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Malau E, Ford R, Valcanis M, Jennison AV, Mosse J, Bean D, Yoannes M, Pomat W, Horwood PF, Greenhill AR. Antimicrobial sensitivity trends and virulence genes in Shigella spp. from the Oceania region. Infect Genet Evol 2018; 64:52-56. [PMID: 29906636 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Shigella is a common cause of diarrhoea in Papua New Guinea (PNG) and other Oceania countries. However, little is known about the strains causing infection. Archived Shigella isolates (n = 72) were obtained from research laboratories in PNG and reference laboratories in Australia. Shigella virulence genes were detected by PCR, and antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by disk diffusion. The ipaH virulence gene was present in all 72 isolates. The prevalence of other virulence genes was variable, with ial, invE, ipaBCD, sen/ospD3 and virF present in 60% of isolates and set1A and set1B genes present in 42% of isolates. Most S. flexneri isolates contained genes encoding enterotoxin 1 and/or enterotoxin 2. Resistance to antibiotics was common, with 51/72 isolates resistant to 2-4 antimicrobials. A greater proportion of bacteria isolated since 2010 (relative to pre-2010 isolates) were resistant to commonly used antibiotics such as ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; suggesting that antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Shigella is increasing over time in the Oceania region. There is a need for improved knowledge regarding Shigella circulation in the Oceania region and further monitoring of AMR patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisheba Malau
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University Australia, Churchill, Australia.
| | - Rebecca Ford
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea,.
| | - Mary Valcanis
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Amy V Jennison
- Public Health Microbiology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Queensland Department of Health, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Jenny Mosse
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University Australia, Churchill, Australia.
| | - David Bean
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University Australia, Churchill, Australia.
| | - Mition Yoannes
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea,.
| | - William Pomat
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea,.
| | - Paul F Horwood
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University Australia, Churchill, Australia; Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia.
| | - Andrew R Greenhill
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University Australia, Churchill, Australia.
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Little K, Leang SK, Butler J, Baas C, Harrower B, Mosse J, Barr IG, Hurt AC. Zanamivir-resistant influenza viruses with Q136K or Q136R neuraminidase residue mutations can arise during MDCK cell culture creating challenges for antiviral susceptibility monitoring. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 20:30060. [PMID: 26608955 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2015.20.45.30060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Surveillance of circulating influenza strains for antiviral susceptibility is important to ensure patient treatment guidelines remain appropriate. Influenza A(H3N2) and A(H1N1)pdm09 virus isolates containing mutations at the Q136 residue of the neuraminidase (NA) that conferred reduced susceptibility to the NA inhibitor (NAI) zanamivir were detected during antiviral susceptibility monitoring. Interestingly, the mutations were not detectable in the viruses from respective clinical specimens, only in the cultured isolates. We showed that variant viruses containing the Q136K and Q136R NA mutations were preferentially selected in Madin-Darby canine kidney epithelial (MDCK) cells, but were less well supported in MDCK-SIAT1 cells and embryonated eggs. The effect of Q136K, Q136R, Q136H and Q136L substitutions in NA subtypes N1 and N2 on NAI susceptibility and in vitro viral fitness was assessed. This study highlights the challenges that cell culture derived mutations can pose to the NAI susceptibility analysis and interpretation and reaffirms the need to sequence viruses from respective clinical specimens to avoid misdiagnosis. However, we also demonstrate that NA mutations at residue Q136 can confer reduced zanamivir, peramivir or laninamivir susceptibility, and therefore close monitoring of viruses for mutations at this site from patients being treated with these antivirals is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Little
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Ho HT, Hurt AC, Mosse J, Barr I. Neuraminidase inhibitor drug susceptibility differs between influenza N1 and N2 neuraminidase following mutagenesis of two conserved residues. Antiviral Res 2007; 76:263-6. [PMID: 17868928 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2007.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2007] [Revised: 07/30/2007] [Accepted: 08/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors are a class of antivirals designed to target the conserved residues of the influenza NA active site. While there are many conserved residues in the NA active site that are involved in NA inhibitor binding, only a few have been demonstrated to confer resistance. As such, little is known regarding the potential of the other conserved residues in the NA active site to cause NA inhibitor resistance. Two conserved residues (E227 and E276) of an N1 NA that have not previously been associated with resistance to NA inhibitors were investigated. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to generate three alternative amino acids at each residue. Reverse genetics was used to generate recombinant mutant viruses which were characterized for growth, NA activity and NA inhibitor sensitivity. Of the six recombinant viruses expressing NA with mutations at either E227 or E276, only the E227D and E276D viruses were able to grow without supplementary NA activity, and all mutant viruses had a significant reduction in NA activity. The E227D virus demonstrated significantly reduced sensitivity to zanamivir while the E276D virus did not demonstrate any significant changes in NA inhibitor sensitivity. Interestingly, the resistance profiles of E227D and E276D in N1 NA were significantly different from these sites that have been reported for N2 NA. This study confirmed the essential role of NA active site residues in viral fitness, and identified clear differences in the role of residues E227 and E276 in NA inhibitor resistance with N1 and N2 neuraminidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ting Ho
- World Health Organisation Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Mougenot JF, Jos J, Charbonnier L, Mosse J, Polonovski C. [Proliferative response of the lymphocytes of children with intolerance to gluten and to gliadin fractions and subfractions]. Ann Med Interne (Paris) 1978; 129:141-2. [PMID: 637471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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