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Sandhya Rani S, Vedavijaya T, Sree P K, Shanmugasundaram J, Deepalatha C, Raju MG, Babu Sayana S. A Comprehensive Analysis of Phytochemical Composition, Acute Toxicity Assessment, and Antioxidant Potential of Ethanolic Extract of Carica Papaya Seeds. Cureus 2023; 15:e49686. [PMID: 38161939 PMCID: PMC10757050 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.49686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carica papaya seeds are rich in phytochemicals with potential health benefits, warranting safety and antioxidant assessments. This study comprehensively examined the ethanolic extract of Carica papaya seeds (EECPS) to elucidate its phytochemical composition, acute toxicity profile, and antioxidant activity. METHODS Phytochemical analysis of EECPS revealed the presence of various bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, tannins, phenols, alkaloids, proteins, glycosides, and saponins. Additionally, the presence of sulfuric acid was confirmed. Acute toxicity assessment involved oral administration of EECPS at 2000mg/kg body weight to Wistar rats, with a 14-day observation period. General parameters, body weight changes, and histopathological examination of kidney and liver tissues were evaluated. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, and the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of EECPS was compared to that of gallic acid. RESULTS Phytochemical analysis confirmed the diverse composition of EECPS, suggesting its potential health benefits and biological activity. Acute toxicity assessment revealed no adverse effects, with rats exhibiting normal behavior, weight stability, and no histopathological abnormalities in vital organs. The gallic acid IC50 value was determined to be 5.73±0.02 µg/mL, indicating its antioxidant potency. EECPS exhibited antioxidant properties in a dose-dependent manner, with higher concentrations demonstrating increased DPPH free radical quenching capacity. The IC50 value for EECPS was calculated from the dose-response curve to be 39.41±1.61 µg/mL (expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM)). CONCLUSION The phytochemical analysis of EECPS highlights its diverse composition and potential health benefits. Acute toxicity studies in rats confirm its safety for oral administration, with no adverse effects observed. EECPS exhibits significant antioxidant activity, as indicated by its IC50 value. These findings suggest that EECPS holds promise for therapeutic use and health applications. However, further research is needed to determine its precise antioxidant potential. Subchronic and chronic toxicity studies are recommended to establish its safety profile definitively and unlock its full potential for healthcare and nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarikonda Sandhya Rani
- Department of Pharmacology, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research, Hyderabad, IND
| | - T Vedavijaya
- Department of Pharmacology, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, IND
| | - Karuna Sree P
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Guwahati, Guwahati, IND
| | | | - C Deepalatha
- Department of Pharmacology, Mamata Academy of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, IND
| | - M Ganga Raju
- Department of Pharmacology, Gokaraju Rangaraju College of Pharmacy, Hyderabad, IND
| | - Suresh Babu Sayana
- Department of Pharmacology, Government Medical College and General Hospital, Suryapet, IND
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Ramasamy K, Shanmugasundaram J, Subramanian V, Manoharan R, Kathirvelu P, Vijayaraghavan R. 3', 4'-dihydroxyflavone ameliorates paclitaxel model of peripheral neuropathy in mice by modulating K ATP channel, adenosine (A 3) and GABA A (α 2 subunit) receptors. Bioinformation 2023; 19:754-763. [PMID: 37885774 PMCID: PMC10598353 DOI: 10.6026/97320630019754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Paclitaxel is a widely used cancer chemotherapeutic agent for many solid tumors; but peripheral neuropathy is a major limitation for its clinical use. Studies have demonstrated the usefulness of flavone derivatives in chemotherapy induced peripheral neuropathy. The present study evaluates the anti-neuropathic effect of 3', 4'-dihydroxyflavone on paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy and the underlying mechanisms. Paclitaxel was administered to mice in a single dose of 10 mg/kg, i.p.The neuropathic behavioural parameters such as mechanical allodynia, cold allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia were assessed 24 h later. The test compound 3', 4'-dihydroxyflavone (50,100 or 200 mg/kg,s.c) was administered 30 min prior to the assessment of behavioral parameters. The possible mechanisms involving KATP channels, adenosine and GABAA receptors were explored by employing suitable interacting drugs. Molecular docking studies to predict the binding interactions of 3', 4'-dihydroxyflavone at the above targets were also carried out. The test compound 3', 4'-dihydroxyflavoneexhibited a significant reduction in paw withdrawal response score in both mechanical and cold allodynia and also increased the tail flick response time in thermal hyperalgesia due to paclitaxel-induced neuropathy. The anti-neuropathic effect of 3', 4'-dihydroxyflavonewas significantly reversed by pre-treatment with glibenclamide, caffeine or bicuculline revealing the involvement of KATP channels, adenosine and GABAA receptors respectively. Furthermore, the molecular docking studies indicated a favourable binding affinity and good H-bond interaction of 3', 4'-dihydroxyflavone at these targets. The findings of the present study suggests that, 3', 4'-dihydroxyflavone has anti-neuropathic effect against paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy through mechanisms that involve KATP channels, adenosine (A3) and GABAA (α2 subunit) receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Ramasamy
- Department of Pharmacology, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai - 600116, India
| | - Jaikumar Shanmugasundaram
- Department of Pharmacology, Panimalar Medical College Hospital and Research Institute, Chennai - 600123, India
| | - Viswanathan Subramanian
- Department of Pharmacology, Meenakshi Medical College Hospital and Research Institute, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research, Kanchipuram - 631552, India
| | - Rajesh Manoharan
- Department of Pharmacology, Sri Muthukumaran Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai - 600069, India
| | - Parimala Kathirvelu
- Department of Pharmacology, Meenakshi Medical College Hospital and Research Institute, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research, Kanchipuram - 631552, India
| | - Rajagopalan Vijayaraghavan
- Director Research, Saveetha Institute of Medical And Technical Sciences, Thandalam, Chennai - 602105, India
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Ramasamy K, Shanmugasundaram J, Manoharan R, Subramanian V, Kathirvelu P, Vijayaraghavan R. Anti-neuropathic effect of 7,3'-dihydroxyflavone in paclitaxel induced peripheral neuropathy in mice involving GABA A, K ATP channel and adenosine receptors. Neurochem Int 2022; 159:105388. [PMID: 35809719 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral neuropathy induced by chemotherapeutic agents is the most common dose-limiting adverse effect observed in patients during and after treatment of malignancies. Many flavones have been reported to ameliorate neuropathy of different origin in experimental animals and their possible mode of action explored. The present study aims to investigate 7,3'-dihydroxyflavone for its anti-neuropathic effect against paclitaxel induced peripheral neuropathy in mice by employing behavioural tests such as mechanical allodynia, cold allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. The possible involvement of GABAA, KATP channels and adenosine receptors in the anti-neuropathic effect of 7,3'-dihydroxyflavone was also studied by employing suitable interacting drugs. Treatment with 7,3'-dihydroxyflavone (50, 100 or 200 mg/kg, s.c) significantly and dose-dependently reduced the paw withdrawal response score in both mechanical and cold allodynia and also increased the tail flick response time in thermal hyperalgesia due to paclitaxel-induced neuropathy. Pre-treatment with glibenclamide (10 mg/kg, i.p), caffeine (50 mg/kg, i.p) or bicuculline (2 mg/kg, i.p) significantly reversed the anti-neuropathic effect of 7,3'-dihydroxyflavone in behavioral tests. In conclusion, the present investigation identified 7,3'-dihydroxyflavone as a potential candidate with anti-neuropathic effect against paclitaxel induced peripheral neuropathy involving KATP channels, adenosine and GABAA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Ramasamy
- Department of Pharmacology, Sri Ramachandra Medical College & Research Institute, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education & Research, Chennai, 600116, India.
| | - Jaikumar Shanmugasundaram
- Department of Pharmacology, Meenakshi Medical College & Research Institute, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research, Kanchipuram, 631552, India.
| | - Rajesh Manoharan
- Department of Pharmacology, Sri Muthukumaran Medical College & Research Institute, Chennai, 600069, India.
| | - Viswanathan Subramanian
- Department of Pharmacology, Meenakshi Medical College & Research Institute, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research, Kanchipuram, 631552, India.
| | - Parimala Kathirvelu
- Department of Pharmacology, Meenakshi Medical College & Research Institute, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research, Kanchipuram, 631552, India.
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Kathirvelu P, Nadipelly J, Sayeli V, Subramanian V, Shanmugasundaram J, Cheriyan BV. Effect of Flavone Derivatives on Vincristine and Oxaliplatin Induced Peripheral Neuropathy in Mice. J Clin Diagn Res 2021. [DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2021/46023.14416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Therapy with anticancer drugs like paclitaxel, platinum complexes and vincristine result in severe peripheral neuropathy. Very few treatment options are available to overcome this debilitating side effect. Flavone and its monohydroxy derivatives have been proved to possess anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects in animal models. Aim: To investigate flavone, 5-hydroxy flavone, 6-hydroxy flavone and 7-hydroxy flavone for their effect on neuropathy induced by vincristine and oxaliplatin in mice. Materials and Methods: In this experimental animal study, neuropathy was induced in mice by multiple doses of vincristine or a single dose of oxaliplatin. The manifestations of mechanical allodynia, cold allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia were measured by von Frey’s hair aesthesiometer, acetone spray test and hot water tail immersion test. The data was subjected to ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test for multiple comparison and paired t-test at appropriate places. Results: Flavone and monohydroxy flavones significantly reduced the paw withdrawal response scores due to mechanical allodynia and cold allodynia resulting from vincristine or oxaliplatin administration (p<0.05). The tail withdrawal latency due to thermal hyperalgesia was also significantly increased by different flavone derivatives (p<0.05). However, 7-hydroxy flavone was ineffective in oxaliplatin-induced mechanical allodynia and vincristine induced thermal hyperalgesia. Analysis of the results indicated that the manifestations of neuropathy induced by vincristine or oxaliplatin were amenable to treatment with flavone derivatives in the following order; cold allodynia>thermal hyperalgesia>mechanical allodynia. Opioid mediated antinociceptive effect, interaction with cation channels and anti-inflammatory effect of the investigated flavones may be suggested as possible mechanisms for their beneficial effects in neuropathy due to chemotherapeutic agents. Conclusion: Various neuropathic manifestations induced by vincristine and oxaliplatin were effectively attenuated by flavone and monohydroxy flavones.
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Sayeli V, Nadipelly J, Kadhirvelu P, Cheriyan BV, Shanmugasundaram J, Subramanian V. Effect of flavonol and its dimethoxy derivatives on paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy in mice. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 29:525-535. [PMID: 29652665 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2016-0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Background:
Peripheral neuropathy is the dose limiting side effect of many anticancer drugs. Flavonoids exhibit good antinociceptive effect in animal models. Their efficacy against different types of nociception has been documented. The present study investigated the effect of flavonol (3-hydroxy flavone), 3′,4′-dimethoxy flavonol, 6,3′-dimethoxy flavonol, 7,2′-dimethoxy flavonol and 7,3′-dimethoxy flavonol against paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy in mice.
Methods:
A single dose of paclitaxel (10 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered to induce peripheral neuropathy in mice and the manifestations of peripheral neuropathy such as tactile allodynia, cold allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia were assessed 24 h later by employing Von Frey hair aesthesiometer test, acetone bubble test and hot water tail immersion test, respectively. The test compounds were prepared as a suspension in 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose and were administered s.c. in various doses (25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg). The above behavioral responses were assessed prior to and 30 min after drug treatment. In addition, the effect of test compounds on proinflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1-beta (IL-1β) and free radicals was investigated by using suitable in vitro assays.
Results:
A dose-dependent attenuation of tactile allodynia, cold allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia was evidenced in mice treated with flavonol derivatives. The test compounds inhibited TNF-α, IL-1β and free radicals in a concentration-dependent manner.
Conclusions:
These results revealed that flavonol and its dimethoxy derivatives ameliorated the manifestations of paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy in mice. The inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines and free radicals could contribute to this beneficial effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijaykumar Sayeli
- Department of Pharmacology, Mamata Medical College, Khammam, Telangana, India, Phone: 7845362994
| | - Jagan Nadipelly
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine-Pharmacology, Texila American University, Georgetown, Guyana
| | - Parimala Kadhirvelu
- Department of Pharmacology, Meenakshi Medical College and Research Institute, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research, Enathur, Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Binoy Varghese Cheriyan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, VISTAS, Vels School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jaikumar Shanmugasundaram
- Department of Pharmacology, Meenakshi Medical College and Research Institute, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research, Enathur, Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Viswanathan Subramanian
- Department of Pharmacology, Meenakshi Medical College and Research Institute, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research, Enathur, Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu, India
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Shanmugasundaram J, Subramanian V, Nadipelly JS, Kathirvelu P, Sayeli V, Cheriyan BV. Sedative-hypnotic like effect of 5-methoxyflavone in mice and investigation on possible mechanisms by in vivo and in silico methods. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 108:85-94. [PMID: 30218862 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.08.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids have been shown to possess central nervous system (CNS) depressant effect mediated through the ionotropic GABAA receptors. In the present study, 5-methoxyflavone was evaluated for sedative-hypnotic like activity in mice and the mechanisms involved by employing a battery of tests including molecular docking studies. In the open field test, 5-methoxyflavone in various doses (50, 100 and 150 mg/kg, i.p) exhibited a significant and dose-dependent reduction in the spontaneous locomotor activity (F (530) = 87.17 P < 0.001). Pretreatment with 5-methoxyflavone decreased the latency to sleep induction after pentobarbitone or ether administration and also significantly increased the duration of sleep (p < 0.001). A significant and dose-dependent myorelaxant effect was observed with 5-methoxyflavone in the inclined plane, horizontal wire test and rota rod test. Pretreatment with picrotoxin, bicuculline, glycine, caffeine or NMDA either decreased or completely abolished the hypnotic effect of 5-methoxyflavone in mice. The above results revealed the involvement of GABAA, adenosine, glycine and NMDA receptors in the hypnotic effect of 5-methoxyflavone. The results of in silico studies indicated that, 5-methoxyflavone exhibits good binding affinity towards these receptors by H-bond interactions. In conclusion, the present study identified a novel and potential sedative-hypnotic like effect of 5-methoxyflavone involving multiple mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaikumar Shanmugasundaram
- Department of Pharmacology, Meenakshi Medical College & Research Institute, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research, Kanchipuram, 631552, India.
| | - Viswanathan Subramanian
- Department of Pharmacology, Meenakshi Medical College & Research Institute, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research, Kanchipuram, 631552, India.
| | - Jagan S Nadipelly
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Texila American University, Georgetown, Guyana.
| | - Parimala Kathirvelu
- Department of Pharmacology, Meenakshi Medical College & Research Institute, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research, Kanchipuram, 631552, India.
| | - Vijaykumar Sayeli
- Department of Pharmacology, Mamata Medical College, Khammam, 507002, Telangana, India.
| | - Binoy Varghese Cheriyan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, VISTAS, VELS school of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chennai, 600117, Tamilnadu, India.
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Nadipelly J, Sayeli V, Kadhirvelu P, Shanmugasundaram J, Cheriyan BV, Subramanian V. Effect of certain trimethoxy flavones on paclitaxel - induced peripheral neuropathy in mice. Integr Med Res 2018; 7:159-167. [PMID: 29984177 PMCID: PMC6026363 DOI: 10.1016/j.imr.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The anti - nociceptive effect of 7, 2', 3' - trimethoxy flavone, 7, 2', 4' - trimethoxy flavone, 7, 3', 4' - trimethoxy flavone and 7, 5, 4' - trimethoxy flavone against inflammatory, neurogenic and thermal pain in mice was reported earlier. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of the above trimethoxy flavones in amelioration of peripheral neuropathy induced by paclitaxel. METHODS Peripheral neuropathy was induced in mice by administration of a single i.p. dose (10 mg/kg) of paclitaxel. The manifestations of peripheral neuropathy such as tactile allodynia, cold allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia were assessed 24 h later by employing hair aesthesiometer test, acetone bubble test and hot water tail immersion test respectively. Further, the role of inflammatory cytokines like TNF - α, IL - 1β and free radicals in the action of trimethoxy flavones was investigated using in vitro assays. RESULTS The test compounds dose dependently attenuated paclitaxel - induced tactile allodynia, cold allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia in mice. The test compounds inhibited TNF - α, IL - 1β and free radicals in a concentration dependent manner. CONCLUSION The investigated trimethoxy flavones attenuated paclitaxel - induced peripheral neuropathy in mice. The inhibition of cytokines and free radicals in addition to many neuronal mechanisms reported earlier may contribute to this beneficial effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagan Nadipelly
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Texila American University, Georgetown, Guyana
| | - Vijaykumar Sayeli
- Department of Pharmacology, Mamatha Medical College & Hospital, Khammam, India
| | - Parimala Kadhirvelu
- Department of Pharmacology, Meenakshi Medical College and Research Institute, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research, Kanchipuram, India
| | - Jaikumar Shanmugasundaram
- Department of Pharmacology, Meenakshi Medical College and Research Institute, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research, Kanchipuram, India
| | - Binoy Varghese Cheriyan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, VISTAS, Vels School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chennai, India
| | - Viswanathan Subramanian
- Department of Pharmacology, Meenakshi Medical College and Research Institute, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research, Kanchipuram, India
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Nadipelly J, Sayeli V, Kadhirvelu P, Shanmugasundaram J, Cheriyan BV, Subramanian V. Anti-nociceptive activity of a few structurally related trimethoxy flavones and possible mechanisms involved. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2016; 27:109-19. [PMID: 26656611 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2015-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study was designed to investigate the anti-nociceptive activity of a few structurally related trimethoxy flavones (7,2',3'-TMF, 7,2',4'-TMF, 7,3',4'-TMF and 7,5,4'-TMF) and the possible mechanisms involved. METHODS Anti-nociceptive activity was evaluated in mice by employing acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin-induced nociception and hot water tail immersion methods. The involvement of opioid, GABAergic, tryptaminergic, adrenergic and dopaminergic mechanisms and K+ATP channels in the anti-nociceptive activity of trimethoxy flavones was investigated using suitable interacting chemicals. RESULTS Trimethoxy flavones exhibited a significant and dose-dependent inhibition of acetic acid writhing. The paw-licking response time was reduced both in the early and late phases of formalin nociception in a dose-dependent manner by trimethoxy flavones. A significant increase in tail withdrawal latency time was also observed after trimethoxy flavones treatment. These observations revealed the potential anti-nociceptive action of the investigated trimethoxy flavones. Pretreatment with naloxone and bicuculline significantly attenuated the reduction of abdominal constrictions produced by all the tested trimethoxy flavones indicating a definite role of opioid and GABAergic mechanisms in the anti-nociceptive effect of trimethoxy flavones. The anti-nociceptive action elicited by various trimethoxy flavones was differently modulated by glibenclamide, ondansetron, yohimbine and sulpiride. CONCLUSIONS The investigated trimethoxy flavones exhibited promising anti-nociceptive activity in various nociceptive models, and multiple mechanisms are involved in the anti-nociceptive activity of these compounds.
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Kumar DVN, Shanmugasundaram J, Sundaram C, Anandaraj MPJS. Activity of novel protein kinase C and distribution of protein kinase C theta in subcellular fractions of normal and Duchenne muscular dystrophic muscle. Indian J Biochem Biophys 2002; 39:377-381. [PMID: 22905394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipid-dependent, Ca(2+)-independent isoenzymes termed novel protein kinase C or nPKC, include PKC delta, epsilon, eta, theta and mu. Status and role of nPKC and PKC theta in Duchenne muscular dystrophic (DMD) condition is unknown. In the present study, we have shown that most of the nPKC isoforms are translocated to the membrane fraction of DMD tissue specimen. It is well established that translocation plays a key role in signal transduction by individual PKC isoforms. In our experiment, the increased association of nPKC isoform PKC theta to membrane was further confirmed by Western blot. Increased expression of PKC theta mRNA was identified by dot blot analysis. The above results suggest that, the alterations in nPKC location and increased expression of PKC theta observed is a result of modification of PKC-mediated signal transduction and cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- D V N Kumar
- Institute of Genetics, Begumpet, Hyderabad 500 016, India
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