Epigenetic profiling of MUTYH, KLF6, WNT1 and KLF4 genes in carcinogenesis and tumorigenesis of colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is distinguished by epigenetic elements like DNA methylation, histone modification, histone acetylation and RNA remodeling which is related with genomic instability and tumor initiation. Correspondingly, as a main epigenetic regulation, DNA methylation has an impressive ability in order to be used in CRC targeted therapy. Meaningly, DNA methylation is identified as one of most important epigenetic regulators in gene expression and is considered as a notable potential driver in tumorigenesis and carcinogenesis through gene-silencing of tumor suppressors genes. Abnormal methylation situation, even in the level of promoter regions, does not essentially change the gene expression levels, particularly if the gene was become silenced, leaving the mechanisms of methylation without any response. According to the methylation situation which has a strong eagerness to be highly altered on CpG islands in carcinogenesis and tumorigenesis, considering its epigenetic fluctuations in finding new biomarkers is of great importance. Modifications in DNA methylation pattern and also enrichment of methylated histone signs in the promoter regions of some certain genes like MUTYH, KLF4/6 and WNT1 in different signaling pathways could be a notable key contributors to the upregulation of tumor initiation in CRC. These epigenetic alterations could be employed as a practical diagnostic biomarkers for colorectal cancer. In this review, we will be discuss these fluctuations of MUTYH, KLF4/6 and WNT1 genes in CRC.

Carcinoma of the thyroid gland in Iran

Of the 1698 cases of thyroid disease seen during the 17 years 1956-72 in the Taj Cancer Institute, Tehran, 398 were cases of carcinoma, an incidence of 23.4 per cent. The factors involved in this high incidence of malignancy are discussed and the treatment of these patients is described.

Ewing's tumor. Review of 73 cases

Observations on 73 cases of Ewing's tumor confirmed that this neoplasm occurs in twice as many males as females, mostly between the ages of 11 and 20. In contrast with other reported series, 61.6% of lesions in our patients were in the flat bones. Definite diagnosis cannot be based solely on clinical and radiological changes, and no patient suspected of suffering from Ewing's tumor should receive x-ray treatment or any other kind of therapy unless the diagnosis has been proved histologically, by means of open biopsy. Supervoltage radiation therapy combined with chemotherapy produces better results than other kinds of treatment.