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Soni N, Kar I, Narendrasinh JD, Shah SK, Konathala L, Mohamed N, Kachhadia MP, Chaudhary MH, Dave VA, Kumar L, Ahmadi L, Golla V. Role and application of CRISPR-Cas9 in the management of Alzheimer's disease. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2024; 86:1517-1521. [PMID: 38463115 PMCID: PMC10923336 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000001692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a serious health issue that has a significant social and economic impact worldwide. One of the key aetiological signs of the disease is a gradual reduction in cognitive function and irreversible neuronal death. According to a 2019 global report, more than 5.8 million people in the United States (USA) alone have received an AD diagnosis, with 45% of those people falling into the 75-84 years age range. According to the predictions, there will be 15 million affected people in the USA by 2050 due to the disease's steadily rising patient population. Cognitive function and memory formation steadily decline as a result of an irreversible neuron loss in AD, a chronic neurodegenerative illness. Amyloid-beta and phosphorylated Tau are produced and accumulate in large amounts, and glial cells are overactive. Additionally, weakened neurotrophin signalling and decreased synapse function are crucial aspects of AD. Memory loss, apathy, depression, and irritability are among the primary symptoms. The aetiology, pathophysiology, and causes of both cognitive decline and synaptic dysfunction are poorly understood despite extensive investigation. CRISPR/Cas9 is a promising gene-editing technique since it can fix certain gene sequences and has a lot of potential for treating AD and other human disorders. Regardless of hereditary considerations, an altered Aβ metabolism is frequently seen in familial and sporadic AD. Therefore, since mutations in the PSEN-1, PSEN-2 and APP genes are a contributing factor to familial AD, CRISPR/Cas9 technology could address excessive Aβ production or mutations in these genes. Overall, the potential of CRISPR-Cas9 technology outweighs it as currently the greatest gene-editing tool available for researching neurodegenerative diseases like AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilay Soni
- Department of General Medicine, M. P. Shah medical college, Jamnagar
| | - Indrani Kar
- Department of General Medicine, Lady Hardinge Medical College, University of Delhi
| | | | - Sanjay Kumar Shah
- Department of General Medicine, Janaki Medical College, Janakpur, Nepal
| | - Lohini Konathala
- Dr NTR University of Health Sciecnes, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Nadine Mohamed
- Department of General Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Memorial of Carbondale Hospital, IL
| | | | | | - Vyapti A. Dave
- Department of General Medicine, Gujarat Medical Education and Research Society, GMERS Valsad, Gujarat
| | - Lakshya Kumar
- Department of General Medicine, Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay Medical College, Rajkot
| | - Leeda Ahmadi
- Department of General Medicine, Lady Hardinge medical College, New Delhi
| | - Varshitha Golla
- Department of General Medicine, International School of Medicine (ISM), Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
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Changdar S, Ghosh S, Bose A, Kar I, Low A, Le Fèvre P, Bertran F, Narayan A, Thirupathaiah S. Weak Electronic Correlations Observed in Magnetic Weyl Semimetal Mn$_3$Ge. J Phys Condens Matter 2023. [PMID: 38056011 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ad1303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we systematically studied the electronic band structure of Mn$_3$Ge in the vicinity of the Fermi level. We observe several bands crossing the Fermi level, confirming the metallic nature of the studied system. We further observe several flat bands along various high symmetry directions, consistent with the DFT calculations. The calculated partial density of states (PDOS) suggests a dominant Mn $3d$ orbital contribution to the total valence band DOS. With the help of orbital-resolved band structure calculations, we qualitatively identify the orbital information of the experimentally obtained band dispersions. Out-of-plane electronic band dispersions are explored by measuring the ARPES data at various photon energies. Importantly, our study suggests relatively weaker electronic correlations in Mn$_3$Ge compared to Mn$_3$Sn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Changdar
- S N Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Material Sciences, JD Block, Kolkata, Kolkata, 700106, INDIA
| | - Susanta Ghosh
- Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, S N Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, JD Block, Sector III, Salt Lake City, Kolkata, KOLKATA, West Bengal, 700106, INDIA
| | - Anumita Bose
- Indian Institute of Science, C.V. Raman Road, Bangalore, 560012, INDIA
| | - Indrani Kar
- Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, S N Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, JD Block, Sector III, Salt Lake City, Kolkata, KOLKATA, West Bengal, 700106, INDIA
| | - Achintya Low
- S N Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Material Sciences, JD Block, Sector III, Salt Lake City, Kolkata, Kolkata, 700106, INDIA
| | - Patrick Le Fèvre
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, Physique du Solide B P No 239 F-54506 Vandoeuvre les Nancy Cedex, Gif-sur-Yvette, Ile-de-France, 91192, FRANCE
| | - Francois Bertran
- Laboratoire de Physique du Solide, Synchrotron SOLEIL, B P No 239, F-54506 Vandoeuvre les Nancy, Cedex, Gif-sur-Yvette, Ile-de-France, 91192, FRANCE
| | - Awadhesh Narayan
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, C.V. Raman Road, Bangalore, Bangalore, 560012, INDIA
| | - Setti Thirupathaiah
- Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, S N Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, JD Block, Sector III, Salt Lake City, Kolkata, KOLKATA, West Bengal, 700106, INDIA
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Abdelsamad A, Kachhadia MP, Hassan T, Kumar L, Khan F, Kar I, Panta U, Zafar W, Sapna F, Varrassi G, Khatri M, Kumar S. Charting the Progress of Epilepsy Classification: Navigating a Shifting Landscape. Cureus 2023; 15:e46470. [PMID: 37927689 PMCID: PMC10624359 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures, has witnessed a remarkable transformation in its classification paradigm, driven by advances in clinical understanding, neuroimaging, and molecular genetics. This narrative review navigates the dynamic landscape of epilepsy classification, offering insights into recent developments, challenges, and the promising horizon. Historically, epilepsy classification relied heavily on clinical observations, categorizing seizures based on their phenomenology and presumed etiology. However, the field has profoundly shifted from a symptom-based approach to a more refined, multidimensional system. One pivotal aspect of this evolution is the integration of neuroimaging techniques, particularly magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and functional imaging modalities. These tools have unveiled the intricate neural networks implicated in epilepsy, facilitating the identification of distinct brain abnormalities and the categorization of epilepsy subtypes based on structural and functional findings. Furthermore, the role of genetics has become increasingly prominent in epilepsy classification. Genetic discoveries have not only unraveled the molecular underpinnings of various epileptic syndromes but have also provided valuable diagnostic and prognostic insights. This narrative review delves into the expanding realm of genetic testing and its impact on tailoring treatment strategies to individual patients. As the classification landscape evolves, there are accompanying challenges. The narrative review underscores the transformative potential of artificial intelligence and machine learning in epilepsy classification. These technologies hold promise in automating the analysis of complex neuroimaging and genetic data, offering enhanced accuracy and efficiency in epilepsy diagnosis and classification. In conclusion, navigating the shifting landscape of epilepsy classification is a journey marked by progress, complexity, and the prospect of improved patient care. We are charting a course toward more precise diagnoses and tailored treatments by embracing advanced neuroimaging, genetics, and innovative technologies. As the field continues to evolve, collaborative efforts and a holistic understanding of epilepsy's diverse manifestations will be instrumental in harnessing the full potential of this dynamic landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Abdelsamad
- Research and Development, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
| | | | - Talha Hassan
- Internal Medicine, KEMU (King Edward Medical University) Mayo Hospital, Lahore, PAK
| | - Lakshya Kumar
- General Medicine, PDU (Pandit Dindayal Upadhyay) Medical College, Rajkot, IND
| | - Faisal Khan
- Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences (DUHS), Karachi, PAK
| | - Indrani Kar
- Medicine, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, IND
| | - Uttam Panta
- Medicine, Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur, NPL
| | - Wirda Zafar
- Medicine, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Toronto, CAN
| | - Fnu Sapna
- Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA
| | | | - Mahima Khatri
- Medicine and Surgery, Dow University of Health Sciences (DUHS), Karachi, PAK
| | - Satesh Kumar
- Medicine and Surgery, Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical College, Karachi, PAK
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Mohamad T, Jyotsna F, Farooq U, Fatima A, Kar I, Khuwaja S, Memon UA, Kumari V, Puri P, Aslam ZM, Elder Z, Varrassi G, Paladini A, Khatri M, Kumar S, Muzammil MA. Individualizing Medicinal Therapy Post Heart Stent Implantation: Tailoring for Patient Factors. Cureus 2023; 15:e43977. [PMID: 37746355 PMCID: PMC10516147 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.43977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of cardiovascular medicine is undergoing a transformative shift towards personalized medicinal therapy, particularly in the context of post stent implantation. This narrative review explores the significance, challenges, and future directions of individualized treatment strategies for patients with coronary stents. The review highlights the pivotal role of personalized approaches in optimizing treatment efficacy and minimizing adverse events. Real-world clinical studies and trials underscore the importance of tailoring antiplatelet therapy based on platelet function testing, genetic testing, and risk scoring. These studies reveal that personalized medicinal treatment improves clinical outcomes by balancing preventing thrombotic events and mitigating bleeding risks. Challenges, including cost, test availability, patient adherence, and ethical considerations, are discussed in depth, shedding light on the complexities of implementing personalized approaches. Technological advancements, including omics data integration, artificial intelligence, and big data analytics, shape the future of personalized medicinal therapy. These tools enable precise pharmacogenomic selection of medications and the development of integrated risk-scoring systems. Patient engagement and education are also central, with empowered patients and remote monitoring contributing to collaborative decision-making. In conclusion, the narrative review underscores that personalized medicinal therapy post stent implantation holds immense promise for revolutionizing cardiovascular care. By embracing a comprehensive approach that considers genetics, clinical factors, and patient preferences, healthcare providers can optimize treatment outcomes and improve patient quality of life. The evolving landscape of personalized medicine offers a glimpse into a future where tailored treatment strategies become the cornerstone of precision cardiovascular care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fnu Jyotsna
- Medicine, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar State Institute of Medical Sciences, Mohali, IND
| | - Umer Farooq
- Medicine, CMH (Combined Military Hospital) Lahore Medical College and Institute of Dentistry, Lahore, PAK
| | - Aroob Fatima
- Medicine, Ejaz Sikandar Memorial Hospital, Kanganpur, PAK
| | - Indrani Kar
- Medicine, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, IND
| | - Sundal Khuwaja
- Medicine, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, PAK
| | - Unaib Ahmed Memon
- Internal Medicine, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, PAK
| | - Versha Kumari
- Medicine, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, PAK
| | - Piyush Puri
- Medicine, Adesh Institute of Medical Science and Research, Bathinda, IND
| | - Zaid M Aslam
- Internal Medicine, Ziauddin University, Karachi, PAK
| | - Zachary Elder
- Medical Education, American University of the Caribbean School of Medicine, Cupecoy, SXM
| | | | - Antonella Paladini
- Department of MESVA (Life, Health, and Environmental Sciences), University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, ITA
| | - Mahima Khatri
- Medicine and Surgery, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, PAK
| | - Satesh Kumar
- Medicine and Surgery, Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical College, Karachi, PAK
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Das A, Guha C, Jana PS, Biswas U, Kar I, Rana T. Biomarker of clinical diagnosis and therapeutic management of subclinical mastitis in cow. EAMR 2022. [DOI: 10.52635/eamr/12.2.235-245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Patel I, Qayum MK, Kar I, Hajibandeh S, Hajibandeh S. OC-080 COMPLETE VERSUS PARTIAL EXCISION OF AN INFECTED MESH FOLLOWING ABDOMINAL WALL HERNIA REPAIR: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS. Br J Surg 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znac308.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Aims
To evaluate comparative outcomes of complete and partial excision of infected mesh following abdominal wall hernia repair.
Methods
A systematic search of electronic databases and bibliographic reference lists with application of a combination of free text and controlled vocabulary search adapted to thesaurus headings, search operators and limits was conducted. Surgical site infection (SSI), chronic sinus formation, recurrent hernia and need for reoperation were the evaluated outcome measures.
Results
Six comparative observational studies were identified, reporting a total of 317 patients of whom 193 underwent complete mesh excision and the remaining 123 patients underwent partial mesh excision for an infected mesh following abdominal wall hernia repair. The complete mesh excision was associated with significantly lower rates of SSIs (OR: 0.36; 95% CI, 0.16–0.81, p=0.01), chronic sinus formation (OR: 0.11; 95% CI, 0.02–0.71, p=0.02), and reoperation (OR: 0.10; 95% CI, 0.03–0.33, p=0.0001) compared to the partial mesh excision. There was no significant difference in hernia recurrence rate (OR: 3.96.16, 95% CI 0.62–25.44, p=0.15) between two groups.
Conclusions
Our meta-analysis demonstrated that complete mesh excision may be associated with lower SSI, chronic sinus formation and need for reoperation when compared to the partial mesh excision in an infected mesh event. However, the available evidence has failed to report the outcomes with respect to the main confounding factors which, together with other important outcomes such as fistula formation, should be considered by future high quality research.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Patel
- Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery and Liver Transplant Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital , Birmingham , United Kingdom
| | - M K Qayum
- Department of General Surgery, Hereford County Hospital , Wye Valley NHS Trust, Hereford , United Kingdom
| | - I Kar
- Department of General Surgery, Hereford County Hospital , Wye Valley NHS Trust, Hereford , United Kingdom
| | - S Hajibandeh
- Department of General Surgery, Royal Glamorgan Hospital, Cwm Taf University Health Board , Pontyclun , United Kingdom
| | - S Hajibandeh
- Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery and Liver Transplant Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital , Birmingham , United Kingdom
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Kar I, Qayum K. 62 Single- Versus Double-Layer Uterine Closure After Cesarean Section Delivery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Br J Surg 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znac040.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Aim
To compare single-layer (SL) with double-layer (DL) uterine closure techniques after caesarean section in terms of ultrasonographic findings and rate of CS complications.
Method
PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library were searched for relevant randomized clinical trials (RCTs). Retrieved articles were screened, and relevant studies were included in a meta-analysis. Continuous data were pooled as mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence interval (CI), and dichotomous data were pooled as relative risk (RR) and 95% CI. Analysis was conducted using RevMan software (Version 5.4).
Results
Eighteen RCTs were included in our study. Pooled results favoured DL uterine closure in terms of residual myometrial thickness (MD = -1.15, 95% CI [-1.69, -0.60], P < 0.0001) and dysmenorrhea (RR = 1.36, 95% CI [1.02, 1.81], P = 0.04), while SL closure had shorter operation time than DL closure (MD = -2.25, 95% CI [-3.29, -1.21], P < 0.00001). Both techniques had similar results in terms of uterine dehiscence or rupture (RR = 1.88, 95% CI [0.63, 5.62], P = 0.26), healing ratio (MD = -5.00, 95% CI [-12.40, 2.39], P = 0.18), maternal infectious morbidity (RR = 0.94, 95% CI [0.66, 1.34], P = 0.72), hospital stay (MD = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.30, 0.06], P = 0.18), and readmission rate (RR = 0.95, 95% CI [0.64, 1.40], P = 0.78).
Conclusions
DL closure of caesarean uterine scar is associated with more residual myometrial thickness and less dysmenorrhea compared with SL uterine closure. But SL closure has the advantage of the shorter operation time.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Kar
- Wye Valley NHS Foundation Trust, Hereford, United Kingdom
| | - K. Qayum
- Wye Valley NHS Foundation Trust, Hereford, United Kingdom
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Kar I, Qayum K. 63 Effects of Surgery, Chemotherapy, and Radiation on Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients: A SEER-Based Cohort study. Br J Surg 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znac041.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Aim
To assess the effect of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation on the mortality risk in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients.
Method
A retrospective cohort study, obtaining HCC patients' data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. We used Pearson's chi-square test for evaluating the association between the different variables, the Kaplan–Meier, and the Cox regression tests in the univariate and multivariate analyses respectively.
Results
A total of 68270 HCC patients were analysed. In patients who performed surgery, the mortality risk was higher in patients aged ≥50 years, Black, single, and widowed, regional, and distant stages, and grades II, III, and IV (HR, 1.143), (HR, 1.057), (HR, 1.095), (HR, 1.284), (HR, 1.341), (HR, 2.291), (HR, 1.125), (HR, 1.711), and (HR, 1.894) respectively. In patients who received chemotherapy, the risk was lower in females (HR, 0.948), but higher in widowed (HR, 1.143), in regional and distant stages (HR, 1.479), and (HR, 2.439) respectively, and grades III, and IV (HR, 1.741), and (HR, 1.688) respectively. In patients who received beam radiation, the risk was higher in Black (HR, 1.195), widowed (HR, 1.181), regional (HR, 1.439), and distant stages (HR, 2.287), and in grades III (HR, 1.594), and IV (HR, 1.694).
Conclusions
In HCC patients, Black, widowed, regional, and distant stages, grades III and IV had higher mortality risks in several treatment options. In patients who underwent surgery, ≥50 years years and grade II also had a higher risk. We recommend future research to assess the radiation sequence with surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Kar
- Hereford County Hospital, Hereford, United Kingdom
| | - K. Qayum
- Hereford County Hospital, Hereford, United Kingdom
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Biswas K, Kar I. Validating observer based on-line slip estimation for improved navigation by a mobile robot. Int J Intell Robot Appl 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41315-021-00216-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kar I, Kronz M, Kolychev E, Silverman P, Mendiratta P, Tomlinson BKN, Prunty J, Copley M, Patel S, Caudill S, Farah L, Wesolowski B, Crissinger T, Kendig C, Szymczak E, Duraj L, Acheson E, Lyamkin S, Dumot J, King M, Mocilnikar A, Cunningham K, Paulic N, Botzki U, Lerman R, Strosaker R, Osborne S, Glotzbecker B. Biosimilar strategic implementation at a large health system. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2021; 79:268-275. [PMID: 34752608 DOI: 10.1093/ajhp/zxab410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
DISCLAIMER In an effort to expedite the publication of articles , AJHP is posting manuscripts online as soon as possible after acceptance. Accepted manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and copyedited, but are posted online before technical formatting and author proofing. These manuscripts are not the final version of record and will be replaced with the final article (formatted per AJHP style and proofed by the authors) at a later time. PURPOSE This article highlights one health system's response to the market influx of biosimilars with the establishment of a process for formulary review and selection of preferred agents and support for therapeutic interchanges. SUMMARY Through assessment of available literature, insurance payor coverage, and manufacturer-anticipated approvals of biosimilars, a strategic stance was developed to guide biosimilar order preparation, review, adoption, and implementation. The electronic medical record (EMR) is prepared for biosimilar implementation at least 6 to 12 months ahead of anticipated formulary review. The review includes assessment of a class (reference product and available biosimilars) after at least 2 biosimilars become available. Key health-system departments and clinicians are enlisted to support review of clinical, safety, and economic implications. Implementation of a preferred product relies on standard education, formulary availability, and staff awareness to address any perceived patient safety concerns and gather provider support. The standard steps developed now apply to all future biosimilar reviews, adoption plans, and ongoing monitoring. Barriers evaluated include changes in payor coverage and challenges in preparation of the EMR for future biosimilars, meeting precertification team education needs, and providing operational support for pharmacy inventory. CONCLUSION To date, use of 5 preferred biosimilar products has led to significant cost savings to the institution, and the process has been endorsed by providers. The institution's successes can be attributed to clear communication with stakeholders and the development of a deliberate process, led by a multidisciplinary leadership team, for managing formulary, safety, and operational barriers in a thoughtful and systematic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrani Kar
- System Pharmacy Services, University Hospitals Health System, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Evelina Kolychev
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Paula Silverman
- University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Jeremy Prunty
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Melissa Copley
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Seema Patel
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sara Caudill
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Lisa Farah
- Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Bryan Wesolowski
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Tyler Crissinger
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Colin Kendig
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Eric Szymczak
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Lindsey Duraj
- University Hospitals Specialty Pharmacy, Warrensville Heights, OH, USA
| | - Emily Acheson
- University Hospitals Specialty Pharmacy, Warrensville Heights, OH, USA
| | - Svetlana Lyamkin
- University Hospitals Specialty Pharmacy, Warrensville Heights, OH, USA
| | - John Dumot
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Michelle King
- University Hospitals Health System, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Nikola Paulic
- University Hospitals Geauga Medical Center, Chardon, OH, USA
| | - Uwe Botzki
- University Hospitals Health System, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Robyn Strosaker
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Shawn Osborne
- University Hospitals Health System, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Sharma M, Kar I. Control of a quadrotor with network induced time delay. ISA Trans 2021; 111:132-143. [PMID: 33189304 DOI: 10.1016/j.isatra.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A backstepping controller augmented with a state predictor is proposed to control a quadrotor over a network subjected to both state and input time delay. The state predictor predicts the future values of the states by taking the measured delayed states as input. A backstepping control law is further designed based on these predicted states. It is shown with the aid of the Lyapunov-Razumikhin theorem that the error dynamics of the predictor is asymptotically stable. The cascade of state predictor and backstepping controller makes the tracking error dynamics of the quadrotor asymptotically stable. Simulation results are presented to validate the proposed approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manmohan Sharma
- Research Scholar, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, 781039, India.
| | - Indrani Kar
- Faculty, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, 781039, India
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12
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Abboud H, Zheng C, Kar I, Chen CK, Sau C, Serra A. Current and emerging therapeutics for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: Relevance to the COVID-19 pandemic. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2020; 44:102249. [PMID: 32526698 PMCID: PMC7265855 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) can lead to immobility and bulbar weakness. This, in addition to the older age of onset and the higher rate of hospitalization compared to multiple sclerosis, makes this patient group a potential target for complicated COVID-19 infection. Moreover, many of the commonly used preventive therapies for NMOSD are cell-depleting immunouppsressants with increased risk of viral and bacterial infections. The emergence of several new NMOSD therapeutics, including immune-modulating agents, concurrently with the worldwide spread of the COVID-19 global pandemic call for careful therapeutic planning and add to the complexity of NMOSD management. Altering the common therapeutic approach to NMOSD during the pandemic may be necessary to balance both efficacy and safety of treatment. Selection of preventive therapy should take in consideration the viral exposure risk related to the route and frequency of administration and, most importantly, the immunological properties of each therapeutic agent and its potential impact on the risk of SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility and severity of infection. The impact of the therapeutic agent on the immune response against the future SARS-CoV-2 vaccine should also be considered in the clinical decision-making. In this review, we will discuss the immune response against SARS-CoV-2 and evaluate the potential impact of the current and emerging NMOSD therapeutics on infection risk, infection severity, and future SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. We propose a therapeutic approach to NMOSD during the COVID-19 pandemic based on analysis of the mechanism of action, route of administration, and side effect profile of each therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesham Abboud
- Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Program, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Crystal Zheng
- Ohio Northern University School of Pharmacy, Ada, OH, USA
| | - Indrani Kar
- System Pharmacy Services, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Claire Kaori Chen
- System Pharmacy Services, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Crystal Sau
- Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Program, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA; System Pharmacy Services, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Alessandro Serra
- Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Program, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA; VA Multiple Sclerosis Center of Excellence, Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Zheng C, Kar I, Chen CK, Sau C, Woodson S, Serra A, Abboud H. Multiple Sclerosis Disease-Modifying Therapy and the COVID-19 Pandemic: Implications on the Risk of Infection and Future Vaccination. CNS Drugs 2020; 34:879-896. [PMID: 32780300 PMCID: PMC7417850 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-020-00756-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is expected to linger. Decisions regarding initiation or continuation of disease-modifying therapy for multiple sclerosis have to consider the potential relevance to the pandemic. Understanding the mechanism of action and the possible idiosyncratic effects of each therapeutic agent on the immune system is imperative during this special time. The infectious side-effect profile as well as the route and frequency of administration of each therapeutic agent should be carefully considered when selecting a new treatment or deciding on risk mitigation strategies for existing therapy. More importantly, the impact of each agent on the future severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type-2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine should be carefully considered in treatment decisions. Moreover, some multiple sclerosis therapies may have beneficial antiviral effects against SARS-CoV-2 while others may have beneficial immune-modulating effects against the cytokine storm and hyperinflammatory phase of the disease. Conventional injectables have a favorable immune profile without an increased exposure risk and therefore may be suitable for mild multiple sclerosis during the pandemic. However, moderate and highly active multiple sclerosis will continue to require treatment with oral or intravenous high-potency agents but a number of risk mitigation strategies may have to be implemented. Immune-modulating therapies such as the fumerates, sphinogosine-1P modulators, and natalizumab may be anecdotally preferred over cell-depleting immunosuppressants during the pandemic from the immune profile standpoint. Within the cell-depleting agents, selective (ocrelizumab) or preferential (cladribine) depletion of B cells may be relatively safer than non-selective depletion of lymphocytes and innate immune cells (alemtuzumab). Patients who develop severe iatrogenic or idiosyncratic lymphopenia should be advised to maintain social distancing even in areas where lockdown has been removed or ameliorated. Patients with iatrogenic hypogammaglobulinemia may require prophylactic intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in certain situations. When the future SARS-CoV-2 vaccine becomes available, patients with multiple sclerosis should be advised that certain therapies may interfere with mounting a protective immune response to the vaccine and that serological confirmation of a response may be required after vaccination. They should also be aware that most multiple sclerosis therapies are incompatible with live vaccines if a live SARS-CoV-2 vaccine is developed. In this article, we review and compare disease-modifying therapies in terms of their effect on the immune system, published infection rates, potential impact on SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility, and vaccine-related implications. We propose risk mitigation strategies and practical approaches to disease-modifying therapy during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal Zheng
- Raabe College of Pharmacy, Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH USA
| | - Indrani Kar
- System Pharmacy Services, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Claire Kaori Chen
- Specialty Pharmacy, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Crystal Sau
- Specialty Pharmacy, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH USA ,Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Program, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland Medical Center, Bolwell, 5th Floor, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Sophia Woodson
- Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Program, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland Medical Center, Bolwell, 5th Floor, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Alessandro Serra
- Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Program, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland Medical Center, Bolwell, 5th Floor, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA ,VA Multiple Sclerosis Center of Excellence, Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Hesham Abboud
- Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Program, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland Medical Center, Bolwell, 5th Floor, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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Yigit O, Tokgoz-Yilmaz S, Tahir E, Bajin MD, Kar I, Sennaroglu L. Wideband Tympanmetry Results of Bone Cement Ossiculoplasty. Am J Otolaryngol 2019; 40:512-519. [PMID: 31006501 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aim to investigate hearing sensitivity and wideband tympanometry results in bone cement ossiculoplasty cases in present study. STUDY DESIGN A prospective study. SETTING Ossiculoplasty patients were grouped according to the anatomical location of bone cement application by surgery note. Ossiculoplasty and tympanoplasty patients were retrospectively invited to the clinic and evaluated. 30 bone cement ossiculoplasty cases as well as 30 Type I tympanoplasty cases (intact ossicular chain) and 30 healthy controls were included in the study and Wideband Tympanometry was performed. Tympanometric peak pressure, equivalent middle ear volume, static admittance, tympanogram width, resonance frequency, average wideband tympanometry and absorbance measurements were analyzed. RESULTS A statistically significant improvement was observed in the hearing levels of all ossiculoplasty and type I tympanoplasty patients (p < 0.05). Bone cement ossiculoplasty groups demonstrated the remarkable differences than the type I tympanoplasty and control group in Wideband Tympanometry test parameters. In some parameters, malleus-stapes and manubriostapedioplasty groups demonstrated similarities to Type I tympanoplasty and control groups. CONCLUSION Bone cement is an effective application for ossiculoplasty. Wideband tympanometry is a promising method for the evaluation of the middle ear dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Yigit
- Audiology Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - S Tokgoz-Yilmaz
- Audiology Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - E Tahir
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - M D Bajin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - I Kar
- Department of Biostatistics, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - L Sennaroglu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Pandey VK, Kar I, Mahanta C. Controller design for a class of nonlinear MIMO coupled system using multiple models and second level adaptation. ISA Trans 2017; 69:256-272. [PMID: 28506677 DOI: 10.1016/j.isatra.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, an adaptive control method using multiple models with second level adaptation is proposed for a class of nonlinear multi-input multi-output (MIMO) coupled systems. Multiple estimation models are used to tune the unknown parameters at the first level. The second level adaptation provides a single parameter vector for the controller. A feedback linearization technique is used to design a state feedback control. The efficacy of the designed controller is validated by conducting real time experiment on a laboratory setup of twin rotor MIMO system (TRMS). The TRMS setup is discussed in detail and the experiments were performed for regulation and tracking problem for pitch and yaw control using different reference signals. An Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) has been used to observe the unavailable states of the TRMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Kumar Pandey
- Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, 781039, India.
| | - Indrani Kar
- Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, 781039, India.
| | - Chitralekha Mahanta
- Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, 781039, India.
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Abstract
The influences of substoichiometric amounts of seven plant extracts in the Fenton reaction-mediated damage to deoxynucleosides, deoxynucleoside monophosphates, deoxynucleoside triphosphates, and supercoiled plasmid DNA were studied to rationalize anticancer properties reported in some of these extracts. Extracts from Acacia catechu, Emblica officinalis, Spondias dulcis, Terminalia belerica, Terminalia chebula, as well as gallic acid, epicatechin, chebulagic acid and chebulinic acid enhance the extent of damage in Fenton reactions with all monomeric substrates but protect supercoiled plasmid DNA, compared to standard Fenton reactions. The damage to pyrimidine nucleosides/nucleotides is enhanced by these extracts and compounds to a greater extent than for purine ones in a concentration dependent manner. Dolichos biflorus and Hemidesmus indicus extracts generally do not show this enhancement for the monomeric substrates though they protect plasmid DNA. Compared to standard Fenton reactions for deoxynucleosides with ethanol, the presence of these five plant extracts render ethanol scavenging less effective as the radical is generated in the vicinity of the target. Since substoichiometric amounts of these extracts and the four compounds produce this effect, a catalytic mechanism involving the presence of a ternary complex of the nucleoside/nucleotide substrate, a plant compound and the hydroxyl radical is proposed. Such a mechanism cannot operate for plasmid DNA as the planar rings in the extract compounds cannot stack with the duplex DNA bases. These plant extracts, by enhancing Fenton reaction-mediated damage to deoxynucleoside triphosphates, slow down DNA replication in rapidly dividing cancer cells, thus contributing to their anticancer properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrani Kar
- a Department of Biochemistry , Bose Institute , P-1/12, C. I. T. Scheme VIIM, Kolkata 700054 , India
| | - Rajagopal Chattopadhyaya
- a Department of Biochemistry , Bose Institute , P-1/12, C. I. T. Scheme VIIM, Kolkata 700054 , India
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Kar I, Mukhopadhayay SK, Patra AK, Pradhan S. Metal concentrations and histopathological changes in goats (Capra hircus) reared near an industrial area of West Bengal, India. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2015; 69:32-43. [PMID: 25633649 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-015-0130-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The present investigation was performed to assess the concentrations of four heavy metals-lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and cobalt (Co)-in goats reared in the vicinity of an industrial area of West Bengal, India, including soil, water, and feedstuffs; tissues of liver, kidney, lung, spleen, and muscle; and milk and faeces. In addition, histopathological changes in liver, lung, kidney, spleen, and muscle samples were examined. Mejia block as an industrial polluted site and Vatar block as a reference site (without any industrial activities and 120 km away from the polluted site) were selected for this study. The results showed that concentrations of these heavy metals in soil, water feedstuffs, all tissues, milk, and faeces were greater (P < 0.05) in the polluted site than the reference site. The largest concentrations of Cd and Pb were found in kidney followed by liver, lung, spleen, and muscle. However, Co and Cu accumulations in the tissues were in following order: liver > kidney > lung > spleen > muscle. Concentrations of heavy metals were greater in older animals than in young ones. Haemoglobin, total protein, packed cell volume, total erythrocyte counts, and total leucocytes counts were significantly (P < 0.01) decreased in blood of goats in the polluted site compared with the reference site. Serum glucose, creatinine, aspartate amino transferase, alanine amino transferase, and alkanline phosphatase were significantly (P < 0.05 to P < 0.01) increased. Histological examination showed several pathological alterations including degeneration, vacuolation, and tubulitis in kidney; congestion, degeneration, periportal necrosis, and focal haemorrhages in liver; and congestion and diffuse haemorrhage in lungs. It was concluded that natural exposure to these environmental heavy metals significantly increases toxic heavy-metal concentrations in several visceral organs resulting in pathological changes in these tissues. Thus, consumption of the meat of goats reared in the polluted site may pose human health hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kar
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, 37 K. B. Sarani, Belgachia, Kolkata, 700037, India,
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Biswas H, Kar I, Chattopadhyaya R. Deoxyadenosine family: improved synthesis, DNA damage and repair, analogs as drugs. Biomol Concepts 2013; 4:401-10. [DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2013-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractImproved synthesis of 2′-deoxyadenosine using Escherichia coli overexpressing some enzymes and gram-scale chemical synthesis of 2′-deoxynucleoside 5′-triphosphates reported recently are described in this review. Other topics include DNA damage induced by chromium(VI), Fenton chemistry, photoinduction with lumazine, or by ultrasound in neutral solution; 8,5′-cyclo-2′-deoxyadenosine isomers as potential biomarkers; and a recapitulation of purine 5′,8-cyclonucleoside studies. The mutagenicities of some products generated by oxidizing 2′-deoxyadenosine 5′-triphosphate, nucleotide pool sanitization, and translesion synthesis are also reviewed. Characterizing cross-linking between nucleosides in opposite strands of DNA and endonuclease V-mediated deoxyinosine excision repair are discussed. The use of purine nucleoside analogs in the treatment of rarer chronic lymphoid leukemias is reviewed. Some analogs at the C8 position induced delayed polymerization arrest during HIV-1 reverse transcription. The susceptibility of clinically metronidazole-resistant Trichomonas vaginalis to two analogs, toyocamycin and 2-fluoro-2′-deoxyadenosine, were tested in vitro. GS-9148, a dAMP analog, was translocated to the priming site in a complex with reverse transcriptase and double-stranded DNA to gain insight into the mechanism of reverse transcriptase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himadri Biswas
- 1Bose Institute, Department of Biochemistry, P-1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Indrani Kar
- 1Bose Institute, Department of Biochemistry, P-1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700054, India
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Dandapat DK, Mukhopadhayay SK, Ganguly S, Dhanalakshmi S, Kar I. Diseases of pigeon in and around Kolkata, India. J Parasit Dis 2013; 36:99-100. [PMID: 23543247 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-011-0078-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to survey and study the prevalence of different diseases in pigeons in regions in and around Kolkata, India. About 8,000 pigeons from Kolkata region and 2,000 from semi-urban area surrounding Kolkata were selected and 5,000 fecal specimens were collected from apparently unhealthy pigeons. From the present study, it was evident that star gazing, diarrhea and pox were the major infections. Protozona parasites were also revealed which was caused mainly due to coccidian oocysts. In the present study it was found that the pigeons mainly suffered from star gazing condition and helminthic infection revealed majorly the presence of coccidian oocysts followed by Capillarea and Ascaridia spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Dandapat
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, 700 037 India
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Kumar PP, Kar I, Behera L. Variable-gain controllers for nonlinear systems using the T-S fuzzy model. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern B Cybern 2006; 36:1442-9. [PMID: 17186820 DOI: 10.1109/tsmcb.2006.877799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This correspondence proposes two novel control schemes with variable state-feedback gain to stabilize a Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy system. The T-S fuzzy model is expressed as a linear plant with nonlinear disturbance terms in both schemes. In controller I, the T-S fuzzy model is expressed as a linear plant around a nominal plant arbitrarily selected from the set of linear subsystems that the T-S fuzzy model consists of. The variable gain then becomes a function of a gain parameter that is computed to neutralize the effect of disturbance term, which is, in essence, the deviation of the actual system dynamics from the nominal plant as the system traverses a specific trajectory. This controller is shown to stabilize the T-S fuzzy model. In controller II, individual linear subsystems are locally stabilized. Fuzzy blending of individual control actions is shown to make the T-S fuzzy system Lyapunov stable. Although applicability of both control schemes depends on the norm bound of unmatched state disturbance, this constraint is relaxed further in controller II. The efficacy of controllers I and II has been tested on two nonlinear systems.
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Kar I, Subbarao SK, Eapen A, Ravindran J, Satyanarayana TS, Raghavendra K, Nanda N, Sharma VP. Evidence for a new malaria vector species, species E, within the Anopheles culicifacies complex (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol 1999; 36:595-600. [PMID: 10534953 DOI: 10.1093/jmedent/36.5.595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Female Anopheles culicifacies Giles from Ramanathapuram district, Tamil Nadu state, India, were examined for oocysts and sporozoites and their larval progeny for mitotic karyotype. Collections were made from Mandapam and Uchipuli on the mainland, and Thangachimadam and Pamban on Rameshwaram Island. Of the 451 An. culicifacies females that were collected and dissected, 24 were found positive for Plasmodia (21 for sporozoites and 3 for oocysts). Both acrocentric and submetacentric Y-chromosome karyotypes were observed among the progeny of females from all villages. All 11 iso-female lines whose parental females were positive for sporozoites or oocysts had progeny with submetacentric Y-chromosomes. Total absence of sporozoite-positives among mothers of acrocentric males was evidence of assortative mating between these 2 sympatric populations (i.e., 2 species). We propose that the nonvector population with acrocentric Y-chromosome sons retain the original designation of species B and that the vector population with the submetacentric Y-chromosome sons be designated as species E, a new species.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kar
- Malaria Research Centre Field Station, Mogappair, Chennai, India
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Kar I, Eapen A, Adak T, Sharma VP. Trial with ParaSight-F in the detection of Plasmodium falciparum infection in Chennai (Tamil Nadu), India. Indian J Malariol 1998; 35:160-2. [PMID: 10497842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Efficacy of Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein (HRP-II) based diagnostic test ParaSight-F, was evaluated for diagnosis of P. falciparum malaria at the Malaria Clinic in Malaria Research Centre (Field Station), Chennai, Tamil Nadu. A total of 93 febrile patients were screened in parallel by microscopy and by ParaSight-F. The sensitivity and specificity of the test were 100% for the detection of P. falciparum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kar
- Malaria Research Centre (Field Station), Mogappair, Chennai, India
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Dua VK, Kar PK, Gupta NC, Kar I, Sharma VP. In-vivo and in-vitro sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine in Chennai (Tamil Nadu), India. Indian J Malariol 1997; 34:1-7. [PMID: 9291668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In-vitro and in-vivo susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine were conducted at Chennai city, India. Eighteen (60%) out of 30 cases showed resistance in in-vitro study. EC50 of resistant and sensitive cases were 0.40 and 0.24 mumol chloroquine/l blood respectively, while EC90 were 2.64 and 0.84 mumol chloroquine/l blood respectively. In-vivo tests identified 24 cases (40%) as resistant (23 RI and 1 RII) and 36 (60%) as sensitive out of 60 cases. Eight isolates which were found resistant with in-vitro tests showed sensitive behaviour to chloroquine treatment assessed by in-vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- V K Dua
- Malaria Research Centre (Field Station), Sector III, Ranipur, Hardwar, India
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Kar I, Eapen A, Ravindran KJ, Chandrahas RK, Appavoo NC, Sadanand AV, Dhanraj B. Field evaluation of Bacillus sphaericus, H5a5b and B. thuringiensis var. israelensis, H-14 against the Bancroftian filariasis vector Culex quinquefasciatus, Say in Chennai, India. Indian J Malariol 1997; 34:25-36. [PMID: 9291671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Fortnightly application of Bacillus sphaericus (strain B101, serotype H5a5b) and B. thuringiensis var. israelensis (strain 164, serotype H-14) in two different waterways of Chennai @ 1 g/sq m surface area has resulted in significant reduction in both immature and adult densities of Culex quinquefasciatus Say. The use of these biolarvicides as biocontrol agents is suggested in the urban areas to control mosquitoes in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kar
- Malaria Research Centre (Field Station), Mogappair, Chennai, India
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Kar I, Eapen A, Ravindran KJ. Domestic breeding sources and their contribution in Anopheles stephensi breeding in Dindigul, Tamil Nadu. Indian J Malariol 1996; 33:191-9. [PMID: 9125833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Longitudinal study taken up for one year in 10 different types of breeding habitats in Dindigul town, Tamil Nadu, revealed that out of 51,785 habitats 225 (0.43%) were found positive for Anopheles stephensi immatures. The overall positivity varied between 0.03 to 1.31% with peak density during July. The observed habitat-wise positivity was overhead tanks 0-7.07%; wells 0-1.69%; under ground tanks 0-2.26%; tappits 0-2.36%; outside tanks (permanent) 0-2.42%; outside tanks (temporary) 0-0.39%; inside tanks (permanent) 0-2.0%; inside tanks (temporary) 0-3.6%; barrels 0-1.32% and others 0-25.0%. In 16.0% habitats An. stephensi was found breeding with An. subpictus, Aedes aegypti, Ae. vittatus and Culex quinquefasciatus in different combinations. Overhead tanks were found to contribute maximum An. Stephensi breeding in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kar
- Malaria Research Centre (Field Station), Mogappair, Madras, India
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Kar I, Khuda-Bukhsh AR. Nucleolar organizer regions(NORs) in the chromosomes of an aphid Lipaphis erysimi Kalt. (Homoptera: Aphididae) with variable chromosome numbers. CYTOLOGIA 1991. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.56.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Kar
- Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani
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Affiliation(s)
| | - I. Kar
- Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani
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Abstract
The structure and function of the parathyroid glands of freshwater snake, Natrix piscator, were studied. N. piscator has two pairs of parathyroid glands which are composed of cell cords of typical endocrine appearance, and follicles are absent. Parathyroidectomy was followed by significant (P less than 0.001) hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia throughout the 5th week of experimental period. Following parathyroidectomy, calcium and phosphate concentrations in bone were significantly (P less than 0.05) increased after 5 weeks; however, these values in muscle were not significantly changed. Tetany was also observed in parathyroidectomized snakes. Histological structure and function of the glands do not appear to vary seasonally. Administration of parathyroid gland extract of this ophidian reptile into rats caused significant (P less than 0.05) elevation of serum calcium.
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Abstract
Eryx johnii and E. conicus possess two pairs of parathyroid glands (PTG) and one pair of ultimobranchial glands (UBG). The PTG is composed of cell cords and follicles, and is well vascularized. The presence of large vesicles with ciliated and glandular epithelium is the most striking feature of the PTG in E. johnii. Accessory PTG tissues are present. The unique feature of equal sized UBGs in Eryx is their location, i.e., bilaterally parallel and rostrally away from the thyrothymic region. The UBG is composed of follicles and cell aggregates, which are interspersed in a vascularized connective tissue stroma; ciliated and goblet cells are frequently present. The UBG of Eryx shows aging variation, but not seasonal changes; seasonal histological variations are observed in the PTG.
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