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O'Reilly T, McSheehy PMJ, Kawai R, Kretz O, McMahon L, Brueggen J, Bruelisauer A, Gschwind HP, Allegrini PR, Lane HA. Comparative pharmacokinetics of RAD001 (everolimus) in normal and tumor-bearing rodents. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2009; 65:625-39. [PMID: 19784839 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-009-1068-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Accepted: 07/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Comparative pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis of the mTOR inhibitor RAD001 (everolimus) in rats and mice. METHODS Blood cell partitioning, plasma protein binding and PK parameters of RAD001 in blood and tissues (including brain) of both mice and rats were determined. PK modeling predicted plasma/blood and tumor levels from a variety of regimens and these were compared with the known human PK profile. DCE-MRI was used to compare tumor vascularity between mice and rats. Estimation of IC50 values in vitro and ED50 values in vivo were used to provide an indication of anti-tumor activity. RESULTS The PK properties of RAD001 differed between mice and rats, including erythrocyte partitioning, plasma protein binding, plasma/blood t(1/2), oral bioavailability, volume of distribution, tissue/tumor penetration and elimination. Modeling of tumor and blood/plasma PK suggested that in mice, multiple daily administrations result in a 2-fold increase in tumor levels of RAD001 at steady state, whereas in rats, a 7.9-fold increase would occur. Weekly high-dose regimens were predicted not to facilitate tumor accumulation in either species. Total tumor levels of RAD001 were four- to eight-fold greater in rats than in mice. Rat tumors had a >2-fold greater plasma content and permeability compared to mouse tumors, which could contribute to differences in tumor drug uptake. Maximal antitumor effects (T/C of 0.04-0.35) were observed in both species after daily administration with similar C(max) and AUC values of unbound (free) RAD001. These free levels of RAD001 are exceeded in serum from cancer patients receiving clinically beneficial daily regimens. In rodents, brain penetration of RAD001 was poor, but was dose-dependent and showed over-proportional uptake in rats with a longer t(1/2) compared to the systemic circulation. CONCLUSIONS The PK of RAD001 differed between mice and rats, with rats having a PK profile closer to that of humans. High intermittent doses of RAD001 may be more appropriate for treatment of brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence O'Reilly
- Department of Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, WKL-125.13.17, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
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Jensen M, Ide S, Brueggen J, Schoepfer J, Motwani M, Wang X, Radimerski T, Quadt C, Garcia-Echeverria C, Chene P. 155 POSTER Pharmakokinetic/phamacodynamic relationship in human xenograft models and PBMC's treated with the Hsp90 inhibitor NVP-AUY922. EJC Suppl 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6349(08)72087-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Mestan J, Brueggen J, Fabbro D, Manley PW, Gilliland G, Huntly B, Weisberg E, Griffin JD. In vivo activity of AMN107, as selective Bcr-Abl kinase inhibitor, in murine leukemia models. J Clin Oncol 2005. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2005.23.16_suppl.6522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. Mestan
- Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland; Dana-Faber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - J. Brueggen
- Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland; Dana-Faber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - D. Fabbro
- Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland; Dana-Faber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - P. W. Manley
- Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland; Dana-Faber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - G. Gilliland
- Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland; Dana-Faber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - B. Huntly
- Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland; Dana-Faber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - E. Weisberg
- Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland; Dana-Faber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - J. D. Griffin
- Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland; Dana-Faber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
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McSheehy P, Becquet M, Ferretti S, Brueggen J, Schweitzer A, Wartmann M. 526 Optimisation of a pre-clinical dosing schedule for the novel epothilone analogue ABJ879 based on tumour interstitial fluid pressure modulation in rat mammary tumour models. EJC Suppl 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6349(04)80534-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Brueggen J, Bold G, Cozens R, Manley P, Mestan J, Schnell C, Wood J. 172 Preclinical profile of ABP309, a potent 2nd generation VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor belonging to the class of aminonicotinamides. EJC Suppl 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6349(04)80180-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Spooner RA, Friedlos F, Maycroft K, Stribbling SM, Roussel J, Brueggen J, Stolz B, O'Reilly T, Wood J, Matter A, Marais R, Springer CJ. A novel vascular endothelial growth factor-directed therapy that selectively activates cytotoxic prodrugs. Br J Cancer 2003; 88:1622-30. [PMID: 12771932 PMCID: PMC2377106 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We have generated fusion proteins between vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and the bacterial enzyme carboxypeptidase G2 (CPG2) that can activate the prodrug 4-[(2-chloroethyl)(2-mesyloxyethyl)amino]benzoyl-L-glutamic acid (CMDA). Three asparagine residues of CPG2 were mutated to glutamine (CPG2(Q)3) to prevent glycosylation during secretion, and truncations of VEGF(165) were fused to either the C- or N-terminal of CPG2. The K(m) of the fusion proteins (37.5 microM) was similar to that of secreted CPG2(Q)3 (29.5 microM) but greater than that of wild-type CPG2 (8 microM). The affinity of the fusion proteins for VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR2) (K(d)=0.5-1.1 nM) was similar to that of [(125)I]VEGF (K(d)=0.5 nM) (ELISA) or slightly higher (K(d)=1.3-9.6 nM) (competitive RIA). One protein, VEGF(115)-CPG2(Q)3-H(6), possessed 140% of the enzymic activity of secreted CPG2(Q)3, and had a faster half-maximal binding time for VEGFR2 (77 s), than the other candidates (330 s). In vitro, VEGF(115)-CPG2(Q)3-H(6) targeted CMDA cytotoxicity only towards VEGFR-expressing cells. The plasma half-life of VEGF(115)-CPG2(Q)3-H(6) in vivo was 3 h, comparable to equivalent values observed in ADEPT. We conclude that enzyme prodrug therapy using VEGF as a targeting moiety represents a promising novel antitumour therapy, with VEGF(115)-CPG2(Q)3-H(6) being a lead candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Spooner
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics at the Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cell and Molecular Biology at the Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - F Friedlos
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics at the Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - K Maycroft
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cell and Molecular Biology at the Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - S M Stribbling
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics at the Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - J Roussel
- Novartis Pharmaceutical AG, Pharmaceutical Research, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - J Brueggen
- Novartis Pharmaceutical AG, Pharmaceutical Research, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - B Stolz
- Novartis Pharmaceutical AG, Pharmaceutical Research, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - T O'Reilly
- Novartis Pharmaceutical AG, Pharmaceutical Research, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - J Wood
- Novartis Pharmaceutical AG, Pharmaceutical Research, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - A Matter
- Novartis Pharmaceutical AG, Pharmaceutical Research, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - R Marais
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cell and Molecular Biology at the Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - C J Springer
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics at the Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics at the Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK. E-mail:
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Gambacorti-Passerini C, Barni R, le Coutre P, Zucchetti M, Cabrita G, Cleris L, Rossi F, Gianazza E, Brueggen J, Cozens R, Pioltelli P, Pogliani E, Corneo G, Formelli F, D'Incalci M. Role of alpha1 acid glycoprotein in the in vivo resistance of human BCR-ABL(+) leukemic cells to the abl inhibitor STI571. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000; 92:1641-50. [PMID: 11036109 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/92.20.1641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic myeloid leukemia is caused by a chromosomal translocation that results in an oncogenic fusion protein, Bcr-Abl. Bcr-Abl is a tyrosine kinase whose activity is inhibited by the antineoplastic drug STI571. This drug can cure mice given an injection of human leukemic cells, but treatment ultimately fails in animals that have large tumors when treatment is initiated. We created a mouse model to explore the mechanism of resistance in vivo. METHODS Nude mice were injected with KU812 Bcr-Abl(+) human leukemic cells. After 1 day (no evident tumors), 8 days, or 15 days (tumors >1 g), mice were treated with STI571 (160 mg/kg every 8 hours). Cells recovered from relapsing animals were used for in vitro experiments. Statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS Tumors regressed initially in all STI571-treated mice, but all mice treated 15 days after injection of tumor cells eventually relapsed. Relapsed animals did not respond to further STI571 treatment, and their Bcr-Abl kinase activity in vivo was not inhibited by STI571, despite high plasma concentrations of the drug. However, tumor cells from resistant animals were sensitive to STI571 in vitro, suggesting that a molecule in the plasma of relapsed animals may inactivate the drug. The plasma protein alpha1 acid glycoprotein (AGP) bound STI571 at physiologic concentrations in vitro and blocked the ability of STI571 to inhibit Bcr-Abl kinase activity in a dose-dependent manner. Plasma AGP concentrations were strongly associated with tumor load. Erythromycin competed with STI571 for AGP binding. When animals bearing large tumors were treated with STI571 alone or with a combination of STI571 and erythromycin, greater tumor reductions and better long-term tumor-free survival (10 of 12 versus one of 13 at day 180; P:<.001) were observed after the combination treatment. CONCLUSION AGP in the plasma of relapsed animals binds to STI571, preventing this compound from inhibiting the Bcr/Abl tyrosine kinase. Molecules such as erythromycin that compete with STI571 for binding to AGP may enhance the therapeutic potential of this drug.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Benzamides
- Blotting, Western
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Drug Synergism
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Erythromycin/pharmacology
- Female
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/drug effects
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/metabolism
- Humans
- Imatinib Mesylate
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/enzymology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Orosomucoid/drug effects
- Orosomucoid/metabolism
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Pyrimidines/pharmacology
- Time Factors
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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