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Lavu E, Kave E, Mosoro E, Markby J, Aleksic E, Gare J, Elsum IA, Nano G, Kaima P, Dala N, Gurung A, Bertagnolio S, Crowe SM, Myatt M, Hearps AC, Jordan MR. High Levels of Transmitted HIV Drug Resistance in a Study in Papua New Guinea. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170265. [PMID: 28146591 PMCID: PMC5287486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Papua New Guinea is a Pacific Island nation of 7.3 million people with an estimated HIV prevalence of 0.8%. ART initiation and monitoring are guided by clinical staging and CD4 cell counts, when available. Little is known about levels of transmitted HIV drug resistance in recently infected individuals in Papua New Guinea. Methods Surveillance of transmitted HIV drug resistance in a total of 123 individuals recently infected with HIV and aged less than 30 years was implemented in Port Moresby (n = 62) and Mount Hagen (n = 61) during the period May 2013-April 2014. HIV drug resistance testing was performed using dried blood spots. Transmitted HIV drug resistance was defined by the presence of one or more drug resistance mutations as defined by the World Health Organization surveillance drug resistance mutations list. Results The prevalence of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor transmitted HIV drug resistance was 16.1% (95% CI 8.8%-27.4%) and 8.2% (95% CI 3.2%-18.2%) in Port Moresby and Mount Hagen, respectively. The prevalence of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor transmitted HIV drug resistance was 3.2% (95% CI 0.2%-11.7%) and 3.3% (95% CI 0.2%-11.8%) in Port Moresby and Mount Hagen, respectively. No protease inhibitor transmitted HIV drug resistance was observed. Conclusions The level of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor drug resistance in antiretroviral drug naïve individuals recently infected with HIV in Port Moresby is amongst the highest reported globally. This alarming level of transmitted HIV drug resistance in a young sexually active population threatens to limit the on-going effective use of NNRTIs as a component of first-line ART in Papua New Guinea. To support the choice of nationally recommended first-line antiretroviral therapy, representative surveillance of HIV drug resistance among antiretroviral therapy initiators in Papua New Guinea should be urgently implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Lavu
- Central Public Health Laboratory, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea
| | - Ellan Kave
- Central Public Health Laboratory, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea
| | - Euodia Mosoro
- Central Public Health Laboratory, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea
| | - Jessica Markby
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eman Aleksic
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Janet Gare
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Institute for Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
| | - Imogen A. Elsum
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gideon Nano
- National Department of Health, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea
| | | | - Nick Dala
- National Department of Health, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea
| | - Anup Gurung
- World Health Organization, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea
| | | | - Suzanne M. Crowe
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark Myatt
- Brixton Health, Llawryglyn, Powys, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Anna C. Hearps
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael R. Jordan
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infection Disease, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Wölwer CB, Gödde N, Pase LB, Elsum IA, Lim KYB, Sacirbegovic F, Walkley CR, Ellis S, Ohno S, Matsuzaki F, Russell SM, Humbert PO. The Asymmetric Cell Division Regulators Par3, Scribble and Pins/Gpsm2 Are Not Essential for Erythroid Development or Enucleation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170295. [PMID: 28095473 PMCID: PMC5240992 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythroid enucleation is the process by which the future red blood cell disposes of its nucleus prior to entering the blood stream. This key event during red blood cell development has been likened to an asymmetric cell division (ACD), by which the enucleating erythroblast divides into two very different daughter cells of alternate molecular composition, a nucleated cell that will be removed by associated macrophages, and the reticulocyte that will mature to the definitive erythrocyte. Here we investigated gene expression of members of the Par, Scribble and Pins/Gpsm2 asymmetric cell division complexes in erythroid cells, and functionally tested their role in erythroid enucleation in vivo and ex vivo. Despite their roles in regulating ACD in other contexts, we found that these polarity regulators are not essential for erythroid enucleation, nor for erythroid development in vivo. Together our results put into question a role for cell polarity and asymmetric cell division in erythroid enucleation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina B. Wölwer
- Cell Cycle and Cancer Genetics, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Australia
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nathan Gödde
- Cell Cycle and Cancer Genetics, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Australia
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Luke B. Pase
- Cell Cycle and Cancer Genetics, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Australia
| | - Imogen A. Elsum
- Cell Cycle and Cancer Genetics, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Australia
| | - Krystle Y. B. Lim
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Faruk Sacirbegovic
- Immune Signaling Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carl R. Walkley
- St. Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent’s Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria
| | - Sarah Ellis
- Immune Signaling Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shigeo Ohno
- Department of Molecular Biology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Fumio Matsuzaki
- Laboratory for Cell Asymmetry, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Japan
| | - Sarah M. Russell
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Micro-Photonics, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia
| | - Patrick O. Humbert
- Cell Cycle and Cancer Genetics, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Australia
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Elsum IA, Martin C, Humbert PO. Scribble regulates an EMT polarity pathway through modulation of MAPK-ERK signaling to mediate junction formation. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:3990-9. [PMID: 23813956 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.129387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The crucial role the Crumbs and Par polarity complexes play in tight junction integrity has long been established, however very few studies have investigated the role of the Scribble polarity module. Here, we use MCF10A cells, which fail to form tight junctions and express very little endogenous Crumbs3, to show that inducing expression of the polarity protein Scribble is sufficient to promote tight junction formation. We show this occurs through an epithelial-to-mesenchymal (EMT) pathway that involves Scribble suppressing ERK phosphorylation, leading to downregulation of the EMT inducer ZEB. Inhibition of ZEB relieves the repression on Crumbs3, resulting in increased expression of this crucial tight junction regulator. The combined effect of this Scribble-mediated pathway is the upregulation of a number of junctional proteins and the formation of functional tight junctions. These data suggests a novel role for Scribble in positively regulating tight junction assembly through transcriptional regulation of an EMT signaling program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imogen A Elsum
- Cell Cycle and Cancer Genetics, Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
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Elsum IA, Humbert PO. Localization, not important in all tumor-suppressing properties: a lesson learnt from scribble. Cells Tissues Organs 2013; 198:1-11. [PMID: 23774808 DOI: 10.1159/000348423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant localization of proteins is increasingly being suggested as a causal player in epithelial cancers. Despite this, few studies have investigated how mislocalization of a protein can alter individual biological processes that contribute to cancer progression. Using Ras as a model of transformation, we investigate how localization of the polarity protein Scribble contributes to its tumor-suppressive properties. Wild-type Scribble has been shown to modulate Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) transformation both in vitro and in vivo. By utilizing a construct that carries a mutation in the LRR domain of Scribble (Scribble P305L) resulting in a cytosolic rather than the usual membrane-bound localization, we report that discrete tumor suppressive properties of Scribble are differentially sensitive to the localization of Scribble. We find that although the Scribble P305L mislocalization mutant can no longer suppress Ras-MAPK-induced invasion or epithelial to mesenchymal transition phenotypes, mislocalized Scribble can still suppress anchorage-independent cell growth. This study illustrates that the manner in which protein mislocalization contributes to cancer is likely complex and highlights the need for careful interrogation as to how cell polarity protein mislocalization, its secondary consequences, and the mutations that give rise to their mislocalization may contribute to specific aspects of cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imogen A Elsum
- Cell Cycle and Cancer Genetics, Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic. 3002, Australia
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Godde NJ, Galea RC, Elsum IA, Humbert PO. Cell polarity in motion: redefining mammary tissue organization through EMT and cell polarity transitions. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2010; 15:149-68. [PMID: 20461450 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-010-9180-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and its reversion via mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET), represent a stepwise cycle of epithelial plasticity that allows for normal tissue remodelling and diversification during development. In particular, epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity is central to many aspects of mammary development and has been proposed to be a key process in breast cancer progression. Such epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity requires complex cellular reprogramming to orchestrate a change in cell shape to an alternate morphology more conducive to migration. During this process, epithelial characteristics, including apical-basal polarity and specialised cell-cell junctions are lost and mesenchymal properties, such as a front-rear polarity associated with weak cell-cell contacts, increased motility, resistance to apoptosis and invasiveness are gained. The ability of epithelial cells to undergo transitions through cell polarity states is a central feature of epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity. These cell polarity states comprise a set of distinct asymmetric distributions of cellular constituents that are fashioned to allow specialized cellular functions, such as the regulated homeostasis of molecules across epithelial barriers, cell migration or cell diversification via asymmetric cell divisions. Each polarity state is engineered using a molecular toolbox that is highly conserved between organisms and cell types which can direct the initiation, establishment and continued maintenance of each asymmetry. Here we discuss how EMT pathways target cell polarity mediators, and how this EMT-dependent change in polarity states impact on the various stages of breast cancer. Emerging evidence places cell polarity at the interface of proliferation and morphology control and as such the changing dynamics within polarity networks play a critical role in normal mammary gland development and breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J Godde
- Cell Cycle and Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
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