THU0010 GENES ASSOCIATED WITH NUCLEOTIDE OLIGOMERIZATION DOMAIN-LIKE RECEPTOR SIGNALING PATHWAY ARE UPREGULATED IN CUTANEOUS LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS

Background:

Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus (CLE) is a disfiguring autoimmune skin disorder with several subtypes: discoid lupus, subacute cutaneous lupus, and acute cutaneous lupus. CLE is associated with defects in the adaptive immune system, and, at times, systemic involvement. The innate immune system is likely involved as seen in the presence of interface dermatitis, which is observed in viral exanthems, and improvement of CLE using inhibitors to membrane-bound Pattern Recognition Receptors.

Objectives:

Compare the expression of genes associated with the innate immune system in active CLE skin lesions of different subtypes compared to normal skin controls.

Methods:

Five datasets selected from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) were analyzed using GEO2R to compare the gene expressions between different subtypes of CLE. Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins (STRING) database, Gene Card, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) Pathway analysis were used to identify the interaction and function of specific genes.

Results:

There were a total of 147 CLE skin samples and 52 normal controls. Genes associated with the Nucleotide-Binding Oligomerization Domain-Like Receptor (NLR) signaling pathway were upregulated in CLE skin samples (adjusted p-value < 0.001). Five genes associated with the NLR signaling pathway, STAT1, OAS1, OAS2, OAS3, and AIM2, were found to be upregulated in skin samples of CLE patients in all datasets, regardless of type, compared to normal controls in all datasets. These five genes are associated with transcription activation, regulation of viral infection, and interferon response.

Conclusion:

Genes associated with the NLR signaling pathway are upregulated in the skin lesions of CLE patients compared to normal controls, supporting the role of the innate immune system in CLE. Further validation studies using experimental methods are needed.

References:

[1]Enhanced inflammasome activity in systemic lupus erythematosus is mediated via type I interferon upregulation of interferon regulatory factor 1. Liu J, et al. Arth Rheum. 2017; 69(9): 1840-1849.

Disclosure of Interests:

None declared

Identification of 4-(Aminomethyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)-2-(phenoxy)pyridine Derivatives as Potent, Selective, and Orally Efficacious Inhibitors of the Copper-Dependent Amine Oxidase, Lysyl Oxidase-Like 2 (LOXL2)

LOXL2 catalyzes the oxidative deamination of ε-amines of lysine and hydroxylysine residues within collagen and elastin, generating reactive aldehydes (allysine). Condensation with other allysines or lysines drives the formation of inter- and intramolecular cross-linkages, a process critical for the remodeling of the ECM. Dysregulation of this process can lead to fibrosis, and LOXL2 is known to be upregulated in fibrotic tissue. Small-molecules that directly inhibit LOXL2 catalytic activity represent a useful option for the treatment of fibrosis. Herein, we describe optimization of an initial hit 2, resulting in identification of racemic-trans-(3-((4-(aminomethyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)oxy)phenyl)(3-fluoro-4-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)methanone 28, a potent irreversible inhibitor of LOXL2 that is highly selective over LOX and other amine oxidases. Oral administration of 28 significantly reduced fibrosis in a 14-day mouse lung bleomycin model. The (R,R)-enantiomer 43 (PAT-1251) was selected as the clinical compound which has progressed into healthy volunteer Phase 1 trials, making it the "first-in-class" small-molecule LOXL2 inhibitor to enter clinical development.

Structural Basis for Inhibition of Human Autotaxin by Four Potent Compounds with Distinct Modes of Binding

Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted enzyme that hydrolyzes lysophosphatidylcholine to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). LPA is a bioactive phospholipid that regulates diverse biological processes, including cell proliferation, migration, and survival/apoptosis, through the activation of a family of G protein-coupled receptors. The ATX-LPA pathway has been implicated in many pathologic conditions, including cancer, fibrosis, inflammation, cholestatic pruritus, and pain. Therefore, ATX inhibitors represent an attractive strategy for the development of therapeutics to treat a variety of diseases. Mouse and rat ATX have been crystallized previously with LPA or small-molecule inhibitors bound. Here, we present the crystal structures of human ATX in complex with four previously unpublished, structurally distinct ATX inhibitors. We demonstrate that the mechanism of inhibition of each compound reflects its unique interactions with human ATX. Our studies may provide a basis for the rational design of novel ATX inhibitors.

Discovery of APD334: Design of a Clinical Stage Functional Antagonist of the Sphingosine-1-phosphate-1 Receptor

APD334 was discovered as part of our internal effort to identify potent, centrally available, functional antagonists of the S1P1 receptor for use as next generation therapeutics for treating multiple sclerosis (MS) and other autoimmune diseases. APD334 is a potent functional antagonist of S1P1 and has a favorable PK/PD profile, producing robust lymphocyte lowering at relatively low plasma concentrations in several preclinical species. This new agent was efficacious in a mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of MS and a rat collagen induced arthritis (CIA) model and was found to have appreciable central exposure.

ICSI outcome in patients with transient azoospermia with initially motile or immotile sperm in the ejaculate

BACKGROUND

In patients with transient azoospermia, few sperm may be found in the ejaculate. We investigated the outcome of ICSI in patients with transient azoospermia.

METHODS

Records of patients with transient azoospermia referred during a 42 month period were reviewed. If only immotile sperm were found, the sample was incubated with 30% human serum albumin (HSA) before motility re-assessment. If still immotile, mechanical assessment of sperm viability was utilized. Study groups were: (A) motile sperm; (B) motility achieved by HSA; (C) no motility, but viability assessed by a mechanical technique; and (D) control group with sperm counts from 1 to 5 x 10(6)/ml. There were 57 couples (cycles) in the study group and 43 couples (cycles) in the control group.

RESULTS

Age, days of stimulation and endometrial thickness were comparable among groups. In 29.8% of the cycles, only immotile sperm were found. Fertilization and cleavage rates were higher in groups A and D than in groups B and C. Clinical pregnancy rate/cycle and live birth rate/cycle were not different among groups. No congenital malformations were found in newborns.

CONCLUSION

Fertilization and cleavage rates were lower in patients with initially immotile sperm compared with those with initially motile sperm and oligoasthenoteratozoospermia patients. Clinical pregnancy and viable pregnancy rates were not statistically different among groups, although when only immotile sperm were present both clinical pregnancy and live birth rate were lower in comparison with cycles with motile sperm.

Does the addition of recombinant LH in WHO group II anovulatory women over-responding to FSH treatment reduce the number of developing follicles? A dose-finding study

BACKGROUND

In anovulatory women undergoing ovulation induction, addition of recombinant human LH (rLH) to FSH treatment may promote the dominance of a leading follicle when administered in the late follicular phase. The objective of this study was to find the optimal dose of rLH that can maintain the growth of a dominant follicle, whilst causing atresia of secondary follicles.

METHODS

Women with infertility due to anovulation and over-responding to FSH treatment were randomized to receive, in addition to 37.5 IU recombinant human FSH (rFSH), either placebo or different doses of rLH (6.8, 13.6, 30 or 60 microg) daily for a maximum of 7 days. The primary efficacy endpoint was the proportion of patients who had exactly one follicle > or = 16 mm on hCG day.

RESULTS

Among 153 enrolled patients, the five treatment groups were similar in terms of baseline characteristics. The proportion of patients with exactly one follicle > or = 16 mm ranged from 13.3% in the placebo group to 32.1% in the 30 microg rLH group (P = 0.048). The pregnancy rate ranged from 10.3% in the 60 microg group to 28.6% in the 30 microg rLH group. Adverse events were similar between groups.

CONCLUSIONS

In patients over-responding to FSH during ovulation induction, doses of up to 30 microg rLH/day appear to increase the proportion of patients developing a single dominant follicle (> or = 16 mm). Our data support the 'LH ceiling' concept whereby addition of rLH is able to control development of the follicular cohort.

The impact of early testicular sperm extraction or cryopreservation on the outcome of intracytoplasmic sperm injection--a randomized controlled study

PURPOSE

To compare the outcome of sperm extraction 24 h before ovum pickup and on the day of oocyte retrieval.

METHODS

A controlled study was performed to compare the outcome of 90 sperm extractions and in vitro sperm injection cycles performed in 54 patients.

RESULTS

Available fresh sperm for the sperm injection procedure and cryopreservation obtained on the day of ovum pickup were similar to sperm collected 1 day before (33.3% vs 39.4%, respectively). Fertilization rate obtained with fresh sperm was also similar (48.9% vs. 54%), respectively. Clinical pregnancy rate was 38% vs. 22% per embryo transfer, respectively (P = 0.235). When comparing an additional 24 cycles with cryopreservation of sperm retrieved on the day of ovum pickup, as well as a day previously, no significance was noted in the parameters.

CONCLUSIONS

Sperm retrieved 24 h before oocyte retrieval and used as fresh or frozen-thawed for sperm injection are as effective as those used on the day of ovum pickup.

Pure follicle-stimulating hormone as an adjuvant therapy for selected cases in male infertility during in-vitro fertilization is beneficial

OBJECTIVES

Since research has demonstrated the possibility of hormonal therapy for male infertility, we conducted a study to analyze the efficacy of pure follicle-stimulating hormone (pFSH) treatment in patients with idiopathic, severe oligoteratoastheno-spermia (OTA) syndrome, or failed fertilization before referral to an intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) in an in-vitro fertilization (IVF) program.

STUDY DESIGN

A retrospective, clinical study was carried out on 178 men with OTA syndrome. Group I comprised 76 patients selected for treatment with pFSH. Group II comprised 102 men who served as the controls. Pure FSH was administered intramuscularly to the patients in group I. Upon cessation of therapy, an IVF treatment cycle was carried out.

RESULTS

After treatment with FSH, sperm motility was the only parameter which significantly improved in Group I (34% vs. 23%, and 15% vs. 24% in the subgroups of Group 1, respectively; P<0.05). In-vitro fertilization pregnancy rates were similar in both groups. The highest spontaneous pregnancy rates were achieved in FSH-treated, severe OTA patients.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with severe male factor infertility may benefit from pFSH in terms of sperm motility, fertilization by IVF and spontaneous pregnancy rates. Selection criteria for FSH treatment are proposed.

Subsequent successful pregnancy and delivery after intracytoplasmic sperm injection in a patient with XY gonadal dysgenesisms

Report of a rare case of subsequent twin delivery after intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) into donated oocytes in a 30-year-old woman with a diagnosis of XY dysgenesis, who underwent a gonadectomy at the age of 13 years. Her husband suffers from severe oligo-astheno-terato-spermia.

Shortened exposure of oocytes to spermatozoa improves in-vitro fertilization outcome: a prospective, randomized, controlled study

A prospective, randomized study of 158 patients undergoing in-vitro fertilization (IVF) and embryo transfer was conducted to evaluate whether a shortened exposure of oocytes to spermatozoa enhances oocyte development, and subsequently influences the IVF outcome. A comparison was made between conventional treatment time and shorter exposure of retrieved oocytes to spermatozoa. Fertilization and cleavage rates, embryo quality, implantation and pregnancy rates in the study group (short exposure) versus controls (standard IVF procedure) were evaluated. Fertilization (56 versus 61%) and cleavage rates (96 versus 92%) were similar in the two groups respectively. However, embryo quality was significantly higher in the study group (P < 0.05). Moreover, the pregnancy and implantation rates were significantly increased (42.4 versus 26% per embryo transfer, and 16 versus 10% respectively; P < 0.05). Our results demonstrated that shorter exposure of oocytes to spermatozoa is superior to the standard time in IVF and may have a favourable effect on implantation rates by improving embryo quality.

A simplified coculture system with luteinized granulosa cells improves embryo quality and implantation rates: a controlled study

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the use of a simplified short-term coculture system with luteinized granulosa cells (GCs) in patients with failed IVF-ET.

DESIGN

Controlled clinical study.

SETTING

IVF unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Carmel Medical Center.

PATIENT(S)

Patients with poor embryo quality in their previous IVF-ET cycles.

INTERVENTION(S)

Embryos from 40 patients, in which > 50% of the embryos were classified as poor quality in their previous IVF attempts, were grown on autologue GC culture system for a short period (24-48 hours) before being replaced in the uterine cavity.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S)

Embryo quality.

RESULT(S)

Significant decrease in poor quality embryos and increase in the proportion of good quality embryos were observed using a coculture system with autologue human GCs. Pregnancy rates in this groups of patients reached our standard IVF results during the same period.

CONCLUSION(S)

This study describes a simplified short-term coculture system with human autologue GCs. Poor quality embryos may be rescued to cleave regularly.

Environment of the preimplantation human embryo in vivo: metabolite analysis of oviduct and uterine fluids and metabolism of cumulus cells

OBJECTIVE

To determine the levels of metabolites surrounding the human oocyte and embryo in vivo.

DESIGN

Oviduct and uterine fluids were collected throughout the menstrual cycle. Cumulus cells were collected at oocyte retrieval and their production of metabolites was assessed. Samples were analyzed for pyruvate, lactate, and glucose by microfluorimetry.

PATIENTS

Luminal fluids were collected from naturally cycling patients at the time of routine clinical investigation. Patient consent and hospital ethics approval were obtained for this study.

RESULTS

Pyruvate in the oviduct did not vary with the day of cycle, the mean value was 0.24 mM. Lactate and glucose concentrations varied with the day of cycle; lactate increasing from 4.87 mM in the follicular phase to 10.50 mM at the time of ovulation, whereas glucose decreased from 3.11 mM in the follicular phase to 0.50 mM midcycle and subsequently increased to 2.32 mM in the luteal phase. The concentrations of pyruvate, lactate, and glucose in uterine fluid remained constant throughout the cycle (0.10, 5.87, and 3.15 mM, respectively). All metabolite concentrations in uterine fluid were significantly different from those in the oviduct midcycle. Cumulus cells readily consumed glucose in vitro, with lactate being the major metabolite produced.

CONCLUSION

These data indicate that lactate and glucose concentrations in the oviduct change with day of cycle and that the human embryo is exposed to different metabolite concentrations as it passes along the tract. Furthermore, cumulus cells readily consume glucose, producing lactate. Therefore, the early human embryo is exposed to low glucose and high lactate levels in vivo.

Ultrasonographic appearance of polycystic ovaries is associated with exaggerated ovarian androgen and oestradiol responses to gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist in women undergoing assisted reproduction treatment

While no single biochemical test is diagnostic of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), most patients show a characteristic ovarian ultrasonographic appearance. It has been proposed that a dysfunction of cytochrome P-450c17 alpha in PCOS leads to an increased 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) response to a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist-induced gonadotrophin rise. We postulated that this abnormality of steroid metabolism might influence the ovarian response during assisted reproduction treatment. We investigated 106 patients undergoing a short 'boost' stimulation regimen for assisted reproduction treatment, including in-vitro fertilization and gamete intra-Fallopian transfers. The ovarian ultrasound pattern was correlated with serum testosterone, 17-OHP, androstenedione and oestradiol responses, and with the clinical outcome. Polycystic ovaries, defined ultrasonographically as the presence of > or = 10 follicles between 2 and 10 mm diameter in either ovary, were found in 48% of the whole study population. Dexamethasone was given to suppress adrenal androgen secretion. Functional ovarian hyperandrogenism (FOH) was defined as serum testosterone > 0.5 nmol/l after dexamethasone. There was a significantly (P < 0.001) higher prevalence of FOH in patients with polycystic ovaries (23%) compared with normal ovaries (7%). Patients with polycystic ovaries had approximately double the 17-OHP, androstenedione and oestradiol responses to a GnRH agonist as patients with non-polycystic ovaries. Exaggerated 17-OHP and oestradiol responses to GnRH agonist were found in 89% of patients with clinically diagnosed PCOS. The number of oocytes retrieved was positively correlated (r = 0.51, P < 0.001) with the oestradiol responses in all patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

The use of a seminal vesicle specific protein (MHS-5 antigen) for diagnosis of agenesis of vas deferens and seminal vesicles in azoospermic men

Azoospermia is the cause of infertility in 8% of infertile male patients. Ten percent of those patients suffer from agenesis of the seminal vesicle (SV) and vas deferens (VD) agenesis. Currently, the diagnosis of SV and VD agenesis is based on low semen volume, low pH, and low fructose content of the seminal fluid of azoospermic men who have normal serum gonadotropins. In this study, an SV-specific sperm-coating antigen, the MHS-5 antigen, was used as a marker for the presence of SVs. The SV-specific protein (SVSP), MHS-5, was present in the control group but was not found in any of the seven samples from azoospermic men with proven agenesis of SV and VD. Another semen component, the prostate-specific antigen (PSA), whose presence in the semen is not influenced by the SV and VD agenesis, was found in both the study and the control groups. Its presence ruled out the possibility of azoospermia due to ejaculatory duct obstruction. The absence of MHS-5 antigen in seminal fluid can be used as a tool for a reliable diagnosis of agenesis of SV and VD in azoospermic men.

Microinjection: choice of embryo transfer technique

Subzonal sperm microinjection (SUZI) is indicated in severe oligoasthenozoospermia, in which the total count of motile sperm is inadequate for in vitro fertilization (IVF), and in cases with repeated failure of fertilization. Sperm for microinjection are selected following centrifugation on a Percoll gradient and stimulation with pentoxifylline and 2-deoxyadenosine. Motile sperm (2-10 per egg) are injected into the perivitelline space and fertilized oocytes are then cultured for two days prior to transfer into the Fallopian tube (tubal embryo stage transfer, TEST) or uterus. During 1992, SUZI results showed a total fertilization rate of 30% (19% were 2 pronuclear, 11% were polyspermic), a transfer rate of 55% and pregnancy rates of 15.2% per transfer and 8.3% per cycle. Recent pregnancy data in mild-moderate male factor infertility showed that gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) results were consistently superior to TEST or IVF, suggesting a beneficial effect of the tubal environment on fertilization and early embryonic development. Accordingly, the combination of SUZI followed by the immediate transfer of injected oocytes into the Fallopian tube, the MIFT procedure, was explored. An initial study of 21 consecutive microinjection candidates showed a clinical pregnancy rate of 24% per cycle. Information regarding fertilization and polyspermy rates was available from supernumerary oocytes in 90% of patients. A randomized, controlled trial comparing MIFT with SUZI or TEST in severe male factor infertility is required to confirm the improved pregnancy rate in MIFT cycles.

Is the luteo-placental shift a myth? Analysis of low progesterone levels in successful art pregnancies

Progesterone (P4) is considered vital to the maintenance of human pregnancy, but the minimal concentration of P4 necessary to sustain human pregnancy remains unclear. The aim of this study was to examine endocrine profiles for serum P4, 17 beta-estradiol (E2), and human (h) beta-CG in early pregnancy from a group of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) patients. These subjects delivered normally but had P4 concentrations below the fifth percentile of the normal singleton pregnancy range from 2 weeks after ART. Normal ranges of these hormones were determined from 118 consecutive ART pregnancies which resulted in singleton births. Values below the fifth percentile (P4 < 35.9 nmol/L at 4 weeks gestation) were considered abnormal. Eight patients who subsequently delivered normally, with serum P4 values below this criterion at 4 weeks gestation, were found. They had serum P4 values at 4 weeks gestation ranging from 1.9-29.9 nmol/L, and their mean P4 values at 5 weeks (30.2 +/- 9.2 nmol/L; mean +/- SE) and 6 weeks gestation (48.0 +/- 10.2 nmol/L) remained below the fifth percentile. No statistically significant increase in serum P4 concentrations occurred between 7 and 11 weeks gestation in these women. Their mean E2 value in serum at 4 weeks gestation (382 +/- 73 pmol/L) was also below the fifth percentile but their mean beta-hCG concentration was within the normal range. We conclude that successful human pregnancy is possible with serum P4 values within the anovulatory range in early gestation and that, in individual patients, serum P4 concentration of 2 nmol/L can be sufficient to maintain human pregnancy.

Maintenance of Pregnancy and Obstetric Outcome in Donor Egg Pregnancies

Data are presented on the outcome of 43 pregnancies between 1983 and 1991. Maintenance of pregnancy in agonadal women begins at the time of embryo implantation, and initial hormone replacement therapy to prime the endometrium before embryo transfer is an important factor. Synchronization in agonadal women is successful with the variable-length oestrogen replacement regime but can be difficult in ovulating recipients. The outcome of donor egg (DE) pregnancies in this study is comparable to that of IVF pregnancies, with the possible exception of an increased rate of monozygous twins. Pre-eclampsia does not appear to increase significantly in DE pregnancies. Vaginal delivery is possible for DE pregnancies in women with ovarian failure.

Gradual cervical dilation for termination of early second-trimester pregnancy with a double balloon device

Thirty-two women with pregnancies of 12-15 weeks underwent cervical dilation before abortion using a double balloon device. In all cases, satisfactory dilation was achieved and evacuation accomplished. The slow dilation process, resulting from the continuous indirect dilator effect of the balloons, was not associated with patient inconvenience in most cases. Larger dilation was achieved by adding a continuous instillation of extraovular prostaglandin E2 solution through the device. The double balloon device is a convenient and safe cervical dilator and may be a suitable method for cervical dilation before abortion.

The impact of sonographic assessment of the endometrium and meticulous hormonal monitoring during natural cycles in patients with failed donor artificial insemination

The present study was undertaken to determine whether the sonographic characteristics of the endometrium in the proliferative phase of the natural cycle combined with meticulous hormonal monitoring would have an impact on the prediction of conception. Fourteen women with regular ovulatory cycles were examined daily, from day 8 of the cycle, by transvaginal ultrasound through 16 unstimulated cycles. All patients had had at least four previous unsuccessful donor artificial insemination cycles scheduled by basal body temperature records. During the study, donor artificial insemination was meticulously timed by hormonal and sonographic monitoring. Four clinical pregnancies occurred with a success rate of 29% per patient, or 25% per cycle. The endometrial thickness at the mid-proliferative phase (day 8) was significantly smaller in patients who conceived in comparison with patients who failed to conceive (0.33 +/- 0.07 cm vs. 0.59 +/- 0.03 cm; p < 0.01). The endometrial thickness on the day of the luteinizing hormone (LH) peak was not significantly different between the two groups. However, the amount of endometrial growth between day 8 of the cycle and the day of the LH peak was significantly greater in conception than non-conception cycles (0.55 +/- 0.05 cm and 0.24 +/- 0.06 cm; p < 0.01). No difference in hormonal parameters was observed either on day 8 of the cycle or on the day of the LH peak between conception and non-conception cycles. On the day of the LH peak, an endometrium with typical triple line appearance and thickness of 0.6 cm or more was seen significantly more often in conception than non-conception cycles (p < 0.05). No pregnancy occurred with an endometrium < 0.6 cm at the time of ovulation. The presence of the favorable endometrial pattern in the periovulatory phase was associated with a positive predictive value for pregnancy of 50% (sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 67%), whereas the negative predictive value of the hyperechoic pattern at the time of ovulation was 100%. Our data show negative correlation between early growth of the endometrium and pregnancy in unstimulated cycles, suggesting that the amount of endometrial growth during the cycle up to ovulation may have an important role in implantation. The sonographic image of the endometrium in natural cycles provides useful information about the possible outcome of the treated cycle.

Nonpharmaceutical ripening of the unfavorable cervix and induction of labor by a novel double balloon device

Artificial ripening of the unfavorable cervix was attempted in 48 women using intracervical prostaglandin (PG) E2 gel applied by a cannula and in 70 others by a newly designed double balloon device (Atad Ripener Device). In the first group (phase A), application of PGE2 gel by intracervical cannula resulted in a mean increase of 3 points in the Bishop score and a mean instillation-to-delivery time of 34.2 hours. The study of labor induction by the double balloon device was carried out in two parts. One (phase B) consisted of a double-blind randomized controlled study in which, through the double balloon device, ten women received PGE2 gel and another ten were given placebo gel. There was no significant difference in the increase of Bishop score between the two groups (5.8 points in the treatment group and 6.0 in the placebo-controlled group). Ninety percent of women in both groups delivered vaginally with a mean of 20.8 hours after device insertion. The third phase of the study consisted of an open trial of inserting the double balloon device alone without PGE2, and inflating the balloons in 50 patients. A mean increase of 4.4 points in the Bishop score was noted in these women. These findings suggest that the use of the double balloon device for ripening of the unfavorable cervix is an effective and well-tolerated method of labor induction.

Treatment of hirsutism with cimetidine: a prospective randomized controlled trial

Cimetidine (Tagamet, Smith Klein, Brussels, Belgium) the histamine receptor type 2 blocker, has been suggested as a possible treatment of hirsutism. In a prospective randomized controlled trial, cimetidine 1.5 gm a day was given for 3 months to 12 moderately or severely hirsute women, while 8 other women were randomized to serve as a control group. There was no significant change in the hair growth rate in either group as measured by two assessment methods. This finding suggests that cimetidine, given in the recommended dose for a period of 3 months, does not have a beneficial effect on hirsutism.

Continuous extraovular prostaglandin F2 alpha instillation for late pregnancy termination in patients with previous cesarean section delivery

Late pregnancy termination by continuous extraovular instillation of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) was successfully performed in 13 patients with previous cesarean section (CS) delivery. The indications for pregnancy termination were intrauterine fetal demise in nine patients, social indications in two patients. Down's Syndrome in one patient and quadruplets pregnancy in one patient. One patient had a previous classical vertical cesarean section, two had two previous and one three previous low segment transverse (LST) cesarean sections. The other nine patients had one previous low segment transverse cesarean section. The instillation of prostaglandin solution was obtained by using a new double balloon catheter designed for extraovular pregnancy terminations. All patients aborted following the procedure with no complications. The instillation abortion time ranged from 5 1/2 to 20 h (mean 13.3 h).

The hemolytic effect of Salmonella typhi Ty 2 porins

Two outer membrane proteins of Salmonella typhi Ty 2 were extensively co-purified. According to their migration in dodecylsulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and solubility characteristics, these proteins are homologous to the 35-kDa and 36-kDa porins found in Salmonella typhimurium. A porin homologous to the 34-kDa one has not been found in S. typhi Ty 2. A critical step in the purification of porins is heating at 100 degrees C in 2% sodium dodecyl sulfate before Sephadex gel filtration. The absence of detergent in aqueous suspensions enhances porin aggregation, these aggregations inducing human red cell lysis. Porins obtained by an alternative procedure consisting of heating at 60 degrees C instead of 100 degrees C were also hemolytic. Using nanomolar concentration of porins a strong influence of temperature on the hemolytic effect was observed. Porin-induced hemolysis was inhibited with anti-porin serum, as well as by a treatment with phenylglyoxal, which reacts with the arginine residues of proteins. The membrane-disrupting ability of porins aggregates might explain some pathogenic characteristics of gram-negative bacterial infections.