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Boulet N, Luijten IHN, Cannon B, Nedergaard J. Thermogenic recruitment of brown and brite/beige adipose tissues is not obligatorily associated with macrophage accretion or attrition. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021; 320:E359-E378. [PMID: 33284094 PMCID: PMC8260372 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00352.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Cold- and diet-induced recruitment of brown adipose tissue (BAT) and the browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) are dynamic processes, and the recruited state attained is a state of dynamic equilibrium, demanding continuous stimulation to be maintained. An involvement of macrophages, classical proinflammatory (M1) or alternatively activated anti-inflammatory (M2), is presently discussed as being an integral part of these processes. If these macrophages play a mediatory role in the recruitment process, such an involvement would have to be maintained in the recruited state. We have, therefore, investigated whether the recruited state of these tissues is associated with macrophage accretion or attrition. We found no correlation (positive or negative) between total UCP1 mRNA levels (as a measure of recruitment) and proinflammatory macrophages in any adipose depot. We found that in young chow-fed mice, cold-induced recruitment correlated with accretion of anti-inflammatory macrophages; however, such a correlation was not seen when cold-induced recruitment was studied in diet-induced obese mice. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory macrophage accretion was mediated via β1/β2-adrenergic receptors; yet, in their absence, and thus in the absence of macrophage accretion, recruitment proceeded normally. We thus conclude that the classical recruited state in BAT and inguinal (brite/beige) WAT is not paralleled by macrophage accretion or attrition. Our results make mediatory roles for macrophages in the recruitment process less likely.NEW & NOTEWORTHY A regulatory or mediatory role-positive or negative-for macrophages in the recruitment of brown adipose tissue is presently discussed. As the recruited state in the tissue is a dynamic process, maintenance of the recruited state would need persistent alterations in macrophage complement. Contrary to this expectation, we demonstrate here an absence of alterations in macrophage complement in thermogenically recruited brown-or brite/beige-adipose tissues. Macrophage regulation of thermogenic capacity is thus less likely.
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MESH Headings
- Adipose Tissue, Beige/cytology
- Adipose Tissue, Beige/physiology
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/cytology
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/physiology
- Animals
- Diet/adverse effects
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Macrophages/cytology
- Macrophages/physiology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Obesity/etiology
- Obesity/metabolism
- Obesity/pathology
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/physiology
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/physiology
- Thermogenesis
- Uncoupling Protein 1/genetics
- Uncoupling Protein 1/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Boulet
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ineke H N Luijten
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Barbara Cannon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Nedergaard
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Luijten IHN, Brooks K, Boulet N, Shabalina IG, Jaiprakash A, Carlsson B, Fischer AW, Cannon B, Nedergaard J. Glucocorticoid-Induced Obesity Develops Independently of UCP1. Cell Rep 2020; 27:1686-1698.e5. [PMID: 31067456 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
An excess of glucocorticoids leads to the development of obesity in both mice and humans, but the mechanism for this is unknown. Here, we determine the extent to which decreased BAT thermogenic capacity (as a result of glucocorticoid treatment) contributes to the development of obesity. Contrary to previous suggestions, we show that only in mice housed at thermoneutrality (30°C) does corticosterone treatment reduce total BAT UCP1 protein. This reduction is reflected in reduced brown adipocyte cellular and mitochondrial UCP1-dependent respiration. However, glucocorticoid-induced obesity develops to the same extent in animals housed at 21°C and 30°C, whereas total BAT UCP1 protein levels differ 100-fold between the two groups. In corticosterone-treated wild-type and UCP1 knockout mice housed at 30°C, obesity also develops to the same extent. Thus, our results demonstrate that the development of glucocorticoid-induced obesity is not caused by a decreased UCP1-dependent thermogenic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ineke H N Luijten
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, the Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katie Brooks
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, the Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nathalie Boulet
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, the Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Irina G Shabalina
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, the Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ankita Jaiprakash
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, the Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bo Carlsson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, the Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexander W Fischer
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, the Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Cannon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, the Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Nedergaard
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, the Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Luijten IHN, Cannon B, Nedergaard J. Glucocorticoids and Brown Adipose Tissue: Do glucocorticoids really inhibit thermogenesis? Mol Aspects Med 2019; 68:42-59. [PMID: 31323252 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A reduction in the thermogenic activity of brown adipose tissue (BAT) is presently discussed as a possible determinant for the development of obesity in humans. One group of endogenous factors that could potentially affect BAT activity is the glucocorticoids (e.g. cortisol). We analyse here studies examining the effects of alterations in glucocorticoid signaling on BAT recruitment and thermogenic capacity. We find that irrespective of which manipulation of glucocorticoid signaling is examined, a seemingly homogeneous picture of lowered thermogenic capacity due to glucocorticoid stimulation is apparently obtained: e.g. lowered uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) protein levels per mg protein, and an increased lipid accumulation in BAT. However, further analyses generally indicate that these effects result from a dilution effect rather than a true decrease in total capacity; the tissue may thus be said to be in a state of pseudo-atrophy. However, under conditions of very low physiological stimulation of BAT, glucocorticoids may truly inhibit Ucp1 gene expression and consequently lower total UCP1 protein levels, but the metabolic effects of this reduction are probably minor. It is thus unlikely that glucocorticoids affect organismal metabolism and induce the development of obesity through alterations of BAT activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ineke H N Luijten
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Barbara Cannon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Nedergaard
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Luijten IHN, Feldmann HM, von Essen G, Cannon B, Nedergaard J. In the absence of UCP1-mediated diet-induced thermogenesis, obesity is augmented even in the obesity-resistant 129S mouse strain. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 316:E729-E740. [PMID: 30807213 PMCID: PMC6580168 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00020.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The attractive tenet that recruitment and activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) could counteract the development of obesity and its comorbidities in humans has been experimentally corroborated mainly by experiments demonstrating that UCP1-ablated mice on a C57Bl/6 background (exempt from thermal stress) become more obese when fed a high-fat diet. However, concerns may be raised that this outcome of UCP1 ablation is restricted to this very special inbred and particularly obesity-prone mouse strain. Therefore, we have examined to which degree UCP1 ablation has similar metabolic effects in a mouse strain known to be obesity resistant: the 129S strain. For this, male 129S2/sv or 129SV/Pas mice and corresponding UCP1-knockout mice were fed chow or a high-fat or a cafeteria diet for 4 wk. The absence of UCP1 augmented obesity (weight gain, body fat mass, %body fat, fat depot size) in high-fat diet- and cafeteria-fed mice, with a similar or lower food intake, indicating that, when present, UCP1 indeed decreases metabolic efficiency. The increased obesity was due to a decrease in energy expenditure. The consumption of a high-fat or cafeteria diet increased total BAT UCP1 protein levels in wild-type mice, and correspondingly, high-fat diet and cafeteria diet-fed mice demonstrated increased norepinephrine-induced oxygen consumption. There was a positive correlation between body fat and total BAT UCP1 protein content. No evidence for diet-induced adrenergic thermogenesis was found in UCP1-ablated mice. Thus, the obesity-reducing effect of UCP1 is not restricted to a particular, and perhaps not representative, mouse strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ineke H N Luijten
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Helena M Feldmann
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Gabriella von Essen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Barbara Cannon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Jan Nedergaard
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden
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Shinoda K, Luijten IHN, Hasegawa Y, Hong H, Sonne SB, Kim M, Xue R, Chondronikola M, Cypess AM, Tseng YH, Nedergaard J, Sidossis LS, Kajimura S. Genetic and functional characterization of clonally derived adult human brown adipocytes. Nat Med 2015; 21:389-94. [PMID: 25774848 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) acts in mammals as a natural defense system against hypothermia, and its activation to a state of increased energy expenditure is believed to protect against the development of obesity. Even though the existence of BAT in adult humans has been widely appreciated, its cellular origin and molecular identity remain elusive largely because of high cellular heterogeneity within various adipose tissue depots. To understand the nature of adult human brown adipocytes at single cell resolution, we isolated clonally derived adipocytes from stromal vascular fractions of adult human BAT from two individuals and globally analyzed their molecular signatures. We used RNA sequencing followed by unbiased genome-wide expression analyses and found that a population of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1)-positive human adipocytes possessed molecular signatures resembling those of a recruitable form of thermogenic adipocytes (that is, beige adipocytes). In addition, we identified molecular markers that were highly enriched in UCP1-positive human adipocytes, a set that included potassium channel K3 (KCNK3) and mitochondrial tumor suppressor 1 (MTUS1). Further, we functionally characterized these two markers using a loss-of-function approach and found that KCNK3 and MTUS1 were required for beige adipocyte differentiation and thermogenic function. The results of this study present new opportunities for human BAT research, such as facilitating cell-based disease modeling and unbiased screens for thermogenic regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosaku Shinoda
- 1] Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA. [2] Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. [3] Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ineke H N Luijten
- 1] Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA. [2] Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. [3] Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. [4] Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yutaka Hasegawa
- 1] Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA. [2] Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. [3] Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Haemin Hong
- 1] Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA. [2] Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. [3] Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Si B Sonne
- 1] Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA. [2] Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. [3] Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Miae Kim
- 1] Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA. [2] Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. [3] Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ruidan Xue
- 1] Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maria Chondronikola
- 1] Metabolism Unit, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, Texas, USA. [2] Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA. [3] Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA. [4] Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Aaron M Cypess
- 1] Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yu-Hua Tseng
- 1] Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jan Nedergaard
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Labros S Sidossis
- 1] Metabolism Unit, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, Texas, USA. [2] Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA. [3] Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA. [4] Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Shingo Kajimura
- 1] Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA. [2] Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. [3] Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
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Galmozzi A, Sonne SB, Altshuler-Keylin S, Hasegawa Y, Shinoda K, Luijten IHN, Chang JW, Sharp LZ, Cravatt BF, Saez E, Kajimura S. ThermoMouse: an in vivo model to identify modulators of UCP1 expression in brown adipose tissue. Cell Rep 2014; 9:1584-1593. [PMID: 25466254 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.10.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity develops when energy intake chronically exceeds energy expenditure. Because brown adipose tissue (BAT) dissipates energy in the form of heat, increasing energy expenditure by augmenting BAT-mediated thermogenesis may represent an approach to counter obesity and its complications. The ability of BAT to dissipate energy is dependent on expression of mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). To facilitate the identification of pharmacological modulators of BAT UCP1 levels, which may have potential as antiobesity medications, we developed a transgenic model in which luciferase activity faithfully mimics endogenous UCP1 expression and its response to physiologic stimuli. Phenotypic screening of a library using cells derived from this model yielded a small molecule that increases UCP1 expression in brown fat cells and mice. Upon adrenergic stimulation, compound-treated mice showed increased energy expenditure. These tools offer an opportunity to identify pharmacologic modulators of UCP1 expression and uncover regulatory pathways that impact BAT-mediated thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Galmozzi
- Department of Chemical Physiology and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Si B Sonne
- UCSF Diabetes Center, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, 35 Medical Center Way, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Svetlana Altshuler-Keylin
- UCSF Diabetes Center, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, 35 Medical Center Way, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Yutaka Hasegawa
- UCSF Diabetes Center, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, 35 Medical Center Way, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kosaku Shinoda
- UCSF Diabetes Center, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, 35 Medical Center Way, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ineke H N Luijten
- UCSF Diabetes Center, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, 35 Medical Center Way, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jae Won Chang
- Department of Chemical Physiology and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Louis Z Sharp
- UCSF Diabetes Center, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, 35 Medical Center Way, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- Department of Chemical Physiology and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Enrique Saez
- Department of Chemical Physiology and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Shingo Kajimura
- UCSF Diabetes Center, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, 35 Medical Center Way, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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