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Irvine-Fynn TDL, Edwards A, Stevens IT, Mitchell AC, Bunting P, Box JE, Cameron KA, Cook JM, Naegeli K, Rassner SME, Ryan JC, Stibal M, Williamson CJ, Hubbard A. Storage and export of microbial biomass across the western Greenland Ice Sheet. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3960. [PMID: 34172727 PMCID: PMC8233322 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24040-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Greenland Ice Sheet harbours a wealth of microbial life, yet the total biomass stored or exported from its surface to downstream environments is unconstrained. Here, we quantify microbial abundance and cellular biomass flux within the near-surface weathering crust photic zone of the western sector of the ice sheet. Using groundwater techniques, we demonstrate that interstitial water flow is slow (~10−2 m d−1), while flow cytometry enumeration reveals this pathway delivers 5 × 108 cells m−2 d−1 to supraglacial streams, equivalent to a carbon flux up to 250 g km−2 d−1. We infer that cellular carbon accumulation in the weathering crust exceeds fluvial export, promoting biomass sequestration, enhanced carbon cycling, and biological albedo reduction. We estimate that up to 37 kg km−2 of cellular carbon is flushed from the weathering crust environment of the western Greenland Ice Sheet each summer, providing an appreciable flux to support heterotrophs and methanogenesis at the bed. Microbes that colonise ice sheet surfaces are important to the carbon cycle, but their biomass and transport remains unquantified. Here, the authors reveal substantial microbial carbon fluxes across Greenland’s ice surface, in quantities that may sustain subglacial heterotrophs and fuel methanogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D L Irvine-Fynn
- Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK.
| | - A Edwards
- Institute of Biological Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - I T Stevens
- Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK.,School of Geography, Politics and Sociology, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.,Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - A C Mitchell
- Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - P Bunting
- Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - J E Box
- Department of Glaciology and Climate, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - K A Cameron
- Institute of Biological Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK.,Department of Glaciology and Climate, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark.,School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - J M Cook
- Institute of Biological Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK.,Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej, Roskilde, Denmark.,Department of Geography, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - K Naegeli
- Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK.,Institute of Geography and Oeschger Center for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - S M E Rassner
- Institute of Biological Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - J C Ryan
- Institute at Brown for Environment and Society, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - M Stibal
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - C J Williamson
- Bristol Glaciology Centre, School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - A Hubbard
- Centre for Gas Hydrate, Environment and Climate, Department of Geosciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Geography Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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2
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Biggerstaff A, Kivell B, Smith JL, Mian MY, Golani LK, Rashid F, Sharmin D, Knutson DE, Cerne R, Cook JM, Witkin JM. The α2,3-selective potentiators of GABA A receptors, KRM-II-81 and MP-III-80, produce anxiolytic-like effects and block chemotherapy-induced hyperalgesia in mice without tolerance development. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 196:172996. [PMID: 32668266 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.172996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Opiate analgesics are one of the treatment options for severe chronic pain, including late-stage cancer, chronic back pain and other disorders. The recent resurgence in opioid overdose has highlighted the serious need for alternative medicines for pain management. While a role for potentiators of α2/3-containing GABAA receptors in the modulation of pain has been known for several years, advancements in this area required data from selective compounds. KRM-II-81(5-(8-ethynyl-6-(pyridin-2-yl)-4H-benzo[f]imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]diazepin-3- yl)oxazole) and analogs selectively potentiate GABAA receptors containing α2/3 subunits and have recently been shown to attenuate pain behaviors in several acute and chronic pain models in rodents. The present study was designed to ascertain whether KRM-II-81 and the structural analog MP-III-80 (3-ethyl-5-(8-ethynyl-6-(pyridin-2-yl)-4H-benzo[f]imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]diazepin-3-yl)-1,2,4-oxadiazole) would block chemotherapeutic agent paclitaxel-induced pain in male, C57BL/6 mice. Both compounds significantly inhibited pain behaviors evoked by cold and tactile stimulation in paclitaxel-treated mice as did the neuropathic pain drug gabapentin. Subchronic dosing for 22 days with KRM-II-81 and MP-III-80 demonstrated enduring analgesic efficacy without tolerance development, while the effects of gabapentin showed evidence of tolerance development. KRM-II-81 and MP-III-80 also decreased marble-burying behavior in this mouse strain as did the anxiolytic drug chlordiazepoxide. In contrast to KRM-II-81 and MP-III-80, chlordiazepoxide had motor-impairing effects at anxiolytic-like doses. The data add to the literature documenting that these selective potentiators of α2/3-containing GABAA receptors are effective in a host of animal models used to detect novel analgesic drugs. The anxiolytic-like efficacy of these compounds fits well with the comorbidity of anxiety in patients with chronic pain and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Biggerstaff
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - B Kivell
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - J L Smith
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Peyton Manning Hospital for Children, Ascension St. Vincent, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Md Y Mian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - L K Golani
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - F Rashid
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - D Sharmin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - D E Knutson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - R Cerne
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Peyton Manning Hospital for Children, Ascension St. Vincent, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 4, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - J M Cook
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - J M Witkin
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Peyton Manning Hospital for Children, Ascension St. Vincent, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Departments of Neuroscience and Trauma Research, Ascension St. Vincent Hospital, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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3
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Witkin JM, Cerne R, Davis PG, Freeman KB, do Carmo JM, Rowlett JK, Methuku KR, Okun A, Gleason SD, Li X, Krambis MJ, Poe M, Li G, Schkeryantz JM, Jahan R, Yang L, Guo W, Golani LK, Anderson WH, Catlow JT, Jones TM, Porreca F, Smith JL, Knopp KL, Cook JM. The α2,3-selective potentiator of GABA A receptors, KRM-II-81, reduces nociceptive-associated behaviors induced by formalin and spinal nerve ligation in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2019; 180:22-31. [PMID: 30825491 PMCID: PMC6529285 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Clinical evidence indicates that positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of GABAA receptors have analgesic benefit in addition to efficacy in anxiety disorders. However, the utility of GABAA receptor PAMs as analgesics is compromised by the central nervous system side effects of non-selective potentiators. A selective potentiator of GABAA receptors associated with α2/3 subunits, KRM-II-81(5-(8-ethynyl-6-(pyridin-2-yl)-4H-benzo[f]imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]diazepin-3-yl)oxazole), has demonstrated anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, and antinociceptive effects in rodents with reduced motoric side effects. The present study evaluated the potential of KRM-II-81 as a novel analgesic. Oral administration of KRM-II-81 attenuated formalin-induced flinching; in contrast, diazepam was not active. KRM-II-81 attenuated nociceptive-associated behaviors engendered by chronic spinal nerve ligation (L5/L6). Diazepam decreased locomotion of rats at the dose tested in the formalin assay (10 mg/kg) whereas KRM-II-81 produced small decreases that were not dose-dependent (10-100 mg/kg). Plasma and brain levels of KRM-II-81 were used to demonstrate selectivity for α2/3- over α1-associated GABAA receptors and to define the degree of engagement of these receptors. Plasma and brain concentrations of KRM-II-81 were positively-associated with analgesic efficacy. GABA currents from isolated rat dorsal-root ganglion cultures were potentiated by KRM-II-81 with an ED50 of 32 nM. Measures of respiratory depression were reduced by alprazolam whereas KRM-II-81 was either inactive or produced effects with lower potency and efficacy. These findings add to the growing body of data supporting the idea that α2/3-selective GABAA receptor PAMs will have efficacy and tolerability as pain medications including those for neuropathic pain. Given their predicted anxiolytic effects, α2/3-selective GABAA receptor PAMs offer an additional inroad into the management of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Witkin
- The Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - R Cerne
- The Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - K B Freeman
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - J M do Carmo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - J K Rowlett
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - K R Methuku
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - A Okun
- The Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - S D Gleason
- The Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - X Li
- The Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - M J Krambis
- The Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - M Poe
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - G Li
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - J M Schkeryantz
- The Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - R Jahan
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - L Yang
- The Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - W Guo
- The Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - L K Golani
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - W H Anderson
- The Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - J T Catlow
- The Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - T M Jones
- The Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - F Porreca
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - J L Smith
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - K L Knopp
- The Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - J M Cook
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Finch JTD, Power SA, Welbergen JA, Cook JM. Two's company, three's a crowd: co-occurring pollinators and parasite species in Breynia oblongifolia (Phyllanthaceae). BMC Evol Biol 2018; 18:193. [PMID: 30547744 PMCID: PMC6295073 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-018-1314-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obligate pollination mutualisms (OPMs) are specialized interactions in which female pollinators transport pollen between the male and female flowers of a single plant species and then lay eggs into those same flowers. The pollinator offspring hatch and feed upon some or all of the developing ovules pollinated by their mothers. Strong trait matching between plants and their pollinators in OPMs is expected to result in reciprocal partner specificity i.e., a single pollinator species using a single plant species and vice versa, and strict co-speciation. These issues have been studied extensively in figs and fig wasps, but little in the more recently discovered co-diversification of Epicephala moths and their Phyllanthaceae hosts. OPMs involving Epicephala moths are believed occur in approximately 500 species of Phyllanthaceae, making it the second largest OPM group after the Ficus radiation (> 750 species). In this study, we used a mixture of DNA barcoding, genital morphology and behavioral observations to determine the number of Epicephala moth species inhabiting the fruits of Breynia oblongifolia, their geographic distribution, pollinating behavior and phylogenetic relationships. RESULTS We found that B. oblongifolia hosts two species of pollinator that co-occurred at all study sites, violating the assumption of reciprocal specificity. Male and female genital morphologies both differed considerably between the two moth species. In particular, females differed in the shape of their ovipositors, eggs and oviposition sites. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that the two Epicephala spp. on B. oblongifolia likely co-exist due to a host switch. In addition, we discovered that Breynia fruits are also often inhabited by a third moth, an undescribed species of Herpystis, which is a non-pollinating seed parasite. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals new complexity in interactions between Phyllantheae and Epicephala pollinators and highlights that host switching, co-speciation and non-pollinating seed parasites can shape species interactions in OPMs. Our finding that co-occurring Epicephala species have contrasting oviposition modes parallels other studies and suggests that such traits are important in Epicephala species coexistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. T. D. Finch
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Hawkesbury Campus, Western Sydney University, Science Rd, Richmond, NSW 2753 Australia
| | - S. A. Power
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Hawkesbury Campus, Western Sydney University, Science Rd, Richmond, NSW 2753 Australia
| | - J. A. Welbergen
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Hawkesbury Campus, Western Sydney University, Science Rd, Richmond, NSW 2753 Australia
| | - J. M. Cook
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Hawkesbury Campus, Western Sydney University, Science Rd, Richmond, NSW 2753 Australia
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Morgan EJ, Sutton TL, Darwell CT, Cook JM. Restructuring of a mutualism following introduction of Australian fig trees and pollinating wasps to Europe and the USA. Biol Invasions 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-018-1775-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Rosen CS, Matthieu MM, Wiltsey Stirman S, Cook JM, Landes S, Bernardy NC, Chard KM, Crowley J, Eftekhari A, Finley EP, Hamblen JL, Harik JM, Kehle-Forbes SM, Meis LA, Osei-Bonsu PE, Rodriguez AL, Ruggiero KJ, Ruzek JI, Smith BN, Trent L, Watts BV. A Review of Studies on the System-Wide Implementation of Evidence-Based Psychotherapies for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the Veterans Health Administration. Adm Policy Ment Health 2018; 43:957-977. [PMID: 27474040 DOI: 10.1007/s10488-016-0755-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Since 2006, the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) has instituted policy changes and training programs to support system-wide implementation of two evidence-based psychotherapies (EBPs) for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). To assess lessons learned from this unprecedented effort, we used PubMed and the PILOTS databases and networking with researchers to identify 32 reports on contextual influences on implementation or sustainment of EBPs for PTSD in VHA settings. Findings were initially organized using the exploration, planning, implementation, and sustainment framework (EPIS; Aarons et al. in Adm Policy Ment Health Health Serv Res 38:4-23, 2011). Results that could not be adequately captured within the EPIS framework, such as implementation outcomes and adopter beliefs about the innovation, were coded using constructs from the reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, maintenance (RE-AIM) framework (Glasgow et al. in Am J Public Health 89:1322-1327, 1999) and Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR; Damschroder et al. in Implement Sci 4(1):50, 2009). We highlight key areas of progress in implementation, identify continuing challenges and research questions, and discuss implications for future efforts to promote EBPs in large health care systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Rosen
- Dissemination & Training Division, National Center for PTSD, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 795 Willow Road (334-PTSD), Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - M M Matthieu
- School of Social Work, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - S Wiltsey Stirman
- Dissemination & Training Division, National Center for PTSD, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 795 Willow Road (334-PTSD), Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.,Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - J M Cook
- Evaluation Division, National Center for PTSD, VA Connecticut Health Care System, West Haven, CT, USA.,Yale School of Medicine, NEPEC/182, 950 Campbell Avenue, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - S Landes
- Dissemination & Training Division, National Center for PTSD, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 795 Willow Road (334-PTSD), Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - N C Bernardy
- Executive Division, National Center for PTSD, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, White River Junction, VT, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - K M Chard
- Cincinnati Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - J Crowley
- Dissemination & Training Division, National Center for PTSD, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 795 Willow Road (334-PTSD), Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - A Eftekhari
- Dissemination & Training Division, National Center for PTSD, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 795 Willow Road (334-PTSD), Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - E P Finley
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA.,The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - J L Hamblen
- Executive Division, National Center for PTSD, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, White River Junction, VT, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - J M Harik
- Executive Division, National Center for PTSD, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, White River Junction, VT, USA
| | - S M Kehle-Forbes
- Women's Health Sciences Division at VA Boston Healthcare System, National Center for PTSD, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for Chronic Disease Outcomes Research, Minneapolis VA Healthcare System, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - L A Meis
- Center for Chronic Disease Outcomes Research, Minneapolis VA Healthcare System, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - P E Osei-Bonsu
- Center for Chronic Disease Outcomes Research, Minneapolis VA Healthcare System, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - A L Rodriguez
- Dissemination & Training Division, National Center for PTSD, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 795 Willow Road (334-PTSD), Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - K J Ruggiero
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - J I Ruzek
- Dissemination & Training Division, National Center for PTSD, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 795 Willow Road (334-PTSD), Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.,Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - B N Smith
- Dissemination & Training Division, National Center for PTSD, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 795 Willow Road (334-PTSD), Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - L Trent
- Dissemination & Training Division, National Center for PTSD, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 795 Willow Road (334-PTSD), Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.,Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - B V Watts
- Department of Psychiatry, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, White River Junction, VT, USA
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8
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Witkin JM, Cerne R, Wakulchik M, S J, Gleason SD, Jones TM, Li G, Arnold LA, Li JX, Schkeryantz JM, Methuku KR, Cook JM, Poe MM. Further evaluation of the potential anxiolytic activity of imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]diazepin agents selective for α2/3-containing GABA A receptors. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2017; 157:35-40. [PMID: 28442369 PMCID: PMC5519285 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Positive allosteric modulators of GABAA receptors transduce a host of beneficial effects including anxiolytic actions. We have recently shown that bioavailability and anxiolytic-like activity can be improved by eliminating the ester functionality in imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]diazepines. In the present series of experiments, we further substantiate the value of heterocyle replacement of the ester for potential treatment of anxiety. None of three esters was active in a Vogel conflict test in rats that detects anxiolytic drugs like diazepam. Compounds 7 and 8, ester bioisosters, were selective for alpha 2 and 3 over alpha 1-containing GABAA receptors but also had modest efficacy at GABAA alpha 5-containing receptors. Compound 7 was efficacious and potent in this anxiolytic-detecting assay without affecting non-punished responding. The efficacies of the esters and of compound 7 were predicted from their efficacies as anticonvulsants against the GABAA antagonist pentylenetetrazole (PTZ). In contrast, the related structural analog, compound 8, did not produce anxiolytic-like effects in rats despite anticonvulsant efficacy. These data thus support the following conclusions: 1) ancillary pharmacological actions of compound 8 might be responsible for its lack of anxiolytic-like efficacy despite its efficacy as an anticonvulsant 2) esters of imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]diazepines do not demonstrate anxiolytic-like effects in rats due to their low bioavailability and 3) replacement of the ester function with suitable heterocycles markedly improves bioavailability and engenders molecules with the opportunity to have potent and efficacious effects in vivo that correspond to human anxiolytic actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Witkin
- Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, United States.
| | - R Cerne
- Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - M Wakulchik
- Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - J S
- Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - S D Gleason
- Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - T M Jones
- Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - G Li
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - L A Arnold
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - J-X Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - J M Schkeryantz
- Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - K R Methuku
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - J M Cook
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - M M Poe
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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Darwell CT, Cook JM. Cryptic diversity in a fig wasp community-morphologically differentiated species are sympatric but cryptic species are parapatric. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:937-950. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. T. Darwell
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Reading; Reading RG6 6AS UK
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University; 1919-1 Tancha Onna-son Okinawa 904-0495 Japan
| | - J. M. Cook
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Reading; Reading RG6 6AS UK
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment; Western Sydney University; Locked Bag 1797 Penrith South DC NSW 1797 Australia
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Igbinoba SI, Akanmu MA, Onyeji CO, Soyinka JO, Owolabi AR, Nathaniel TI, Pullela SV, Cook JM. Influence of a Nigerian honey on CYP3A4 biotransformation of quinine in healthy volunteers. J Clin Pharm Ther 2015; 40:545-549. [PMID: 26177778 DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.12303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVES Some studies, howbeit with conflicting reports, have suggested that consumption of honey has a potential to modulate drug metabolizing enzymes which may result in a honey-drug interaction. Numerous studies have established that honey varies in composition, influenced by the dominant floral, processing and environmental factors. Thus, variation in honey composition may be a contributing factor to the controversial results obtained. No previous drug interaction study has been carried out with any honey from Africa. CYP 3A4 is an important enzyme in drug metabolism studies as it is involved in the metabolism of over 50% of drugs in clinical use and quinine remains very relevant in malaria treatment in the tropics, and we therefore determined whether there is potential drug interaction between a Nigerian honey and quinine, a drug whose metabolism to 3-hydroxyquinine is mediated majorly by CYP3A4. METHODS In a three-phase randomized crossover study with a washout period of 2 weeks between each treatment phase, ten (10) healthy volunteers received quinine sulphate tablet (600 mg single dose) alone (phase 1) or after administration of 10 ml of honey (Phase 2) and 20 mL of honey (Phase 3) twice daily for seven (7) days. Blood samples were collected at the 16th hour post-quinine administration in each phase, and quinine and its major metabolite, 3-hydroxyquinine, were analysed using a validated HPLC method. RESULTS After scheduled doses of honey, the mean metabolic ratios of quinine (3-hydroxyquinine/quinine) increased by 24·4% (with 10 mL of honey) and reduced by 23·9% (with 20 mL of honey) when compared to baseline. These magnitudes of alteration in the mean metabolic ratios were not significant (P > 0·05; Friedman test). The geometric mean (95% CI) for the metabolic ratio of quinine before and after honey intake at the two dose levels studied was 0·82 (0·54, 1·23) and 1·29 (0·96, 1·72), respectively, and were also not significant (P = 0·296 and 0·081 respectively; Student's t-test). WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION This is a pioneer study on the effect of Nigerian/African honey on quinine metabolism. The findings indicated that low and high doses of honey did not significantly affect metabolism of quinine to 3-hydroxyquinine. This suggests that CYP3A4 activity is not significantly altered following low or high dose of honey, as CYP3A4 has been reported to be responsible for the conversion of quinine to 3-hydroxyquinine. In conclusion, the outcome of this study suggests that there may be no potential significant metabolic interaction between Nigerian honey and quinine administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- S I Igbinoba
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - M A Akanmu
- Department of Pharmacology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - C O Onyeji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - J O Soyinka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - A R Owolabi
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - T I Nathaniel
- School of Medicine-Greenville, University of South Carolina, Greenville, GA, USA
| | - S V Pullela
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin- Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - J M Cook
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin- Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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12
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13
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Grinyer GF, Bazin D, Gade A, Tostevin JA, Adrich P, Bowen MD, Brown BA, Campbell CM, Cook JM, Glasmacher T, McDaniel S, Navrátil P, Obertelli A, Quaglioni S, Siwek K, Terry JR, Weisshaar D, Wiringa RB. Knockout reactions from p-shell nuclei: tests of ab initio structure models. Phys Rev Lett 2011; 106:162502. [PMID: 21599362 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.106.162502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Absolute cross sections have been determined following single neutron knockout reactions from 10Be and 10C at intermediate energy. Nucleon density distributions and bound-state wave function overlaps obtained from both variational Monte Carlo (VMC) and no core shell model (NCSM) ab initio calculations have been incorporated into the theoretical description of knockout reactions. Comparison to experimental cross sections demonstrates that the VMC approach, with the inclusion of 3-body forces, provides the best overall agreement while the NCSM and conventional shell-model calculations both overpredict the cross sections by 20% to 30% for 10Be and by 40% to 50% for 10C, respectively. This study gains new insight into the importance of 3-body forces and continuum effects in light nuclei and provides a sensitive technique to assess the accuracy of ab initio calculations for describing these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Grinyer
- National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.
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14
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Kardos RL, Cook JM, Butson RJ, Kardos TB. The development of an ePortfolio for life-long reflective learning and auditable professional certification. Eur J Dent Educ 2009; 13:135-141. [PMID: 19630931 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0579.2008.00551.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Recent legislative changes, that affect all healthcare practitioners in New Zealand, have resulted in mandatory audits of practitioners who are now required to provide evidence of competence and continued professional development in the form of a professional portfolio. These changes were the motivation for our development of an electronic portfolio (ePortfolio) suitable for both undergraduate and life-long learning. Bachelor of Oral Health (BOH) students, studying to qualify as Dental Hygienists and Dental Therapists, and BOH teaching staff (who held registrations in Dental Hygiene, Dental Therapy and Dentistry) trialled the use of a personal ePortfolio for advancing their academic and professional development. The ePortfolio enables BOH students to collect evidence of their achievements and personal reflections throughout their 3 years of undergraduate study, culminating in registration and the award of an Annual Practising Certificate (APC). The ePortfolio was designed to allow users to store information and then select appropriate material to be displayed or published, thus assisting health practitioners to present high-quality evidence of their participation and achievements, and to meet the professional requirements for their APC.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Kardos
- Department of Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Otago, New Zealand.
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15
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Gade A, Adrich P, Bazin D, Brown BA, Cook JM, Diget CA, Glasmacher T, McDaniel S, Ratkiewicz A, Siwek K, Weisshaar D. In-beam gamma-ray spectroscopy of very neutron-rich nuclei: excited states in 46S and 48Ar. Phys Rev Lett 2009; 102:182502. [PMID: 19518865 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.182502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We report on the first in-beam gamma-ray spectroscopy study of the very neutron-rich nucleus 46S. The N=30 isotones 46S and 48Ar were produced in a novel way in two steps that both necessarily involve nucleon exchange and neutron pickup reactions 9Be(48Ca,48K)X followed by 9Be(48K,48Ar+gamma)X at 85.7 MeV/u midtarget energy and 9Be(48Ca,46Cl)X followed by 9Be(46Cl,46S+gamma)X at 87.0 MeV/u midtarget energy, respectively. The results are compared to large-scale shell-model calculations in the sd-pf shell using the SDPF-NR effective interaction and Z-dependent modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gade
- National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- A. J. Berry
- Department of Zoology, South Parks Road, Oxford 0X1 3PS
| | | | - J. N. Amos
- Department of Zoology, South Parks Road, Oxford 0X1 3PS
| | - J. M. Cook
- Department of Zoology, South Parks Road, Oxford 0X1 3PS
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Sambasivarao
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , Milwaukee, WI, 53201
| | - J. M. Cook
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , Milwaukee, WI, 53201
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18
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Clayton T, Chen JL, Ernst M, Richter L, Cromer BA, Morton CJ, Ng H, Kaczorowski CC, Helmstetter FJ, Furtmüller R, Ecker G, Parker MW, Sieghart W, Cook JM. An updated unified pharmacophore model of the benzodiazepine binding site on gamma-aminobutyric acid(a) receptors: correlation with comparative models. Curr Med Chem 2008; 14:2755-75. [PMID: 18045122 DOI: 10.2174/092986707782360097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A successful unified pharmacophore/receptor model which has guided the synthesis of subtype selective compounds is reviewed in light of recent developments both in ligand synthesis and structural studies of the binding site itself. The evaluation of experimental data in combination with a comparative model of the alpha1beta2gamma2 GABA(A) receptor leads to an orientation of the pharmacophore model within the Bz BS. Results not only are important for the rational design of selective ligands, but also for the identification and evaluation of possible roles which specific residues may have within the benzodiazepine binding pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Clayton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
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Abstract
Mariner transposable elements are widespread and diverse in insects. We screened 10 species of fig wasps (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae) for mariner elements. All 10 species harbour a large diversity of mariner elements, most of which have interrupted reading frames in the transposase gene region, suggesting that they are inactive and ancient. We sequenced two full-length mariner elements and found evidence to suggest that they are inserted in the genome at a conserved region shared by other hymenopteran taxa. The association between mariner elements and fig wasps is old and dominated by vertical transmission, suggesting that these 'selfish genetic elements' have evolved to impart only very low costs to their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Haine
- Division of Biology, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire, UK.
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20
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Vaman C, Andreoiu C, Bazin D, Becerril A, Brown BA, Campbell CM, Chester A, Cook JM, Dinca DC, Gade A, Galaviz D, Glasmacher T, Hjorth-Jensen M, Horoi M, Miller D, Moeller V, Mueller WF, Schiller A, Starosta K, Stolz A, Terry JR, Volya A, Zelevinsky V, Zwahlen H. Z = 50 shell gap near 100Sn from intermediate-energy Coulomb excitations in even-mass 106-112Sn isotopes. Phys Rev Lett 2007; 99:162501. [PMID: 17995242 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.99.162501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2006] [Revised: 08/01/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Rare isotope beams of neutron-deficient 106,108,110Sn from the fragmentation of 124Xe were employed in an intermediate-energy Coulomb excitation experiment. The measured B(E2,0(1)(+)-->2(1)(+)) values for 108Sn and 110Sn and the results obtained for the 106Sn show that the transition strengths for these nuclei are larger than predicted by current state-of-the-art shell-model calculations. This discrepancy might be explained by contributions of the protons from within the Z = 50 shell to the structure of low-energy excited states in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Vaman
- National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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21
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Gade A, Adrich P, Bazin D, Bowen MD, Brown BA, Campbell CM, Cook JM, Ettenauer S, Glasmacher T, Kemper KW, McDaniel S, Obertelli A, Otsuka T, Ratkiewicz A, Siwek K, Terry JR, Tostevin JA, Utsuno Y, Weisshaar D. Spectroscopy of 36Mg: interplay of normal and intruder configurations at the neutron-rich boundary of the "island of inversion". Phys Rev Lett 2007; 99:072502. [PMID: 17930889 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.99.072502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We report on the first spectroscopy study of the very neutron-rich nucleus (36)(12)Mg24 using the direct two-proton knockout reaction 9Be(38Si,36Mg+gamma)X at 83 MeV/nucleon. The energy of the first excited 2+ state of 36Mg, E(2+(1)=660(6) keV, was measured. The magnitude of the partial cross sections to the ground state and the 2+(1) state is indicative of strong intruder admixtures in the lowest-lying states as suggested by Monte Carlo shell-model calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gade
- National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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22
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23
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Campbell CM, Aoi N, Bazin D, Bowen MD, Brown BA, Cook JM, Dinca DC, Gade A, Glasmacher T, Horoi M, Kanno S, Motobayashi T, Mueller WF, Sakurai H, Starosta K, Suzuki H, Takeuchi S, Terry JR, Yoneda K, Zwahlen H. Measurement of excited states in (40)Si and evidence for weakening of the N=28 shell gap. Phys Rev Lett 2006; 97:112501. [PMID: 17025880 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.97.112501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Excited states in (40)Si have been established by detecting gamma rays coincident with inelastic scattering and nucleon removal reactions on a liquid hydrogen target. The low excitation energy, 986(5) keV, of the 2(1)(+) state provides evidence of a weakening in the N=28 shell closure in a neutron-rich nucleus devoid of deformation-driving proton collectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Campbell
- National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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24
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Lopez-Vaamonde C, Wikström N, Labandeira C, Godfray HCJ, Goodman SJ, Cook JM. Fossil-calibrated molecular phylogenies reveal that leaf-mining moths radiated millions of years after their host plants. J Evol Biol 2006; 19:1314-26. [PMID: 16780532 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.01070.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Coevolution has been hypothesized as the main driving force for the remarkable diversity of insect-plant associations. Dating of insect and plant phylogenies allows us to test coevolutionary hypotheses and distinguish between the contemporaneous radiation of interacting lineages vs. insect 'host tracking' of previously diversified plants. Here, we used nuclear DNA to reconstruct a molecular phylogeny for 100 species of Phyllonorycter leaf-mining moths and 36 outgroup taxa. Ages for nodes in the moth phylogeny were estimated using a combination of a penalized likelihood method and a Bayesian approach, which takes into account phylogenetic uncertainty. To convert the relative ages of the moths into dates, we used an absolute calibration point from the fossil record. The age estimates of (a selection of) moth clades were then compared with fossil-based age estimates of their host plants. Our results show that the principal radiation of Phyllonorycter leaf-mining moths occurred well after the main radiation of their host plants and may represent the dominant associational mode in the fossil record.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lopez-Vaamonde
- INRA-Orleans, Laboratoire de Zoologie Forestiere, Ardon, Olivet Cedex, France.
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25
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Davies AD, Stuchbery AE, Mantica PF, Davidson PM, Wilson AN, Becerril A, Brown BA, Campbell CM, Cook JM, Dinca DC, Gade A, Liddick SN, Mertzimekis TJ, Mueller WF, Terry JR, Tomlin BE, Yoneda K, Zwahlen H. Probing shell structure and shape changes in neutron-rich sulfur isotopes through transient-field g-factor measurements on fast radioactive beams of 38S and 40S. Phys Rev Lett 2006; 96:112503. [PMID: 16605815 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.96.112503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2005] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The shell structure underlying shape changes in neutron-rich nuclei near N = 28 has been investigated by a novel application of the transient-field technique to measure the first-excited-state g factors in 38S and 40S produced as fast radioactive beams. There is a fine balance between proton and neutron contributions to the magnetic moments in both nuclei. The g factor of deformed 40S does not resemble that of a conventional collective nucleus because spin contributions are more important than usual.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Davies
- National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 USA
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26
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Gade A, Bazin D, Becerril A, Campbell CM, Cook JM, Dean DJ, Dinca DC, Glasmacher T, Hitt GW, Howard ME, Mueller WF, Olliver H, Terry JR, Yoneda K. Quadrupole deformation of the self-conjugate nucleus 72Kr. Phys Rev Lett 2005; 95:022502. [PMID: 16090679 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.95.022502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We report on the first determination of the absolute B(E2;0+(1)-->2+(1)) excitation strength in the N=Z nucleus 72Kr. 72Kr is the heaviest N=Z nucleus for which this quantity has been measured and provides a benchmark in a region of the nuclear chart dominated by rapidly changing deformations and shapes mediated by the interplay of strongly oblate and prolate-driving orbitals. The deduced quadrupole deformation strength is in agreement with a variety of self-consistent models that predict an oblate shape for the ground state of 72Kr. Large-scale shell-model Monte Carlo calculations reproduce the experimental B(E2) value and link the result to the occupation of the deformation-driving g9/2 orbit.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gade
- National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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27
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Lopez-Vaamonde C, Godfray HCJ, West SA, Hansson C, Cook JM. The evolution of host use and unusual reproductive strategies in Achrysocharoides parasitoid wasps. J Evol Biol 2005; 18:1029-41. [PMID: 16033576 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.00900.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We studied host selection and exploitation, two crucial aspects of parasite ecology, in Achrysocharoides parasitoid wasps, which show remarkable host specificity and unusual offspring sex allocation. We estimated a molecular phylogeny of 15 Achrysocharoides species and compared this with host (plant and insect) phylogenies. This tri-trophic phylogenetic comparison provides no evidence for cospeciation, but parasitoids do show phylogenetic conservation of the use of plant genera. Patterns of sequence divergence also suggest that the parasitoids radiated more recently (or evolved much faster) than their insect hosts. Three main categories of brood production occur in parasitoids: (1) solitary offspring, (2) mixed sex broods and (3) separate (split) sex broods. Split sex broods are very rare and virtually restricted to Achrysocharoides, while the other types occur very widely. Our phylogeny suggests that split sex broods have evolved twice and provides evidence for a transition from solitary to mixed sex broods, via split sex broods, as predicted by theory.
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Fridmann J, Wiedenhöver I, Gade A, Baby LT, Bazin D, Brown BA, Campbell CM, Cook JM, Cottle PD, Diffenderfer E, Dinca DC, Glasmacher T, Hansen PG, Kemper KW, Lecouey JL, Mueller WF, Olliver H, Rodriguez-Vieitez E, Terry JR, Tostevin JA, Yoneda K. ‘Magic’ nucleus 42Si. Nature 2005; 435:922-4. [PMID: 15959511 DOI: 10.1038/nature03619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2005] [Accepted: 03/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear shell structures--the distribution of the quantum states of individual protons and neutrons--provide one of our most important guides for understanding the stability of atomic nuclei. Nuclei with 'magic numbers' of protons and/or neutrons (corresponding to closed shells of strongly bound nucleons) are particularly stable. Whether the major shell closures and magic numbers change in very neutron-rich nuclei (potentially causing shape deformations) is a fundamental, and at present open, question. A unique opportunity to study these shell effects is offered by the 42Si nucleus, which has 28 neutrons--a magic number in stable nuclei--and 14 protons. This nucleus has a 12-neutron excess over the heaviest stable silicon nuclide, and has only one neutron fewer than the heaviest silicon nuclide observed so far. Here we report measurements of 42Si and two neighbouring nuclei using a technique involving one- and two-nucleon knockout from beams of exotic nuclei. We present strong evidence for a well-developed proton subshell closure at Z = 14 (14 protons), the near degeneracy of two different (s(1/2) and d(3/2)) proton orbits in the vicinity of 42Si, and a nearly spherical shape for 42Si.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fridmann
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4350, USA
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Abstract
Only three insect lineages have evolved complex active pollination behaviour and only fig wasps (Agaonidae) have also reverted from active to passive pollination. Previously, it was assumed that there was a single origin of active pollination in fig wasps, followed by one independent loss in each of five genera. We show here that there have been three to six changes in pollination behaviour within just one genus (Pleistodontes). The results suggest multiple gains of active pollination in fig wasps, but are sensitive to assumptions about the relative costs of gaining and losing this complex behaviour. In addition, previous comparative studies at higher taxonomic levels have reported correlated evolution between active pollination in wasps and low anther/ovule ratios in figs. We report that changes in pollination behaviour between congeneric species correlate perfectly with changes in anther/ovule ratios in the host figs, showing no phylogenetic inertia in coadaptation at the species level.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Cook
- Department of Biological Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, Berkshire, UK.
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Tek Tay W, Cook JM, Rowe DJ, Crozier RH. Migration between nests in the Australian arid‐zone ant
Rhytidoponera
sp. 12 revealed by DGGE analyses of mitochondrial DNA. Mol Ecol 2003. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.1997.t01-1-00198.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Tek Tay
- School of Genetics and Human Variation, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia, 3083,
| | - J. M. Cook
- Imperial College, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks. SL57PY, UK
| | - D. J. Rowe
- School of Genetics and Human Variation, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia, 3083,
| | - R. H. Crozier
- School of Genetics and Human Variation, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia, 3083,
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current study explored the relationship between past traumatic experiences and current depression in a sample of depressed older adult primary care patients. METHOD Sixty-six patients were referred from primary care to a psychogeriatric clinic that specialized in the treatment of unipolar depressive disorders. All patients received an extensive psychological assessment. RESULTS Twenty-one percent had a history of trauma reported in their medical charts. Despite no differences found on a clinician-rated measure of depression, those with a trauma history had more depressive symptoms on a self-report measure. CONCLUSIONS Although older patients with a history of trauma may not appear more depressed than a non-trauma comparison group, they may be in more psychological distress. The clinical implications of these findings and recommendations for mental health professionals are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Cook
- Philadelphia VA Medical Center, PA 19104, USA
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Venkatachalam M, Wehrli S, Kubiak G, Cook JM, Weiss U. General approach to the synthesis of polyquinanes. Preparation of trans,trans-4,8-diacetoxytetracyclo[9.3.0.01,5.07,11]tetradecan-6-one. J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jo00227a030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Soerens D, Sandrin J, Ungemach F, Mokry P, Wu GS, Yamanaka E, Hutchins L, DiPierro M, Cook JM. Study of the Pictet-Spengler reaction in aprotic media: synthesis of the .beta.-galactosidase inhibitor, pyridindolol. J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jo01318a014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wrobel J, Takahashi K, Honkan V, Lannoye G, Cook JM, Bertz SH. .alpha.-Lithio ketones. 1. Stereocontrolled synthesis of (.+-.)-modhephene via the Weiss reaction. J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jo00149a034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Deshpande MN, Wehrli S, Jawdosiuk M, Guy JT, Bennett DW, Cook JM, Depp MR, Weiss U. Formation of the tetracyclo[5.4.2.02,6.02,9]tridecane ring system by a novel transannular aldolization reaction. J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jo00363a007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Zhang LH, Cook JM. General approach to the synthesis of macroline-related alkaloids. Stereospecific total synthesis of (-)-alstonerine. J Am Chem Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja00166a084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Yang-Lan S, Mueller-Johnson M, Oehldrich J, Wichman D, Cook JM, Weiss U. Reactions of dimethyl .beta.-ketoglutarate with 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds. 6. Reactions of dicarbonyl compounds with dimethyl .beta.-ketoglutarate. 4. Formation of 1:1 adducts. J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jo00888a001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lannoye G, Sambasivarao K, Wehrli S, Cook JM, Weiss U. General approach to the synthesis of polyquinenes via the Weiss reaction. 6. Progress toward the synthesis of dicyclopentapentalenes. J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jo00245a037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kubiak G, Cook JM, Weiss U. Isolation of the key intermediate in the formation of cis-bicyclo[3.3.0]octane-3,7-diones from dimethyl 3-ketoglutarate and 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds. J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jo00177a040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ungemach F, Soerens D, Weber R, DiPierro M, Campos O, Mokry P, Cook JM, Silverton JV. General method for the assignment of stereochemistry of 1,3-disubstituted 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-.beta.-carbolines by carbon-13 spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja00543a012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Trudell ML, Fukada N, Cook JM. Hydrazine-mediated one-pot amination-oxidation reaction: facile synthesis of 4-amino-.beta.-carbolines and 4-aminoisoquinolines. J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jo00228a025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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46
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Ungemach F, DiPierro M, Weber R, Cook JM. Stereospecific synthesis of trans-1,3-disubstituted-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-.beta.-carbolines. J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jo00314a035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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47
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Han WC, Takahashi K, Cook JM, Weiss U, Silverton JV. Regiospecific cleavage of strained tri- and tetraquinane .beta.-diketones via retro-Claisen reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja00365a072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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48
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Liu X, Cook JM. General approach for the synthesis of sarpagine/macroline indole alkaloids. Enantiospecific total synthesis of the indole alkaloid trinervine. Org Lett 2001; 3:4023-6. [PMID: 11735575 DOI: 10.1021/ol0101990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[structure: see text] The total synthesis of the indole alkaloid trinervine 1 was accomplished in enantiospecific fashion in an overall yield of 20% (from the tetracyclic ketone 8) in 10 reaction vessels (12.5% from tryptophan methyl ester). The synthesis of the N(a)-H substituted macroline equivalent 2 was also completed in high yield via the same intermediate 13. The unique protection/hydroboration process developed here should provide a method to functionalize the C(19)-C(20) double bond in similar systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, USA
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Abstract
Figs (Ficus spp., Moraceae) and their pollinating wasps form an obligate mutualism, which has long been considered a classic case of coevolution and cospeciation. Figs are also exploited by several clades of nonpollinating wasps, which are parasites of the mutualism and whose patterns of speciation have received little attention. We used data from nuclear and mitochondrial DNA regions to estimate the phylogenies of 20 species of Pleistodontes pollinating wasps and 16 species of Sycoscapter nonpollinating wasps associated with Ficus species in the section Malvanthera. We compare the phylogenies of 15 matched Pleistodontes/Sycoscapter species pairs and show that the level of cospeciation is significantly greater than that expected by chance. Our estimates of the maximum level of cospeciation (50 to 64% of nodes) are very similar to those obtained in other recent studies of coevolved parasitic and mutualistic associations. However, we also show that there is not perfect congruence of pollinator and parasite phylogenies (for any substantial clade) and argue that host plant switching is likely to be less constrained for Sycoscapter parasites than for Pleistodontes pollinators. There is perfect correspondence between two terminal clades of two sister species in the respective phylogenies, and rates of molecular evolution in these pairs are similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lopez-Vaamonde
- Department of Biology & NERC Centre for Population Biology, Imperial College, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, United Kingdom
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