University Hospital between 2005 and 2009. The aim was to look at their management in the past and subsequent management by us. We also looked at whether early referral of progressive and recurrent BXO patients to reconstructive surgery could have prevented unnecessary delay in resolving symptoms at an earlier stage. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data was collected retrospectively and information regarding the exact anatomical location affected, the extent of the disease, the referring specialty and any previous surgical interventions was obtained. Alterations in urinary and sexual function and relief of symptoms following reconstructive surgery were analysed. RESULTS Of the 23 patients in the study, 43% had previous surgery and 60% of those had undergone two or more procedures. Twenty-one percent of patients had a history of BXO for over five years. Forty-seven percent of patients had alteration in their urinary function and 48% alteration in their sexual function due to the disease, prior to referral. Early results showed remarkable improvement in urinary and sexual function following reconstructive surgery in this group. CONCLUSIONS Steroid creams have been shown to limit the progression of the disease but do not offer a cure in the majority of cases. Circumcision can be a curative procedure in early disease. Although there is conflicting evidence for treatment of recurring urethral strictures, repeated urethrotomy or urethral dilatation has poor long-term outcome. In patients with recurrent disease and associated complications we propose early referral to a plastic surgeon with genitourinary interest or reconstructive urologist for definitive treatment.
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O-Alkylation of Menthone Oxime: Synthesis and 13C NMR Studies of a Series of Novel Oxime Ethers. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00397910903370691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Management of Non-Spinal Injury Pressure Sore Referrals. Int J Surg 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2010.07.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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