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Nicolas JD, Aeffner S, Salditt T. Radiation damage studies in cardiac muscle cells and tissue using microfocused X-ray beams: experiment and simulation. J Synchrotron Radiat 2019; 26:980-990. [PMID: 31274419 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577519006817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Soft materials are easily affected by radiation damage from intense, focused synchrotron beams, often limiting the use of scanning diffraction experiments to radiation-resistant samples. To minimize radiation damage in experiments on soft tissue and thus to improve data quality, radiation damage needs to be studied as a function of the experimental parameters. Here, the impact of radiation damage in scanning X-ray diffraction experiments on hydrated cardiac muscle cells and tissue is investigated. It is shown how the small-angle diffraction signal is affected by radiation damage upon variation of scan parameters and dose. The experimental study was complemented by simulations of dose distributions for microfocused X-ray beams in soft muscle tissue. As a simulation tool, the Monte Carlo software package EGSnrc was used that is widely used in radiation dosimetry research. Simulations also give additional guidance for a more careful planning of dose distribution in tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan David Nicolas
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Institut für Röntgenphysik, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Aeffner
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Institut für Röntgenphysik, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tim Salditt
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Institut für Röntgenphysik, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Bernhardt M, Nicolas JD, Osterhoff M, Mittelstädt H, Reuss M, Harke B, Wittmeier A, Sprung M, Köster S, Salditt T. A beamline-compatible STED microscope for combined visible-light and X-ray studies of biological matter. J Synchrotron Radiat 2019; 26:1144-1151. [PMID: 31274438 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577519004089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A dedicated stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscope had been designed and implemented into the Göttingen Instrument for Nano-Imaging with X-rays (GINIX) at the synchrotron beamline P10 of the PETRA III storage ring (DESY, Hamburg). The microscope was installed on the same optical table used for X-ray holography and scanning small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Scanning SAXS was implemented with the Kirkpatrick-Baez (KB) nano-focusing optics of GINIX, while X-ray holography used a combined KB and X-ray waveguide optical system for full-field projection recordings at a defocus position of the object. The STED optical axis was aligned (anti-)parallel to the focused synchrotron beam and was laterally displaced from the KB focus. This close proximity between the STED and the X-ray probe enabled in situ combined recordings on the same biological cell, tissue or any other biomolecular sample, using the same environment and mounting. Here, the instrumentation and experimental details of this correlative microscopy approach are described, as first published in our preceding work [Bernhardt et al. (2018), Nat. Commun. 9, 3641], and the capabilities of correlative STED microscopy, X-ray holography and scanning SAXS are illustrated by presenting additional datasets on cardiac tissue cells with labeled actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marten Bernhardt
- Institut für Röntgenphysik, Universität Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jan David Nicolas
- Institut für Röntgenphysik, Universität Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Markus Osterhoff
- Institut für Röntgenphysik, Universität Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Haugen Mittelstädt
- Abberior Instruments, Hans-Adolf-Krebs-Weg 1, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Reuss
- Abberior Instruments, Hans-Adolf-Krebs-Weg 1, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Harke
- Abberior Instruments, Hans-Adolf-Krebs-Weg 1, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrew Wittmeier
- Institut für Röntgenphysik, Universität Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael Sprung
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 47c, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Köster
- Institut für Röntgenphysik, Universität Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tim Salditt
- Institut für Röntgenphysik, Universität Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Nicolas JD, Hagemann J, Sprung M, Salditt T. The optical stretcher as a tool for single-particle X-ray imaging and diffraction. J Synchrotron Radiat 2018; 25:1196-1205. [PMID: 29979182 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577518006574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
For almost half a century, optical tweezers have successfully been used to micromanipulate micrometre and sub-micrometre-sized particles. However, in recent years it has been shown experimentally that, compared with single-beam traps, the use of two opposing and divergent laser beams can be more suitable in studying the elastic properties of biological cells and vesicles. Such a configuration is termed an optical stretcher due to its capability of applying high deforming forces on biological objects such as cells. In this article the experimental capabilities of an optical stretcher as a potential sample delivery system for X-ray diffraction and imaging studies at synchrotrons and X-ray free-electron laser (FEL) facilites are demonstrated. To highlight the potential of the optical stretcher its micromanipulation capabilities have been used to image polymer beads and label biological cells. Even in a non-optimized configuration based on a commercially available optical stretcher system, X-ray holograms could be recorded from different views on a biological cell and the three-dimensional phase of the cell could be reconstructed. The capability of the setup to deform cells at higher laser intensities in combination with, for example, X-ray diffraction studies could furthermore lead to interesting studies that couple structural parameters to elastic properties. By means of high-throughput screening, the optical stretcher could become a useful tool in X-ray studies employing synchrotron radiation, and, at a later stage, femtosecond X-ray pulses delivered by X-ray free-electron lasers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan David Nicolas
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Institut für Röntgenphysik, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Hagemann
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestraße. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Sprung
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestraße. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tim Salditt
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Institut für Röntgenphysik, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Nicolas JD, Bernhardt M, Markus A, Alves F, Burghammer M, Salditt T. Scanning X-ray diffraction on cardiac tissue: automatized data analysis and processing. J Synchrotron Radiat 2017; 24:1163-1172. [PMID: 29091059 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577517011936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A scanning X-ray diffraction study of cardiac tissue has been performed, covering the entire cross section of a mouse heart slice. To this end, moderate focusing by compound refractive lenses to micrometer spot size, continuous scanning, data acquisition by a fast single-photon-counting pixel detector, and fully automated analysis scripts have been combined. It was shown that a surprising amount of structural data can be harvested from such a scan, evaluating the local scattering intensity, interfilament spacing of the muscle tissue, the filament orientation, and the degree of anisotropy. The workflow of data analysis is described and a data analysis toolbox with example data for general use is provided. Since many cardiomyopathies rely on the structural integrity of the sarcomere, the contractile unit of cardiac muscle cells, the present study can be easily extended to characterize tissue from a diseased heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan David Nicolas
- Institut für Röntgenphysik, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marten Bernhardt
- Institut für Röntgenphysik, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Markus
- Max-Planck-Institut für Experimentelle Medizin, Hermann-Rein-Straße 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Frauke Alves
- Max-Planck-Institut für Experimentelle Medizin, Hermann-Rein-Straße 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Manfred Burghammer
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Tim Salditt
- Institut für Röntgenphysik, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Reusch T, Schülein FJR, Nicolas JD, Osterhoff M, Beerlink A, Krenner HJ, Müller M, Wixforth A, Salditt T. Collective lipid bilayer dynamics excited by surface acoustic waves. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 113:118102. [PMID: 25260008 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.118102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We use standing surface acoustic waves to induce coherent phonons in model lipid multilayers deposited on a piezoelectric surface. Probing the structure by phase-controlled stroboscopic x-ray pulses we find that the internal lipid bilayer electron density profile oscillates in response to the externally driven motion of the lipid film. The structural response to the well-controlled motion is a strong indication that bilayer structure and membrane fluctuations are intrinsically coupled, even though these structural changes are averaged out in equilibrium and time integrating measurements. Here the effects are revealed by a timing scheme with temporal resolution on the picosecond scale in combination with the sub-nm spatial resolution, enabled by high brilliance synchrotron x-ray reflectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Reusch
- Institut für Röntgenphysik, University of Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - F J R Schülein
- Lehrstuhl für Experimentalphysik I, Universität Augsburg, Universitätsstr. 1, 86159 Augsburg, Germany and Nanosystems Initiative Munich, Schellingstrasse 4, 80799 Munich, Germany
| | - J D Nicolas
- Institut für Röntgenphysik, University of Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - M Osterhoff
- Institut für Röntgenphysik, University of Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - A Beerlink
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, 22605 Hamburg, Germany
| | - H J Krenner
- Lehrstuhl für Experimentalphysik I, Universität Augsburg, Universitätsstr. 1, 86159 Augsburg, Germany and Nanosystems Initiative Munich, Schellingstrasse 4, 80799 Munich, Germany
| | - M Müller
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - A Wixforth
- Lehrstuhl für Experimentalphysik I, Universität Augsburg, Universitätsstr. 1, 86159 Augsburg, Germany and Nanosystems Initiative Munich, Schellingstrasse 4, 80799 Munich, Germany
| | - T Salditt
- Institut für Röntgenphysik, University of Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Abstract
Recombinant interleukin-2 (IL-2) infusions have recently been evaluated as a new form of immunotherapy for the treatment of malignancies. This form of therapy has been complicated by the development of fluid retention, azotemia, and hypophosphatemia. To evaluate the effects of IL-2 on renal function, we prospectively studied eight patients who received IL-2 (10(5) micron/kg every eight hours intravenously [IV]) for five days as the initial phase of a treatment protocol using IL-2 plus lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells. Dopamine and fluids were used to maintain blood pressure and all patients received indomethacin (100 mg/d). IL-2 therapy produced a syndrome similar to endotoxemia with the development of respiratory alkalosis (pH = 7.44 +/- .2, pCO2 = 30 +/- 2) and hypotension (mean BP, 71.3 mm Hg). These changes were accompanied by marked sodium avidity, edema formation, and mild elevations of BUN and creatinine. Hypophosphatemia, hypocalcemia, and hypomagnesemia were commonly seen. No defects in renal calcium, magnesium, phosphorous, net acid excretion, or glycosuria were demonstrated. We conclude: (1) IL-2 induces an increase in vascular permeability causing the development of edema, sodium avidity, and prerenal azotemia as occurs during endotoxemia; (2) IL-2 therapy induces respiratory alkalosis with the subsequent intracellular shift of phosphorous accompanied by increased renal phosphorous reabsorption; and (3) there is no evidence of renal tubular dysfunction (renal tubular acidosis [RTA], renal leak of glucose, phosphorous, or magnesium).
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Kozeny
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153
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