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Hayward G, Mort S, Hay AD, Moore M, Thomas NPB, Cook J, Robinson J, Williams N, Maeder N, Edeson R, Franssen M, Grabey J, Glogowska M, Yang Y, Allen J, Butler CC. d-Mannose for Prevention of Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection Among Women: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern Med 2024:2817488. [PMID: 38587819 PMCID: PMC11002776 DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2024.0264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Importance Recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common debilitating condition in women, with limited prophylactic options. d-Mannose has shown promise in trials based in secondary care, but effectiveness in placebo-controlled studies and community settings has not been established. Objective To determine whether d-mannose taken for 6 months reduces the proportion of women with recurrent UTI experiencing a medically attended UTI. Design, Setting, and Participants This 2-group, double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial took place across 99 primary care centers in the UK. Participants were recruited between March 28, 2019, and January 31, 2020, with 6 months of follow-up. Participants were female, 18 years or older, living in the community, and had evidence in their primary care record of consultations for at least 2 UTIs in the preceding 6 months or 3 UTIs in 12 months. Invitation to participate was made by their primary care center. A total of 7591 participants were approached, 830 responded, and 232 were ineligible or did not proceed to randomization. Statistical analysis was reported in December 2022. Intervention Two grams daily of d-mannose powder or matched volume of placebo powder. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome measure was the proportion of women experiencing at least 1 further episode of clinically suspected UTI for which they contacted ambulatory care within 6 months of study entry. Secondary outcomes included symptom duration, antibiotic use, time to next medically attended UTI, number of suspected UTIs, and UTI-related hospital admissions. Results Of 598 women eligible (mean [range] age, 58 [18-93] years), 303 were randomized to d-mannose (50.7%) and 295 to placebo (49.3%). Primary outcome data were available for 583 participants (97.5%). The proportion contacting ambulatory care with a clinically suspected UTI was 150 of 294 (51.0%) in the d-mannose group and 161 of 289 (55.7%) in the placebo group (risk difference, -5%; 95% CI, -13% to 3%; P = .26). Estimates were similar in per protocol analyses, imputation analyses, and preplanned subgroups. There were no statistically significant differences in any secondary outcome measures. Conclusions and Relevance In this randomized clinical trial, daily d-mannose did not reduce the proportion of women with recurrent UTI in primary care who experienced a subsequent clinically suspected UTI. d-Mannose should not be recommended for prophylaxis in this patient group. Trial Registration isrctn.org Identifier: ISRCTN13283516.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail Hayward
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
| | - Sam Mort
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair D. Hay
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, NIHR School for Primary Care Research, Bristol Medical School: Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, England, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Moore
- Primary Care Research Centre, Primary Care, Population Sciences and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, England, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas P. B. Thomas
- Windrush Medical Practice, Witney, England, United Kingdom
- NIHR Clinical Research Network Thames Valley and South Midlands, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
| | - Johanna Cook
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
| | - Jared Robinson
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Williams
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Maeder
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Edeson
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
| | - Marloes Franssen
- Oxford Trauma and Emergency Care, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Oxford University, England, United Kingdom
| | - Jenna Grabey
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret Glogowska
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
| | - Yaling Yang
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
| | - Julie Allen
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher C. Butler
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
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Hayward G, Yu LM, Little P, Gbinigie O, Shanyinde M, Harris V, Dorward J, Saville BR, Berry N, Evans PH, Thomas NPB, Patel MG, Richards D, Hecke OV, Detry MA, Saunders C, Fitzgerald M, Robinson J, Latimer-Bell C, Allen J, Ogburn E, Grabey J, de Lusignan S, Hobbs FR, Butler CC. Ivermectin for COVID-19 in adults in the community (PRINCIPLE): An open, randomised, controlled, adaptive platform trial of short- and longer-term outcomes. J Infect 2024; 88:106130. [PMID: 38431155 PMCID: PMC10981761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2024.106130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The evidence for whether ivermectin impacts recovery, hospital admissions, and longer-term outcomes in COVID-19 is contested. The WHO recommends its use only in the context of clinical trials. METHODS In this multicentre, open-label, multi-arm, adaptive platform randomised controlled trial, we included participants aged ≥18 years in the community, with a positive SARS-CoV-2 test, and symptoms lasting ≤14 days. Participants were randomised to usual care, usual care plus ivermectin tablets (target 300-400 μg/kg per dose, once daily for 3 days), or usual care plus other interventions. Co-primary endpoints were time to first self-reported recovery, and COVID-19 related hospitalisation/death within 28 days, analysed using Bayesian models. Recovery at 6 months was the primary, longer term outcome. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN86534580. FINDINGS The primary analysis included 8811 SARS-CoV-2 positive participants (median symptom duration 5 days), randomised to ivermectin (n = 2157), usual care (n = 3256), and other treatments (n = 3398) from June 23, 2021 to July 1, 2022. Time to self-reported recovery was shorter in the ivermectin group compared with usual care (hazard ratio 1·15 [95% Bayesian credible interval, 1·07 to 1·23], median decrease 2.06 days [1·00 to 3·06]), probability of meaningful effect (pre-specified hazard ratio ≥1.2) 0·192). COVID-19-related hospitalisations/deaths (odds ratio 1·02 [0·63 to 1·62]; estimated percentage difference 0% [-1% to 0·6%]), serious adverse events (three and five respectively), and the proportion feeling fully recovered were similar in both groups at 6 months (74·3% and 71·2% respectively (RR = 1·05, [1·02 to 1·08]) and also at 3 and 12 months. INTERPRETATION Ivermectin for COVID-19 is unlikely to provide clinically meaningful improvement in recovery, hospital admissions, or longer-term outcomes. Further trials of ivermectin for SARS-Cov-2 infection in vaccinated community populations appear unwarranted. FUNDING UKRI/National Institute of Health Research (MC_PC_19079).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail Hayward
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ly-Mee Yu
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul Little
- Primary Care Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Oghenekome Gbinigie
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Milensu Shanyinde
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Victoria Harris
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jienchi Dorward
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Benjamin R Saville
- Berry Consultants, TX, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, TN, USA
| | | | - Philip H Evans
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Clinical Research Network, National Institute for Health Research, London, UK
| | - Nicholas P B Thomas
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Clinical Research Network, National Institute for Health Research, London, UK
| | - Mahendra G Patel
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Duncan Richards
- Royal College of General Practitioners, London, UK; Oxford Clinical Trials Research Unit, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Oliver V Hecke
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | - Jared Robinson
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Julie Allen
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emma Ogburn
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jenna Grabey
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Simon de Lusignan
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Fd Richard Hobbs
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Christopher C Butler
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Png ME, Harris V, Grabey J, Hart ND, Jani BD, Butler D, Carson-Stevens A, Coates M, Cureton L, Dobson M, Dorward J, Evans P, Francis N, Gbinigie OA, Hayward G, Holmes J, Hood K, Khoo S, Ahmed H, Lown M, Mckenna M, Mort S, Nguyen-Van-Tam J, Rahman N, Richards DB, Thomas N, van Hecke O, Hobbs FR, Little P, Yu LM, Butler CC, Petrou S. Cost-utility analysis of molnupiravir plus usual care versus usual care alone as early treatment for community-based adults with COVID-19 and increased risk of adverse outcomes in the UK PANORAMIC trial. Br J Gen Pract 2024:BJGP.2023.0444. [PMID: 38228357 DOI: 10.3399/bjgp.2023.0444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cost-effectiveness of molnupiravir, an oral antiviral for early treatment of SARS-CoV-2, has not been established in vaccinated populations. AIM To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of molnupiravir relative to usual care alone among mainly vaccinated community-based people at higher risk of severe outcomes from COVID-19 over six months. DESIGN AND SETTING Economic evaluation of the PANORAMIC trial in the UK. METHOD A cost-utility analysis that adopted a UK National Health Service and personal social services perspective and a six-month time horizon was performed using PANORAMIC trial data. Cost-effectiveness was expressed in terms of incremental cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained. Sensitivity and subgroup analyses assessed the impacts of uncertainty and heterogeneity. Threshold analysis explored the price for molnupiravir consistent with likely reimbursement. RESULTS In the base case analysis, molnupiravir had higher mean costs of £449 (95% confidence interval [CI] 445 to 453) and higher mean QALYs of 0.0055 (95% CI 0.004 to 0.007) than usual care (mean incremental cost per QALY of £81190). Sensitivity and subgroup analyses showed similar results, except those aged ≥75 years with a 55% probability of being cost-effective at a £30000 per QALY threshold. Molnupiravir would have to be priced around £147 per course to be cost-effective at a £15000 per QALY threshold. CONCLUSION Molnupiravir at the current cost of £513 per course is unlikely to be cost-effective relative to usual care over a six-month time horizon among mainly vaccinated COVID-19 patients at increased risk of adverse outcomes, except those aged ≥75 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Ee Png
- University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Harris
- University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jenna Grabey
- University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel David Hart
- Queen's University Belfast, Centre for Medical Education, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Bhautesh Dinesh Jani
- University of Glasgow College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, Institute of Health and wellbeing, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Butler
- Queen's University Belfast, Centre for Medical Education, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Carson-Stevens
- Cardiff University, Division of Population Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Coates
- University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Cureton
- University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Melissa Dobson
- University of Oxford, Oxford Respiratory Trials Unit, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jienchi Dorward
- University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Oxford, United Kingdom
- University of KwaZulu-Natal, Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa
| | - Philip Evans
- University of Exeter, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Exeter, United Kingdom
- University of Leeds, National Institute of Health and Care Research (NIHR) Clinical Research Network (CRN), Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Francis
- University of Southampton, Primary Care Research Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gail Hayward
- University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Holmes
- University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kerenza Hood
- Cardiff University, Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Saye Khoo
- University of Liverpool, Department of Pharmacology, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Haroon Ahmed
- Cardiff University, Division of Population Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Lown
- University of Southampton, Primary Care Research Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Micheal Mckenna
- University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sam Mort
- University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Najib Rahman
- University of Oxford, Oxford Respiratory Trials Unit, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
- University of Oxford, Chinese Academy of Medicine Oxford Institute, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan B Richards
- University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Thomas
- Windrush Medical Practice, Witney, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Applied Research Collaboration Oxford and Thames Valley, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Royal College of General Practitioners, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver van Hecke
- University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Fd Richard Hobbs
- University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Little
- University of Southampton, Primary Care Research Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ly-Mee Yu
- University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher C Butler
- University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stavros Petrou
- University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Oxford, United Kingdom
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4
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Freeman D, Lambe S, Galal U, Yu LM, Kabir T, Petit A, Rosebrock L, Dudley R, Chapman K, Morrison A, O'Regan E, Murphy E, Aynsworth C, Jones J, Powling R, Grabey J, Rovira A, Freeman J, Clark DM, Waite F. Agoraphobic avoidance in patients with psychosis: Severity and response to automated VR therapy in a secondary analysis of a randomised controlled clinical trial. Schizophr Res 2022; 250:50-59. [PMID: 36343472 PMCID: PMC10914663 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2022.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The social withdrawal of many patients with psychosis can be conceptualised as agoraphobic avoidance due to a range of long-standing fears. We hypothesised that greater severity of agoraphobic avoidance is associated with higher levels of psychiatric symptoms and lower levels of quality of life. We also hypothesised that patients with severe agoraphobic avoidance would experience a range of benefits from an automated virtual reality (VR) therapy that allows them to practise everyday anxiety-provoking situations in simulated environments. METHODS 345 patients with psychosis in a randomised controlled trial were categorised into average, moderate, high, and severe avoidance groups using the Oxford Agoraphobic Avoidance Scale. Associations of agoraphobia severity with symptom and functioning variables, and response over six months to brief automated VR therapy (gameChange), were tested. RESULTS Greater severity of agoraphobic avoidance was associated with higher levels of persecutory ideation, auditory hallucinations, depression, hopelessness, and threat cognitions, and lower levels of meaningful activity, quality of life, and perceptions of recovery. Patients with severe agoraphobia showed the greatest benefits with gameChange VR therapy, with significant improvements at end of treatment in agoraphobic avoidance, agoraphobic distress, ideas of reference, persecutory ideation, paranoia worries, recovering quality of life, and perceived recovery, but no significant improvements in depression, suicidal ideation, or health-related quality of life. CONCLUSIONS Patients with psychosis with severe agoraphobic avoidance, such as being unable to leave the home, have high clinical need. Automated VR therapy can deliver clinical improvement in agoraphobia for these patients, leading to a number of wider benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Freeman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK.
| | - Sinéad Lambe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Ushma Galal
- Oxford Primary Care Clinical Trials Unit, Nuffield Department of Primary care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ly-Mee Yu
- Oxford Primary Care Clinical Trials Unit, Nuffield Department of Primary care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Ariane Petit
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Laina Rosebrock
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Robert Dudley
- Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne, and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Kate Chapman
- Avon and Wiltshire Mental Health Partnership (AWP) NHS Trust, Bath, UK
| | - Anthony Morrison
- Greater Manchester Mental Health Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK; Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Eileen O'Regan
- Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Elizabeth Murphy
- Greater Manchester Mental Health Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Charlotte Aynsworth
- Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne, and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Julia Jones
- Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Rosie Powling
- Avon and Wiltshire Mental Health Partnership (AWP) NHS Trust, Bath, UK
| | - Jenna Grabey
- Oxford Primary Care Clinical Trials Unit, Nuffield Department of Primary care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Aitor Rovira
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Jason Freeman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David M Clark
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK; Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Felicity Waite
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
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5
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Altunkaya J, Craven M, Lambe S, Beckley A, Rosebrock L, Dudley R, Chapman K, Morrison A, O'Regan E, Grabey J, Bergin A, Kabir T, Waite F, Freeman D, Leal J. Estimating the Economic Value of Automated Virtual Reality Cognitive Therapy for Treating Agoraphobic Avoidance in Patients With Psychosis: Findings From the gameChange Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. J Med Internet Res 2022; 24:e39248. [PMID: 36399379 PMCID: PMC9719058 DOI: 10.2196/39248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An automated virtual reality cognitive therapy (gameChange) has demonstrated its effectiveness to treat agoraphobia in patients with psychosis, especially for high or severe anxious avoidance. Its economic value to the health care system is not yet established. OBJECTIVE In this study, we aimed to estimate the potential economic value of gameChange for the UK National Health Service (NHS) and establish the maximum cost-effective price per patient. METHODS Using data from a randomized controlled trial with 346 patients with psychosis (ISRCTN17308399), we estimated differences in health-related quality of life, health and social care costs, and wider societal costs for patients receiving virtual reality therapy in addition to treatment as usual compared with treatment as usual alone. The maximum cost-effective prices of gameChange were calculated based on UK cost-effectiveness thresholds. The sensitivity of the results to analytical assumptions was tested. RESULTS Patients allocated to gameChange reported higher quality-adjusted life years (0.008 QALYs, 95% CI -0.010 to 0.026) and lower NHS and social care costs (-£105, 95% CI -£1135 to £924) compared with treatment as usual (£1=US $1.28); however, these differences were not statistically significant. gameChange was estimated to be worth up to £341 per patient from an NHS and social care (NHS and personal social services) perspective or £1967 per patient from a wider societal perspective. In patients with high or severe anxious avoidance, maximum cost-effective prices rose to £877 and £3073 per patient from an NHS and personal social services perspective and societal perspective, respectively. CONCLUSIONS gameChange is a promising, cost-effective intervention for the UK NHS and is particularly valuable for patients with high or severe anxious avoidance. This presents an opportunity to expand cost-effective psychological treatment coverage for a population with significant health needs. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN Registry ISRCTN17308399; https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN17308399. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) RR2-10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031606.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Altunkaya
- Health Economics Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Craven
- National Institute for Health and Care Research MindTech Med-Tech Co-operative, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Human Factors Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Mental Health & Technology Theme, National Institute for Health and Care Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sinéad Lambe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ariane Beckley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Laina Rosebrock
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Dudley
- Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne, and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Chapman
- Avon and Wiltshire Mental Health Partnership (AWP) NHS Trust, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Morrison
- Greater Manchester Mental Health Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Eileen O'Regan
- Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jenna Grabey
- Oxford Primary Care Clinical Trials Unit, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Aislinn Bergin
- National Institute for Health and Care Research MindTech Med-Tech Co-operative, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Mental Health & Technology Theme, National Institute for Health and Care Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Mental Health & Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Felicity Waite
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Freeman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - José Leal
- Health Economics Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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6
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Freeman D, Lambe S, Kabir T, Petit A, Rosebrock L, Yu LM, Dudley R, Chapman K, Morrison A, O'Regan E, Aynsworth C, Jones J, Murphy E, Powling R, Galal U, Grabey J, Rovira A, Martin J, Hollis C, Clark DM, Waite F, Andleeb H, Bergin A, Bold E, Bond J, Bransby-Adams K, Brown S, Chan C, Chauhan N, Craven M, Freeman J, Geddes J, Goodsell A, Jenner L, Kenny A, Leal J, Mitchell J, Peel H, Pervez M, Prouten E, Roberts E, Robotham D, Walker H, West J. Automated virtual reality therapy to treat agoraphobic avoidance and distress in patients with psychosis (gameChange): a multicentre, parallel-group, single-blind, randomised, controlled trial in England with mediation and moderation analyses. Lancet Psychiatry 2022; 9:375-388. [PMID: 35395204 PMCID: PMC9010306 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(22)00060-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Automated delivery of psychological therapy using immersive technologies such as virtual reality (VR) might greatly increase the availability of effective help for patients. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of an automated VR cognitive therapy (gameChange) to treat avoidance and distress in patients with psychosis, and to analyse how and in whom it might work. METHODS We did a parallel-group, single-blind, randomised, controlled trial across nine National Health Service trusts in England. Eligible patients were aged 16 years or older, with a clinical diagnosis of a schizophrenia spectrum disorder or an affective diagnosis with psychotic symptoms, and had self-reported difficulties going outside due to anxiety. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to either gameChange VR therapy plus usual care or usual care alone, using a permuted blocks algorithm with randomly varying block size, stratified by study site and service type. gameChange VR therapy was provided in approximately six sessions over 6 weeks. Trial assessors were masked to group allocation. Outcomes were assessed at 0, 6 (primary endpoint), and 26 weeks after randomisation. The primary outcome was avoidance of, and distress in, everyday situations, assessed using the self-reported Oxford Agoraphobic Avoidance Scale (O-AS). Outcome analyses were done in the intention-to-treat population (ie, all participants who were assigned to a study group for whom data were available). We performed planned mediation and moderation analyses to test the effects of gameChange VR therapy when added to usual care. This trial is registered with the ISRCTN registry, 17308399. FINDINGS Between July 25, 2019, and May 7, 2021 (with a pause in recruitment from March 16, 2020, to Sept 14, 2020, due to COVID-19 pandemic restrictions), 551 patients were assessed for eligibility and 346 were enrolled. 231 (67%) patients were men and 111 (32%) were women, 294 (85%) were White, and the mean age was 37·2 years (SD 12·5). 174 patients were randomly assigned to the gameChange VR therapy group and 172 to the usual care alone group. Compared with the usual care alone group, the gameChange VR therapy group had significant reductions in agoraphobic avoidance (O-AS adjusted mean difference -0·47, 95% CI -0·88 to -0·06; n=320; Cohen's d -0·18; p=0·026) and distress (-4·33, -7·78 to -0·87; n=322; -0·26; p=0·014) at 6 weeks. Reductions in threat cognitions and within-situation defence behaviours mediated treatment outcomes. The greater the severity of anxious fears and avoidance, the greater the treatment benefits. There was no significant difference in the occurrence of serious adverse events between the gameChange VR therapy group (12 events in nine patients) and the usual care alone group (eight events in seven patients; p=0·37). INTERPRETATION Automated VR therapy led to significant reductions in anxious avoidance of, and distress in, everyday situations compared with usual care alone. The mediation analysis indicated that the VR therapy worked in accordance with the cognitive model by reducing anxious thoughts and associated protective behaviours. The moderation analysis indicated that the VR therapy particularly benefited patients with severe agoraphobic avoidance, such as not being able to leave the home unaccompanied. gameChange VR therapy has the potential to increase the provision of effective psychological therapy for psychosis, particularly for patients who find it difficult to leave their home, visit local amenities, or use public transport. FUNDING National Institute of Health Research Invention for Innovation programme, National Institute of Health Research Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Freeman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK.
| | - Sinéad Lambe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Ariane Petit
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Laina Rosebrock
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Ly-Mee Yu
- Oxford Primary Care Clinical Trials Unit, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Robert Dudley
- Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne, and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Kate Chapman
- Avon and Wiltshire Mental Health Partnership NHS Trust, Bath, UK
| | - Anthony Morrison
- Greater Manchester Mental Health Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK; Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Eileen O'Regan
- Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Charlotte Aynsworth
- Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne, and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Julia Jones
- Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Elizabeth Murphy
- Greater Manchester Mental Health Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Rosie Powling
- Avon and Wiltshire Mental Health Partnership NHS Trust, Bath, UK
| | - Ushma Galal
- Oxford Primary Care Clinical Trials Unit, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jenna Grabey
- Oxford Primary Care Clinical Trials Unit, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Aitor Rovira
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Jennifer Martin
- National Institute for Health Research MindTech MedTech Co-operative, Nottingham, UK; Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Mental Health & Technology Theme, Nottingham, UK
| | - Chris Hollis
- Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Nottingham, UK; National Institute for Health Research MindTech MedTech Co-operative, Nottingham, UK; Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Mental Health & Technology Theme, Nottingham, UK
| | - David M Clark
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Felicity Waite
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
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Rombach I, Wang K, Tonner S, Grabey J, Harnden A, Wolstenholme J. Quality of life, healthcare use and costs in 'at-risk' children after early antibiotic treatment versus placebo for influenza-like illness: within-trial descriptive economic analyses of the ARCHIE randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e049373. [PMID: 35428613 PMCID: PMC9014043 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-049373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To characterise the quality of life, healthcare use and costs associated with early antibiotic treatment of influenza-like illness (ILI) in 'at-risk' children. DESIGN Economic analysis of a two-arm double-blind parallel group pragmatic randomised controlled trial. SETTING Children were recruited from community-based healthcare settings, including general practices, walk-in centres and hospital ambulatory care. PARTICIPANTS Children with risk factors for influenza-related complications, including respiratory, cardiac and neurological conditions, who presented within the first 5 days of an ILI. INTERVENTIONS Co-amoxiclav 400/57 suspension or placebo. OUTCOME MEASURES This economic analysis focused on quality of life measured by the EQ-5D-Y, symptoms assessed by the Canadian Acute Respiratory Infection and Flu Scale (CARIFS), healthcare use and costs including medication, hospital visits and admissions, general practitioner and nurse contacts. Outcomes were assessed for up to 28 days post randomisation. RESULTS Information on resource use, EQ-5D-Y (day 28) and CARIFS (day 7) was available for 265 (98%), 72 (27%) and 123 (45%) out of 271 participants, respectively. Average costs in the co-amoxiclav group were £25 lower (95% CI -£113 to £65), but this difference was not statistically significant (p=0.566). The difference in EQ-5D-Y scores between groups was also not statistically significant (-0.014 (95% CI -0.124 to 0.096), p=0.798). However, day 7 CARIFS scores were 3.5 points lower in the co-amoxiclav arm (95% CI -6.9 to -0.1, p=0.044). CONCLUSIONS Our findings did not show evidence that early co-amoxiclav treatment improves quality of life or reduces healthcare use and costs in 'at-risk' children with ILI, but may reduce symptom severity though confirmation from further research would be important. Reliable data collection from children's parents/carers was challenging, and resulted in high levels of missing data, which is common in pragmatic trials involving children with acute respiratory tract infections. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN70714783; EudraCT 2013-002822-21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Rombach
- Health Economics Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kay Wang
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sharon Tonner
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jenna Grabey
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anthony Harnden
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jane Wolstenholme
- Health Economics Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Hayward G, Butler CC, Yu LM, Saville BR, Berry N, Dorward J, Gbinigie O, van Hecke O, Ogburn E, Swayze H, Bongard E, Allen J, Tonner S, Rutter H, Tonkin-Crine S, Borek A, Judge D, Grabey J, de Lusignan S, Thomas NPB, Evans PH, Andersson MI, Llewelyn M, Patel M, Hopkins S, Hobbs FDR. Platform Randomised trial of INterventions against COVID-19 In older peoPLE (PRINCIPLE): protocol for a randomised, controlled, open-label, adaptive platform, trial of community treatment of COVID-19 syndromic illness in people at higher risk. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e046799. [PMID: 34145016 PMCID: PMC8214989 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is an urgent need to idenfy treatments for COVID-19 that reduce illness duration and hospital admission in those at higher risk of a longer illness course and complications. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The Platform Randomised trial of INterventions against COVID-19 In older peoPLE trial is an open-label, multiarm, prospective, adaptive platform, randomised clinical trial to evaluate potential treatments for COVID-19 in the community. A master protocol governs the addition of new interventions as they become available, as well as the inclusion and cessation of existing intervention arms via frequent interim analyses. The first three interventions are hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin and doxycycline. Eligible participants must be symptomatic in the community with possible or confirmed COVID-19 that started in the preceding 14 days and either (1) aged 65 years and over or (2) aged 50-64 years with comorbidities. Recruitment is through general practice, health service helplines, COVID-19 'hot hubs' and directly through the trial website. Participants are randomised to receive either usual care or a study drug plus usual care, and outcomes are collected via daily online symptom diary for 28 days from randomisation. The research team contacts participants and/or their study partner following days 7, 14 and 28 if the online diary is not completed. The trial has two coprimary endpoints: time to first self-report of feeling recovered from possible COVID-19 and hospital admission or death from possible COVID-19 infection, both within 28 days from randomisation. Prespecified interim analyses assess efficacy or futility of interventions and to modify randomisation probabilities that allocate more participants to interventions with better outcomes. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval Ref: 20/SC/0158 South Central - Berkshire Research Ethics Committee; IRAS Project ID: 281958; EudraCT Number: 2020-001209-22. Results will be presented to policymakers and at conferences and published in peer-reviewed journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN86534580.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail Hayward
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christopher C Butler
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ly-Mee Yu
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Benjamin R Saville
- Berry Consultants, Austin, Texas, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Jienchi Dorward
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre for the Aids Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, South Africa
| | - Oghenekome Gbinigie
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Oliver van Hecke
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emma Ogburn
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hannah Swayze
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emily Bongard
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Julie Allen
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sharon Tonner
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Heather Rutter
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah Tonkin-Crine
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Aleksandra Borek
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David Judge
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jenna Grabey
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Simon de Lusignan
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Nicholas P B Thomas
- Windrush Medical Practice, Witney, UK
- Royal College of General Practitioners, London, UK
| | - Philip H Evans
- St Leonard's Research Practice, Exeter, UK
- University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Martin Llewelyn
- Department of Microbiology and Infection, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, Brighton, UK
- Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
| | - Mahendra Patel
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - F D Richard Hobbs
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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9
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Wang K, Semple MG, Moore M, Hay AD, Tonner S, Galal U, Grabey J, Carver T, Perera R, Yu LM, Mollison J, Little P, Farmer A, Butler CC, Harnden A. The early use of Antibiotics for at Risk CHildren with InfluEnza-like illness (ARCHIE): a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trial. Eur Respir J 2021; 58:13993003.02819-2020. [PMID: 33737410 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02819-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The UK government stockpiles co-amoxiclav to treat bacterial complications during influenza pandemics. This pragmatic trial examines whether early co-amoxiclav use reduces re-consultation due to clinical deterioration in "at risk" children presenting with influenza-like illness (ILI) in primary or ambulatory care. METHODS "At risk" children aged 6 months to 12 years presenting within f5 days of ILI onset were randomly assigned to oral co-amoxiclav 400/57 or placebo twice daily for 5 days (dosing based on age±weight). "At risk" groups included children with respiratory, cardiac, and neurological conditions. Randomisation was stratified by region and used a non-deterministic minimisation algorithm to balance age and current seasonal influenza vaccination status. Our target sample size was 650 children, which would have allowed us to detect a reduction in the proportion of children re-consulting due to clinical deterioration from 40% to 26% with 90% power and 5% two-tailed alpha error, including allowance for 25% loss to follow-up and an inflation factor of 1.041. Participants, caregivers and investigators were blinded to treatment allocation. Intention-to-treat analysis included all randomised participants with primary outcome data on re-consultation due to clinical deterioration within 28 days. Safety analysis included all randomised participants. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN 70714783. EudraCT 2013-002822-21. RESULTS We recruited 271 children between February 11, 2015 and April 20, 2018. Primary outcome data were available for 265 children. Only 61/265 children (23.0%) re-consulted due to clinical deterioration. No evidence of a treatment effect was observed for re-consultation due to clinical deterioration (co-amoxiclav 33/133 (24.8%), placebo 28/132 (21.2%), adjusted risk ratio [RR] 1.16, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.75 to 1.80). There was also no evidence of a difference between groups in the proportion of children for whom one or more adverse events were reported (co-amoxiclav 32/136 (23.5%), placebo 22/135 (16.3%), adjusted RR 1.45, 95% CI 0.90 to 2.34). Sixty-six adverse events were reported in total (co-amoxiclav n=37, placebo n=29). Nine serious adverse events were reported per group; none were considered related to study medication. CONCLUSION Our trial did not find evidence that treatment with co-amoxiclav reduces risk of re-consultation due to clinical deterioration in "at risk" children who present early with ILI during influenza season. Our findings therefore do not support early co-amoxiclav use in children with seasonal ILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay Wang
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Primary Care, Woodstock Road, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Malcolm G Semple
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Eaton Road, Liverpool, L12 2AP, UK
| | - Michael Moore
- Academic Unit, Primary Care and Population Sciences, University of Southampton, Aldermoor Health Centre, Aldermoor Close, Southampton, SO16 5ST, UK
| | - Alastair D Hay
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK
| | - Sharon Tonner
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Primary Care, Woodstock Road, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Ushma Galal
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Primary Care, Woodstock Road, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Jenna Grabey
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Primary Care, Woodstock Road, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Tricia Carver
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Primary Care, Woodstock Road, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Rafael Perera
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Primary Care, Woodstock Road, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Ly-Mee Yu
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Primary Care, Woodstock Road, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Jill Mollison
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Primary Care, Woodstock Road, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Paul Little
- Academic Unit, Primary Care and Population Sciences, University of Southampton, Aldermoor Health Centre, Aldermoor Close, Southampton, SO16 5ST, UK
| | - Andrew Farmer
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Primary Care, Woodstock Road, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Christopher C Butler
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Primary Care, Woodstock Road, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Anthony Harnden
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Primary Care, Woodstock Road, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
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Begh R, Coleman T, Yardley L, Barnes R, Naughton F, Gilbert H, Ferrey A, Madigan C, Williams N, Hamilton L, Warren Y, Grabey J, Clark M, Dickinson A, Aveyard P. Examining the effectiveness of general practitioner and nurse promotion of electronic cigarettes versus standard care for smoking reduction and abstinence in hardcore smokers with smoking-related chronic disease: protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2019; 20:659. [PMID: 31779689 PMCID: PMC6883522 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-3850-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the clear harm associated with smoking tobacco, many people with smoking-related chronic diseases or serious mental illnesses (SMI) are unwilling or unable to stop smoking. In many cases, these smokers have tried and exhausted all methods to stop smoking and yet clinicians are repeatedly mandated to offer them during routine consultations. Providing nicotine through electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) may reduce the adverse health consequences associated with tobacco smoking, but these are not currently offered. The aim of this study is to examine the feasibility, acceptability and effectiveness of general practitioners (GPs) and nurses delivering a brief advice intervention on e-cigarettes and offering an e-cigarette starter pack and patient support resources compared with standard care in smokers with smoking-related chronic diseases or SMI who are unwilling to stop smoking. Methods/design This is an individually randomised, blinded, two-arm trial. Smokers with a smoking-related chronic condition or SMI with no intention of stopping smoking will be recruited through primary care registers. Eligible participants will be randomised to one of two groups if they decline standard care for stopping smoking: a control group who will receive no additional support beyond standard care; or an intervention group who will receive GP or nurse-led brief advice about e-cigarettes, an e-cigarette starter pack with accompanying practical support booklet, and telephone support from experienced vapers and online video tutorials. The primary outcome measures will be smoking reduction, measured through changes in cigarettes per day and 7-day point-prevalence abstinence at 2 months. Secondary outcomes include smoking reduction, 7-day point-prevalence abstinence and prolonged abstinence at 8 months. Other outcomes include patient recruitment and follow-up, patient uptake and use of e-cigarettes, nicotine intake, contamination of randomisation and practitioner adherence to the delivery of the intervention. Qualitative interviews will be conducted in a subsample of practitioners, patients and the vape team to garner their reactions to the programme. Discussion This is the first randomised controlled trial to investigate whether e-cigarette provision alongside a brief intervention delivered by practitioners leads to reduced smoking and abstinence among smokers with smoking-related chronic diseases or SMI. Trial registration ISRCTN registry, ISRCTN59404712. Registered 28/11/17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachna Begh
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK.
| | - Tim Coleman
- Division of Primary Care, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Lucy Yardley
- Academic Unit of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Human Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.,School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TU, UK
| | - Rebecca Barnes
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK
| | - Felix Naughton
- School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7UL, UK
| | - Hazel Gilbert
- Research Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Anne Ferrey
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Claire Madigan
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Nicola Williams
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Louisa Hamilton
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Yolanda Warren
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Jenna Grabey
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Miranda Clark
- Division of Primary Care, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Anne Dickinson
- Division of Primary Care, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Paul Aveyard
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
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