1
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Kourehpaz M, Donsa S, Lackner F, Burgdörfer J, Březinová I. Canonical Density Matrices from Eigenstates of Mixed Systems. Entropy (Basel) 2022; 24:1740. [PMID: 36554145 PMCID: PMC9778258 DOI: 10.3390/e24121740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
One key issue of the foundation of statistical mechanics is the emergence of equilibrium ensembles in isolated and closed quantum systems. Recently, it was predicted that in the thermodynamic (N→∞) limit of large quantum many-body systems, canonical density matrices emerge for small subsystems from almost all pure states. This notion of canonical typicality is assumed to originate from the entanglement between subsystem and environment and the resulting intrinsic quantum complexity of the many-body state. For individual eigenstates, it has been shown that local observables show thermal properties provided the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis holds, which requires the system to be quantum-chaotic. In the present paper, we study the emergence of thermal states in the regime of a quantum analog of a mixed phase space. Specifically, we study the emergence of the canonical density matrix of an impurity upon reduction from isolated energy eigenstates of a large but finite quantum system the impurity is embedded in. Our system can be tuned by means of a single parameter from quantum integrability to quantum chaos and corresponds in between to a system with mixed quantum phase space. We show that the probability for finding a canonical density matrix when reducing the ensemble of energy eigenstates of the finite many-body system can be quantitatively controlled and tuned by the degree of quantum chaos present. For the transition from quantum integrability to quantum chaos, we find a continuous and universal (i.e., size-independent) relation between the fraction of canonical eigenstates and the degree of chaoticity as measured by the Brody parameter or the Shannon entropy.
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2
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Ossiander M, Golyari K, Scharl K, Lehnert L, Siegrist F, Bürger JP, Zimin D, Gessner JA, Weidman M, Floss I, Smejkal V, Donsa S, Lemell C, Libisch F, Karpowicz N, Burgdörfer J, Krausz F, Schultze M. The speed limit of optoelectronics. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1620. [PMID: 35338120 PMCID: PMC8956609 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29252-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Light-field driven charge motion links semiconductor technology to electric fields with attosecond temporal control. Motivated by ultimate-speed electron-based signal processing, strong-field excitation has been identified viable for the ultrafast manipulation of a solid's electronic properties but found to evoke perplexing post-excitation dynamics. Here, we report on single-photon-populating the conduction band of a wide-gap dielectric within approximately one femtosecond. We control the subsequent Bloch wavepacket motion with the electric field of visible light. The resulting current allows sampling optical fields and tracking charge motion driven by optical signals. Our approach utilizes a large fraction of the conduction-band bandwidth to maximize operating speed. We identify population transfer to adjacent bands and the associated group velocity inversion as the mechanism ultimately limiting how fast electric currents can be controlled in solids. Our results imply a fundamental limit for classical signal processing and suggest the feasibility of solid-state optoelectronics up to 1 PHz frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ossiander
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, EU, Germany. .,John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
| | - K Golyari
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, EU, Germany.,Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, 85748, Garching, EU, Germany
| | - K Scharl
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, EU, Germany.,Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, 85748, Garching, EU, Germany
| | - L Lehnert
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, EU, Germany.,Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, 85748, Garching, EU, Germany
| | - F Siegrist
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, EU, Germany.,Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, 85748, Garching, EU, Germany
| | - J P Bürger
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, EU, Germany.,Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, 85748, Garching, EU, Germany
| | - D Zimin
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, EU, Germany.,Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, 85748, Garching, EU, Germany
| | - J A Gessner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, EU, Germany.,Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, 85748, Garching, EU, Germany
| | - M Weidman
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, EU, Germany.,Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, 85748, Garching, EU, Germany
| | - I Floss
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstrasse 8-10, 1040, Vienna, EU, Austria
| | - V Smejkal
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstrasse 8-10, 1040, Vienna, EU, Austria
| | - S Donsa
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstrasse 8-10, 1040, Vienna, EU, Austria
| | - C Lemell
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstrasse 8-10, 1040, Vienna, EU, Austria
| | - F Libisch
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstrasse 8-10, 1040, Vienna, EU, Austria
| | - N Karpowicz
- CNR NANOTEC Institute of Nanotechnology, via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, EU, Italy
| | - J Burgdörfer
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstrasse 8-10, 1040, Vienna, EU, Austria
| | - F Krausz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, EU, Germany. .,Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, 85748, Garching, EU, Germany.
| | - M Schultze
- Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, 85748, Garching, EU, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010, Graz, EU, Austria
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3
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Lin K, Brennecke S, Ni H, Chen X, Hartung A, Trabert D, Fehre K, Rist J, Tong XM, Burgdörfer J, Schmidt LPH, Schöffler MS, Jahnke T, Kunitski M, He F, Lein M, Eckart S, Dörner R. Magnetic-Field Effect in High-Order Above-Threshold Ionization. Phys Rev Lett 2022; 128:023201. [PMID: 35089761 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.023201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally and theoretically investigate the influence of the magnetic component of an electromagnetic field on high-order above-threshold ionization of xenon atoms driven by ultrashort femtosecond laser pulses. The nondipole shift of the electron momentum distribution along the light-propagation direction for high energy electrons beyond the 2U_{p} classical cutoff is found to be vastly different from that below this cutoff, where U_{p} is the ponderomotive potential of the driving laser field. A local minimum structure in the momentum dependence of the nondipole shift above the cutoff is identified for the first time. With the help of classical and quantum-orbit analysis, we show that large-angle rescattering of the electrons strongly alters the partitioning of the photon momentum between electron and ion. The sensitivity of the observed nondipole shift to the electronic structure of the target atom is confirmed by three-dimensional time-dependent Schrödinger equation simulations for different model potentials. Our work paves the way toward understanding the physics of extreme light-matter interactions at long wavelengths and high electron kinetic energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Lin
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Simon Brennecke
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover 30167, Germany
| | - Hongcheng Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna 1040, Austria
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Key Laboratory for Laser Plasmas (Ministry of Education) and School of Physics and Astronomy, Collaborative innovation center for IFSA (CICIFSA), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Alexander Hartung
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Daniel Trabert
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Kilian Fehre
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Jonas Rist
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Xiao-Min Tong
- Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Joachim Burgdörfer
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna 1040, Austria
| | - Lothar Ph H Schmidt
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Markus S Schöffler
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Till Jahnke
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Maksim Kunitski
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Feng He
- Key Laboratory for Laser Plasmas (Ministry of Education) and School of Physics and Astronomy, Collaborative innovation center for IFSA (CICIFSA), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Ultra-intense Laser Science, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Manfred Lein
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover 30167, Germany
| | - Sebastian Eckart
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Reinhard Dörner
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
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4
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Ni H, Brennecke S, Gao X, He PL, Donsa S, Březinová I, He F, Wu J, Lein M, Tong XM, Burgdörfer J. Theory of Subcycle Linear Momentum Transfer in Strong-Field Tunneling Ionization. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 125:073202. [PMID: 32857561 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.073202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Interaction of a strong laser pulse with matter transfers not only energy but also linear momentum of the photons. Recent experimental advances have made it possible to detect the small amount of linear momentum delivered to the photoelectrons in strong-field ionization of atoms. We present numerical simulations as well as an analytical description of the subcycle phase (or time) resolved momentum transfer to an atom accessible by an attoclock protocol. We show that the light-field-induced momentum transfer is remarkably sensitive to properties of the ultrashort laser pulse such as its carrier-envelope phase and ellipticity. Moreover, we show that the subcycle-resolved linear momentum transfer can provide novel insights into the interplay between nonadiabatic and nondipole effects in strong-field ionization. This work paves the way towards the investigation of the so-far unexplored time-resolved nondipole nonadiabatic tunneling dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongcheng Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, 1040 Vienna, Austria, European Union
| | - Simon Brennecke
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany, European Union
| | - Xiang Gao
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, 1040 Vienna, Austria, European Union
| | - Pei-Lun He
- Key Laboratory for Laser Plasmas (Ministry of Education) and School of Physics and Astronomy, Collaborative Innovation Center for IFSA (CICIFSA), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Stefan Donsa
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, 1040 Vienna, Austria, European Union
| | - Iva Březinová
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, 1040 Vienna, Austria, European Union
| | - Feng He
- Key Laboratory for Laser Plasmas (Ministry of Education) and School of Physics and Astronomy, Collaborative Innovation Center for IFSA (CICIFSA), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Manfred Lein
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany, European Union
| | - Xiao-Min Tong
- Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Joachim Burgdörfer
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, 1040 Vienna, Austria, European Union
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5
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Mennel L, Smejkal V, Linhart L, Burgdörfer J, Libisch F, Mueller T. Band Nesting in Two-Dimensional Crystals: An Exceptionally Sensitive Probe of Strain. Nano Lett 2020; 20:4242-4248. [PMID: 32436711 PMCID: PMC7291349 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c00694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Band nesting occurs when conduction and valence bands are approximately equispaced over regions in the Brillouin zone. In two-dimensional materials, band nesting results in singularities of the joint density of states and thus in a strongly enhanced optical response at resonant frequencies. We exploit the high sensitivity of such resonances to small changes in the band structure to sensitively probe strain in semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs). We measure and calculate the polarization-resolved optical second harmonic generation (SHG) at the band nesting energies and present the first measurements of the energy-dependent nonlinear photoelastic effect in atomically thin TMDs (MoS2, MoSe2, WS2, and WSe2) combined with a theoretical analysis of the underlying processes. Experiment and theory are found to be in good qualitative agreement displaying a strong energy dependence of the SHG, which can be exploited to achieve exceptionally strong modulation of the SHG under strain. We attribute this sensitivity to a redistribution of the joint density of states for the optical response in the band nesting region. We predict that this exceptional strain sensitivity is a general property of all 2D materials with band nesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Mennel
- Vienna
University of Technology, Institute of Photonics, Gußhausstraße 27-29, 1040 Vienna, Austria,
EU
- E-mail:
| | - Valerie Smejkal
- Vienna
University of Technology, Institute of Theoretical
Physics, Wiedner Hauptstraße
8-10, 1040 Vienna, Austria, EU
- E-mail:
| | - Lukas Linhart
- Vienna
University of Technology, Institute of Theoretical
Physics, Wiedner Hauptstraße
8-10, 1040 Vienna, Austria, EU
| | - Joachim Burgdörfer
- Vienna
University of Technology, Institute of Theoretical
Physics, Wiedner Hauptstraße
8-10, 1040 Vienna, Austria, EU
| | - Florian Libisch
- Vienna
University of Technology, Institute of Theoretical
Physics, Wiedner Hauptstraße
8-10, 1040 Vienna, Austria, EU
| | - Thomas Mueller
- Vienna
University of Technology, Institute of Photonics, Gußhausstraße 27-29, 1040 Vienna, Austria,
EU
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6
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Jiang WC, Chen SG, Peng LY, Burgdörfer J. Two-Electron Interference in Strong-Field Ionization of He by a Short Intense Extreme Ultraviolet Laser Pulse. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 124:043203. [PMID: 32058759 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.043203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Double ionization of helium by a single intense (above 10^{18} W/cm^{2}) linearly polarized extreme ultraviolet laser pulse is studied by numerically solving the full-dimensional time-dependent Schrödinger equation. For the laser intensities well beyond the perturbative limit, novel gridlike interference fringes are found in the correlated energy spectrum of the two photoelectrons. The interference can be traced to the multitude of two-electron wave packets emitted at different ionization times. A semianalytical model for the dressed two-photon double ionization is shown to qualitatively account for the interference patterns in the joint energy spectrum. Similar signatures of interferences between transient induced time-delayed ionization bursts are expected for other atomic and molecular multielectron systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chao Jiang
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10, A-1040 Vienna, Austria, EU
| | - Si-Ge Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Liang-You Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Joachim Burgdörfer
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10, A-1040 Vienna, Austria, EU
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7
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Linhart L, Paur M, Smejkal V, Burgdörfer J, Mueller T, Libisch F. Localized Intervalley Defect Excitons as Single-Photon Emitters in WSe_{2}. Phys Rev Lett 2019; 123:146401. [PMID: 31702183 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.146401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Single-photon emitters play a key role in present and emerging quantum technologies. Several recent measurements have established monolayer WSe_{2} as a promising candidate for a reliable single-photon source. The origin and underlying microscopic processes have remained, however, largely elusive. We present a multiscale tight-binding simulation for the optical spectra of WSe_{2} under nonuniform strain and in the presence of point defects employing the Bethe-Salpeter equation. Strain locally shifts excitonic energy levels into the band gap where they overlap with localized intragap defect states. The resulting hybridization allows for efficient filling and subsequent radiative decay of the defect states. We identify intervalley defect excitonic states as the likely candidate for antibunched single-photon emission. This proposed scenario is shown to account for a large variety of experimental observations including brightness, radiative transition rates, the variation of the excitonic energy with applied magnetic and electric fields as well as the variation of the polarization of the emitted photon with the magnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Linhart
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, 1040 Vienna, Austria, EU
| | - Matthias Paur
- Institute of Photonics, Vienna University of Technology, 1040 Vienna, Austria, EU
| | - Valerie Smejkal
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, 1040 Vienna, Austria, EU
| | - Joachim Burgdörfer
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, 1040 Vienna, Austria, EU
| | - Thomas Mueller
- Institute of Photonics, Vienna University of Technology, 1040 Vienna, Austria, EU
| | - Florian Libisch
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, 1040 Vienna, Austria, EU
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8
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Donsa S, Douguet N, Burgdörfer J, Březinová I, Argenti L. Circular Holographic Ionization-Phase Meter. Phys Rev Lett 2019; 123:133203. [PMID: 31697555 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.133203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We propose an attosecond extreme ultraviolet pump IR-probe photoionization protocol that employs pairs of counterrotating consecutive harmonics and angularly resolved photoelectron detection, thereby providing a direct measurement of ionization phases. The present method, which we call circular holographic ionization-phase meter, gives also access to the phase of photoemission amplitudes of even-parity continuum states from a single time-delay measurement since the relative phase of one- and two-photon ionization pathways is imprinted in the photoemission anisotropy. The method is illustrated with ab initio simulations of photoionization via autoionizing resonances in helium. The rapid phase excursion in the transition amplitude to both the dipole-allowed (2s2p)^{1}P^{o} and the dipole-forbidden (2p^{2})^{1}D^{e} states are faithfully reproduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Donsa
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, A-1040 Vienna, Austria, EU
| | - N Douguet
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, USA
| | - J Burgdörfer
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, A-1040 Vienna, Austria, EU
| | - I Březinová
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, A-1040 Vienna, Austria, EU
| | - L Argenti
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, USA
- CREOL, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, USA
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9
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Whalen JD, Ding R, Kanungo SK, Killian TC, Yoshida S, Burgdörfer J, Dunning FB. Formation of ultralong-range fermionic Rydberg molecules in 87Sr: role of quantum statistics. Mol Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2019.1575485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. D. Whalen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - R. Ding
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - S. K. Kanungo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - T. C. Killian
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - S. Yoshida
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - J. Burgdörfer
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - F. B. Dunning
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
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10
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Paschen T, Förster M, Krüger M, Lemell C, Wachter G, Libisch F, Madlener T, Burgdörfer J, Hommelhoff P. Two-color phase-controlled photoemission from a zero-dimensional nanostructure. EPJ Web Conf 2019. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201920505004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate that multi-photon photoemission including above-threshold multiphoton orders from a nanotip can be coherently controlled with the optical phase between two light fields. By focusing 74 fs drive pulses at 1560 nm and their second harmonic at 780 nm onto the tip and changing the optical phase between the two colors, we observe an emission current modulation of up to 97.5 %. Additionally, electron energy spectra reveal a homogeneous modulation of all multiphoton orders. Hence, the electron current can be strongly increased (by a factor of 3.7) or almost completely turned off due to interference between two different quantum channels in the material. We argue that the extremely high degree of coherence evidenced by this near-unity current modulation depth is due to the confinement of the local field enhancement at the nanotip. The nano-rod effect allows to apply large DC fields, adding a further degree of freedom to investigate the modulation contrast of the photoemitted electron yield. We show that for an increasing DC electric field a non-cooperative distribution of electron emission leads to a decrease in modulation contrast.
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11
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Overweg H, Knothe A, Fabian T, Linhart L, Rickhaus P, Wernli L, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Sánchez D, Burgdörfer J, Libisch F, Fal'ko VI, Ensslin K, Ihn T. Topologically Nontrivial Valley States in Bilayer Graphene Quantum Point Contacts. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 121:257702. [PMID: 30608777 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.257702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We present measurements of quantized conductance in electrostatically induced quantum point contacts in bilayer graphene. The application of a perpendicular magnetic field leads to an intricate pattern of lifted and restored degeneracies with increasing field: at zero magnetic field the degeneracy of quantized one-dimensional subbands is four, because of a twofold spin and a twofold valley degeneracy. By switching on the magnetic field, the valley degeneracy is lifted. Because of the Berry curvature, states from different valleys split linearly in magnetic field. In the quantum Hall regime fourfold degenerate conductance plateaus reemerge. During the adiabatic transition to the quantum Hall regime, levels from one valley shift by two in quantum number with respect to the other valley, forming an interweaving pattern that can be reproduced by numerical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiske Overweg
- Solid State Physics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Angelika Knothe
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Fabian
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Linhart
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Rickhaus
- Solid State Physics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lucien Wernli
- Solid State Physics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- National Institute for Material Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- National Institute for Material Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - David Sánchez
- Institute for Cross-Disciplinary Physics and Complex Systems IFISC (UIB-CSIC), 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Joachim Burgdörfer
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Libisch
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Vladimir I Fal'ko
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Klaus Ensslin
- Solid State Physics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Ihn
- Solid State Physics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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12
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Stooß V, Cavaletto SM, Donsa S, Blättermann A, Birk P, Keitel CH, Březinová I, Burgdörfer J, Ott C, Pfeifer T. Real-Time Reconstruction of the Strong-Field-Driven Dipole Response. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 121:173005. [PMID: 30411962 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.173005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The reconstruction of the full temporal dipole response of a strongly driven time-dependent system from a single absorption spectrum is demonstrated, only requiring that a sufficiently short pulse is employed to initialize the coherent excitation of the system. We apply this finding to the time-domain observation of Rabi cycling between doubly excited atomic states in the few-femtosecond regime. This allows us to pinpoint the breakdown of few-level quantum dynamics at the critical laser intensity near 2 TW/cm^{2} in doubly excited helium. The present approach unlocks single-shot real-time-resolved signal reconstruction across timescales down to attoseconds for nonequilibrium states of matter. In contrast to conventional pump-probe schemes, there is no need for scanning time delays in order to access real-time information. The potential future applications of this technique range from testing fundamental quantum dynamics in strong fields to measuring and controlling ultrafast chemical and biological reaction processes when applied to traditional transient-absorption spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Stooß
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, EU
| | - S M Cavaletto
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, EU
| | - S Donsa
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8, 1040 Vienna, Austria, EU
| | - A Blättermann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, EU
| | - P Birk
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, EU
| | - C H Keitel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, EU
| | - I Březinová
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8, 1040 Vienna, Austria, EU
| | - J Burgdörfer
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8, 1040 Vienna, Austria, EU
| | - C Ott
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, EU
| | - T Pfeifer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, EU
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13
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Ossiander M, Riemensberger J, Neppl S, Mittermair M, Schäffer M, Duensing A, Wagner MS, Heider R, Wurzer M, Gerl M, Schnitzenbaumer M, Barth JV, Libisch F, Lemell C, Burgdörfer J, Feulner P, Kienberger R. Absolute timing of the photoelectric effect. Nature 2018; 561:374-377. [PMID: 30232421 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0503-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Photoemission spectroscopy is central to understanding the inner workings of condensed matter, from simple metals and semiconductors to complex materials such as Mott insulators and superconductors1. Most state-of-the-art knowledge about such solids stems from spectroscopic investigations, and use of subfemtosecond light pulses can provide a time-domain perspective. For example, attosecond (10-18 seconds) metrology allows electron wave packet creation, transport and scattering to be followed on atomic length scales and on attosecond timescales2-7. However, previous studies could not disclose the duration of these processes, because the arrival time of the photons was not known with attosecond precision. Here we show that this main source of ambiguity can be overcome by introducing the atomic chronoscope method, which references all measured timings to the moment of light-pulse arrival and therefore provides absolute timing of the processes under scrutiny. Our proof-of-principle experiment reveals that photoemission from the tungsten conduction band can proceed faster than previously anticipated. By contrast, the duration of electron emanation from core states is correctly described by semiclassical modelling. These findings highlight the necessity of treating the origin, initial excitation and transport of electrons in advanced modelling of the attosecond response of solids, and our absolute data provide a benchmark. Starting from a robustly characterized surface, we then extend attosecond spectroscopy towards isolating the emission properties of atomic adsorbates on surfaces and demonstrate that these act as photoemitters with instantaneous response. We also find that the tungsten core-electron timing remains unchanged by the adsorption of less than one monolayer of dielectric atoms, providing a starting point for the exploration of excitation and charge migration in technologically and biologically relevant adsorbate systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ossiander
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany. .,Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Garching, Germany.
| | - J Riemensberger
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Garching, Germany
| | - S Neppl
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Mittermair
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - M Schäffer
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Garching, Germany
| | - A Duensing
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - M S Wagner
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - R Heider
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - M Wurzer
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - M Gerl
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Garching, Germany
| | - M Schnitzenbaumer
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - J V Barth
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - F Libisch
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - C Lemell
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - J Burgdörfer
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - P Feulner
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - R Kienberger
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany. .,Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Garching, Germany.
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14
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Jiang WC, Burgdörfer J. Dynamic interference as signature of atomic stabilization. Opt Express 2018; 26:19921-19931. [PMID: 30119311 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.019921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We study the ionization of atoms by very intense linearly polarized pulse with moderately high frequency by numerically solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation (TDSE). In this regime, the photon energy exceeds the ionization potential allowing for one-photon ionization which is, however, strongly influenced by strong nonlinear photon-atom interactions. We find that the onset of atomic stabilization can be monitored by the appearance of a dynamic interference pattern in the photoelectron spectrum.
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15
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Freitag NM, Reisch T, Chizhova LA, Nemes-Incze P, Holl C, Woods CR, Gorbachev RV, Cao Y, Geim AK, Novoselov KS, Burgdörfer J, Libisch F, Morgenstern M. Large tunable valley splitting in edge-free graphene quantum dots on boron nitride. Nat Nanotechnol 2018; 13:392-397. [PMID: 29556008 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-018-0080-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Coherent manipulation of the binary degrees of freedom is at the heart of modern quantum technologies. Graphene offers two binary degrees: the electron spin and the valley. Efficient spin control has been demonstrated in many solid-state systems, whereas exploitation of the valley has only recently been started, albeit without control at the single-electron level. Here, we show that van der Waals stacking of graphene onto hexagonal boron nitride offers a natural platform for valley control. We use a graphene quantum dot induced by the tip of a scanning tunnelling microscope and demonstrate valley splitting that is tunable from -5 to +10 meV (including valley inversion) by sub-10-nm displacements of the quantum dot position. This boosts the range of controlled valley splitting by about one order of magnitude. The tunable inversion of spin and valley states should enable coherent superposition of these degrees of freedom as a first step towards graphene-based qubits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils M Freitag
- II. Institute of Physics B, JARA-FIT, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tobias Reisch
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Péter Nemes-Incze
- II. Institute of Physics B, JARA-FIT, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Centre for Energy Research, Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Christian Holl
- II. Institute of Physics B, JARA-FIT, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Colin R Woods
- School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Roman V Gorbachev
- School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Yang Cao
- School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Andre K Geim
- School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | | | | | - Markus Morgenstern
- II. Institute of Physics B, JARA-FIT, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Libisch
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10/136, A-1040 Vienna, Austria, EU
| | - M. Marsman
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Computational Materials Science, University of Vienna, Sensengasse 8/12, A-1090 Vienna, Austria, EU
| | - J. Burgdörfer
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10/136, A-1040 Vienna, Austria, EU
| | - G. Kresse
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Computational Materials Science, University of Vienna, Sensengasse 8/12, A-1090 Vienna, Austria, EU
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17
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Kaldun A, Blättermann A, Stooß V, Donsa S, Wei H, Pazourek R, Nagele S, Ott C, Lin CD, Burgdörfer J, Pfeifer T. Observing the ultrafast buildup of a Fano resonance in the time domain. Science 2017; 354:738-741. [PMID: 27846603 DOI: 10.1126/science.aah6972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Although the time-dependent buildup of asymmetric Fano line shapes in absorption spectra has been of great theoretical interest in the past decade, experimental verification of the predictions has been elusive. Here, we report the experimental observation of the emergence of a Fano resonance in the prototype system of helium by interrupting the autoionization process of a correlated two-electron excited state with a strong laser field. The tunable temporal gate between excitation and termination of the resonance allows us to follow the formation of a Fano line shape in time. The agreement with ab initio calculations validates our experimental time-gating technique for addressing an even broader range of topics, such as the emergence of electron correlation, the onset of electron-internuclear coupling, and quasi-particle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kaldun
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A Blättermann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - V Stooß
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Donsa
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - H Wei
- Department of Physics, Kansas State University, 230 Cardwell Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - R Pazourek
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - S Nagele
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - C Ott
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C D Lin
- Department of Physics, Kansas State University, 230 Cardwell Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - J Burgdörfer
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - T Pfeifer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany. .,Center for Quantum Dynamics, Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, EU
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18
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Paschen T, Förster M, Krüger M, Lemell C, Wachter G, Libisch F, Madlener T, Burgdörfer J, Hommelhoff P. High visibility in two-color above-threshold photoemission from tungsten nanotips in a coherent control scheme. J Mod Opt 2017; 64:1054-1060. [PMID: 28814822 PMCID: PMC5526157 DOI: 10.1080/09500340.2017.1281453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we present coherent control of above-threshold photoemission from a tungsten nanotip achieving nearly perfect modulation. Depending on the pulse delay between fundamental ([Formula: see text]) and second harmonic ([Formula: see text]) pulses of a femtosecond fiber laser at the nanotip, electron emission is significantly enhanced or depressed during temporal overlap. Electron emission is studied as a function of pulse delay, optical near-field intensities, DC bias field and final photoelectron energy. Under optimized conditions modulation amplitudes of the electron emission of 97.5% are achieved. Experimental observations are discussed in the framework of quantum-pathway interference supported by local density of states simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Paschen
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Förster
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching, Germany
| | - Michael Krüger
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching, Germany
| | - Christoph Lemell
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Wachter
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Libisch
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Madlener
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Joachim Burgdörfer
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Hommelhoff
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Germany
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19
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Libisch F, Hisch T, Glattauer R, Chizhova LA, Burgdörfer J. Veselago lens and Klein collimator in disordered graphene. J Phys Condens Matter 2017; 29:114002. [PMID: 28045377 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa565e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We simulate electron transport through graphene nanoribbons of realistic size containing a p-n junction patterned by electrostatic gates. For a sharp p-n interface, Klein tunneling leads to refocusing of a divergent beam forming a Veselago lens. Wider transition regions allow only electrons with near-perpendicular incidence to pass the junction, forming a Klein collimator. Using a third nearest neighbor tight binding description we explore the influence of interface roughness and bulk disorder on guiding properties. We provide bounds on disorder amplitudes and p-n junction properties to be satisfied in order to experimentally observe the focusing effect and compare our predictions to very recent realizations.
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20
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Förster M, Paschen T, Krüger M, Lemell C, Wachter G, Libisch F, Madlener T, Burgdörfer J, Hommelhoff P. Two-Color Coherent Control of Femtosecond Above-Threshold Photoemission from a Tungsten Nanotip. Phys Rev Lett 2016; 117:217601. [PMID: 27911540 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.217601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate coherent control of multiphoton and above-threshold photoemission from a single solid-state nanoemitter driven by a fundamental and a weak second harmonic laser pulse. Depending on the relative phase of the two pulses, electron emission is modulated with a contrast of the oscillating current signal of up to 94%. Electron spectra reveal that all observed photon orders are affected simultaneously and similarly. We confirm that photoemission takes place within 10 fs. Accompanying simulations indicate that the current modulation with its large contrast results from two interfering quantum pathways leading to electron emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Förster
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Timo Paschen
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Krüger
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Christoph Lemell
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Wachter
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Libisch
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Madlener
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Joachim Burgdörfer
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Hommelhoff
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstraße 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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21
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Freitag NM, Chizhova L, Nemes-Incze P, Woods CR, Gorbachev RV, Cao Y, Geim AK, Novoselov KS, Burgdörfer J, Libisch F, Morgenstern M. Electrostatically Confined Monolayer Graphene Quantum Dots with Orbital and Valley Splittings. Nano Lett 2016; 16:5798-805. [PMID: 27466881 PMCID: PMC5031393 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b02548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The electrostatic confinement of massless charge carriers is hampered by Klein tunneling. Circumventing this problem in graphene mainly relies on carving out nanostructures or applying electric displacement fields to open a band gap in bilayer graphene. So far, these approaches suffer from edge disorder or insufficiently controlled localization of electrons. Here we realize an alternative strategy in monolayer graphene, by combining a homogeneous magnetic field and electrostatic confinement. Using the tip of a scanning tunneling microscope, we induce a confining potential in the Landau gaps of bulk graphene without the need for physical edges. Gating the localized states toward the Fermi energy leads to regular charging sequences with more than 40 Coulomb peaks exhibiting typical addition energies of 7-20 meV. Orbital splittings of 4-10 meV and a valley splitting of about 3 meV for the first orbital state can be deduced. These experimental observations are quantitatively reproduced by tight binding calculations, which include the interactions of the graphene with the aligned hexagonal boron nitride substrate. The demonstrated confinement approach appears suitable to create quantum dots with well-defined wave function properties beyond the reach of traditional techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils M. Freitag
- II. Institute of Physics B and JARA-FIT, RWTH Aachen University, Otto-Blumenthal-Straße, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Larisa
A. Chizhova
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, TU Wien, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10, 1040 Vienna, Austria,
EU
| | - Peter Nemes-Incze
- II. Institute of Physics B and JARA-FIT, RWTH Aachen University, Otto-Blumenthal-Straße, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Colin R. Woods
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Roman V. Gorbachev
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Yang Cao
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Andre K. Geim
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Kostya S. Novoselov
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Joachim Burgdörfer
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, TU Wien, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10, 1040 Vienna, Austria,
EU
| | - Florian Libisch
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, TU Wien, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10, 1040 Vienna, Austria,
EU
| | - Markus Morgenstern
- II. Institute of Physics B and JARA-FIT, RWTH Aachen University, Otto-Blumenthal-Straße, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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22
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Terrés B, Chizhova LA, Libisch F, Peiro J, Jörger D, Engels S, Girschik A, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Rotkin SV, Burgdörfer J, Stampfer C. Size quantization of Dirac fermions in graphene constrictions. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11528. [PMID: 27198961 PMCID: PMC4876454 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum point contacts are cornerstones of mesoscopic physics and central building blocks for quantum electronics. Although the Fermi wavelength in high-quality bulk graphene can be tuned up to hundreds of nanometres, the observation of quantum confinement of Dirac electrons in nanostructured graphene has proven surprisingly challenging. Here we show ballistic transport and quantized conductance of size-confined Dirac fermions in lithographically defined graphene constrictions. At high carrier densities, the observed conductance agrees excellently with the Landauer theory of ballistic transport without any adjustable parameter. Experimental data and simulations for the evolution of the conductance with magnetic field unambiguously confirm the identification of size quantization in the constriction. Close to the charge neutrality point, bias voltage spectroscopy reveals a renormalized Fermi velocity of ∼1.5 × 10(6) m s(-1) in our constrictions. Moreover, at low carrier density transport measurements allow probing the density of localized states at edges, thus offering a unique handle on edge physics in graphene devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Terrés
- JARA-FIT and 2nd Institute of Physics, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.,Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - L A Chizhova
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - F Libisch
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - J Peiro
- JARA-FIT and 2nd Institute of Physics, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - D Jörger
- JARA-FIT and 2nd Institute of Physics, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S Engels
- JARA-FIT and 2nd Institute of Physics, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.,Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - A Girschik
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - K Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - T Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - S V Rotkin
- JARA-FIT and 2nd Institute of Physics, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.,Department of Physics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA.,Center for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA
| | - J Burgdörfer
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, 1040 Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Nuclear Research of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (ATOMKI), 4001 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - C Stampfer
- JARA-FIT and 2nd Institute of Physics, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.,Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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23
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Zielinski A, Majety VP, Nagele S, Pazourek R, Burgdörfer J, Scrinzi A. Anomalous Fano Profiles in External Fields. Phys Rev Lett 2015; 115:243001. [PMID: 26705629 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.243001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We show that the external control of Fano resonances in general leads to complex Fano q parameters. Fano line shapes of photoelectron and transient absorption spectra in the presence of an infrared control field are investigated. Computed transient absorption spectra are compared with a model proposed for a recent experiment [C. Ott et al., Science 340, 716 (2013)]. Control mechanisms for photoelectron spectra are exposed: control pulses applied during excitation modify the line shapes by momentum boosts of the continuum electrons. Pulses arriving after excitation generate interference fringes due to infrared two-photon transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stefan Nagele
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Renate Pazourek
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, 1040 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Joachim Burgdörfer
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Armin Scrinzi
- Physics Department, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, D-80333 Munich, Germany
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24
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Lackner F, Březinová I, Sato T, Ishikawa KL, Burgdörfer J. The time-dependent two-particle reduced density matrix method: LiH in strong laser fields. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/635/11/112084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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25
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Li H, Mignolet B, Wachter G, Skruszewicz S, Zherebtsov S, Süssmann F, Kessel A, Trushin SA, Kling NG, Kübel M, Ahn B, Kim D, Ben-Itzhak I, Cocke CL, Fennel T, Tiggesbäumker J, Meiwes-Broer KH, Lemell C, Burgdörfer J, Levine RD, Remacle F, Kling MF. Coherent electronic wave packet motion in C(60) controlled by the waveform and polarization of few-cycle laser fields. Phys Rev Lett 2015; 114:123004. [PMID: 25860740 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.123004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Strong laser fields can be used to trigger an ultrafast molecular response that involves electronic excitation and ionization dynamics. Here, we report on the experimental control of the spatial localization of the electronic excitation in the C_{60} fullerene exerted by an intense few-cycle (4 fs) pulse at 720 nm. The control is achieved by tailoring the carrier-envelope phase and the polarization of the laser pulse. We find that the maxima and minima of the photoemission-asymmetry parameter along the laser-polarization axis are synchronized with the localization of the coherent electronic wave packet at around the time of ionization.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Li
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching D-85748, Germany
- Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Garching D-85748, Germany
- J.R. MacDonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - B Mignolet
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liège, Liège B-4000, Belgium
| | - G Wachter
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna A-1040, Austria
| | - S Skruszewicz
- Institute of Physics, Universität Rostock, Rostock D-18051, Germany
| | - S Zherebtsov
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching D-85748, Germany
- Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Garching D-85748, Germany
| | - F Süssmann
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching D-85748, Germany
- Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Garching D-85748, Germany
| | - A Kessel
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching D-85748, Germany
| | - S A Trushin
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching D-85748, Germany
| | - Nora G Kling
- Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Garching D-85748, Germany
- J.R. MacDonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - M Kübel
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching D-85748, Germany
- Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Garching D-85748, Germany
| | - B Ahn
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching D-85748, Germany
- Physics Department, CASTECH, POSTECH, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, Republic of Korea
- Max Planck Center for Attosecond Science, Max Planck POSTECH/KOREA Research Initiative, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - D Kim
- Physics Department, CASTECH, POSTECH, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, Republic of Korea
- Max Planck Center for Attosecond Science, Max Planck POSTECH/KOREA Research Initiative, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - I Ben-Itzhak
- J.R. MacDonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - C L Cocke
- J.R. MacDonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - T Fennel
- Institute of Physics, Universität Rostock, Rostock D-18051, Germany
| | - J Tiggesbäumker
- Institute of Physics, Universität Rostock, Rostock D-18051, Germany
| | - K-H Meiwes-Broer
- Institute of Physics, Universität Rostock, Rostock D-18051, Germany
| | - C Lemell
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna A-1040, Austria
| | - J Burgdörfer
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna A-1040, Austria
- Institute of Nuclear Research of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (ATOMKI), Debrecen H-4001, Hungary
| | - R D Levine
- Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - F Remacle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liège, Liège B-4000, Belgium
| | - M F Kling
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching D-85748, Germany
- Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Garching D-85748, Germany
- J.R. MacDonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
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26
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Frolov MV, Manakov NL, Xiong WH, Peng LY, Burgdörfer J, Starace AF. Comment on "Universality of returning electron wave packet in high-order harmonic generation with midinfrared laser pulses". Phys Rev Lett 2015; 114:069301. [PMID: 25723250 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.069301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M V Frolov
- Department of Physics, Voronezh State University, Voronezh 394006, Russia and Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-4030, USA
| | - N L Manakov
- Department of Physics, Voronezh State University, Voronezh 394006, Russia
| | - Wei-Hao Xiong
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Liang-You Peng
- Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-4030, USA and State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China and Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100871, China
| | - J Burgdörfer
- Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-4030, USA and Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10, A-1040 Vienna, Austria, EU
| | - Anthony F Starace
- Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-4030, USA and Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0299, USA
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27
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Wachter G, Lemell C, Burgdörfer J, Sato SA, Tong XM, Yabana K. Ab initio simulation of electrical currents induced by ultrafast laser excitation of dielectric materials. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 113:087401. [PMID: 25192124 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.087401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically investigate the generation of ultrafast currents in insulators induced by strong few-cycle laser pulses. Ab initio simulations based on time-dependent density functional theory give insight into the atomic-scale properties of the induced current signifying a femtosecond-scale insulator-metal transition. We observe the transition from nonlinear polarization currents during the laser pulse at low intensities to tunnelinglike excitation into the conduction band at higher laser intensities. At high intensities, the current persists after the conclusion of the laser pulse considered to be the precursor of the dielectric breakdown on the femtosecond scale. We show that the transferred charge sensitively depends on the orientation of the polarization axis relative to the crystal axis, suggesting that the induced charge separation reflects the anisotropic electronic structure. We find good agreement with very recent experimental data on the intensity and carrier-envelope phase dependence [A. Schiffrin et al., Nature (London) 493, 70 (2013).
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Wachter
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, 1040 Vienna, Austria, EU
| | - Christoph Lemell
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, 1040 Vienna, Austria, EU
| | - Joachim Burgdörfer
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, 1040 Vienna, Austria, EU
| | - Shunsuke A Sato
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8571, Japan
| | - Xiao-Min Tong
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8571, Japan and Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yabana
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8571, Japan and Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
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28
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Furchi M, Pospischil A, Libisch F, Burgdörfer J, Mueller T. Photovoltaic effect in an electrically tunable van der Waals heterojunction. Nano Lett 2014; 14:4785-91. [PMID: 25057817 PMCID: PMC4138224 DOI: 10.1021/nl501962c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 404] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor heterostructures form the cornerstone of many electronic and optoelectronic devices and are traditionally fabricated using epitaxial growth techniques. More recently, heterostructures have also been obtained by vertical stacking of two-dimensional crystals, such as graphene and related two-dimensional materials. These layered designer materials are held together by van der Waals forces and contain atomically sharp interfaces. Here, we report on a type-II van der Waals heterojunction made of molybdenum disulfide and tungsten diselenide monolayers. The junction is electrically tunable, and under appropriate gate bias an atomically thin diode is realized. Upon optical illumination, charge transfer occurs across the planar interface and the device exhibits a photovoltaic effect. Advances in large-scale production of two-dimensional crystals could thus lead to a new photovoltaic solar technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco
M. Furchi
- Institute
of Photonics, Vienna University of Technology, Gußhausstraße 27-29, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Pospischil
- Institute
of Photonics, Vienna University of Technology, Gußhausstraße 27-29, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Libisch
- Institute
for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University
of Technology, Wiedner
Hauptstraße 8-10, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Joachim Burgdörfer
- Institute
for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University
of Technology, Wiedner
Hauptstraße 8-10, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Mueller
- Institute
of Photonics, Vienna University of Technology, Gußhausstraße 27-29, 1040 Vienna, Austria
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29
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Horn S, Plasser F, Müller T, Libisch F, Burgdörfer J, Lischka H. A comparison of singlet and triplet states for one- and two-dimensional graphene nanoribbons using multireference theory. Theor Chem Acc 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-014-1511-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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30
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Jenke T, Cronenberg G, Burgdörfer J, Chizhova LA, Geltenbort P, Ivanov AN, Lauer T, Lins T, Rotter S, Saul H, Schmidt U, Abele H. Gravity resonance spectroscopy constrains dark energy and dark matter scenarios. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 112:151105. [PMID: 24785025 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.151105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We report on precision resonance spectroscopy measurements of quantum states of ultracold neutrons confined above the surface of a horizontal mirror by the gravity potential of Earth. Resonant transitions between several of the lowest quantum states are observed for the first time. These measurements demonstrate that Newton's inverse square law of gravity is understood at micron distances on an energy scale of 10-14 eV. At this level of precision, we are able to provide constraints on any possible gravitylike interaction. In particular, a dark energy chameleon field is excluded for values of the coupling constant β>5.8×108 at 95% confidence level (C.L.), and an attractive (repulsive) dark matter axionlike spin-mass coupling is excluded for the coupling strength gsgp>3.7×10-16 (5.3×10-16) at a Yukawa length of λ=20 μm (95% C.L.).
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Affiliation(s)
- T Jenke
- Atominstitut, Technische Universität Wien, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Wien, Austria
| | - G Cronenberg
- Atominstitut, Technische Universität Wien, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Wien, Austria
| | - J Burgdörfer
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - L A Chizhova
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - P Geltenbort
- Institut Laue-Langevin, BP 156, 6 Rue Jules Horowitz, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - A N Ivanov
- Atominstitut, Technische Universität Wien, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Wien, Austria
| | - T Lauer
- FRM II, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - T Lins
- Atominstitut, Technische Universität Wien, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Wien, Austria
| | - S Rotter
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - H Saul
- Atominstitut, Technische Universität Wien, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Wien, Austria
| | - U Schmidt
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 226, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - H Abele
- Atominstitut, Technische Universität Wien, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Wien, Austria
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31
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Chizhova LA, Rotter S, Jenke T, Cronenberg G, Geltenbort P, Wautischer G, Filter H, Abele H, Burgdörfer J. Vectorial velocity filter for ultracold neutrons based on a surface-disordered mirror system. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2014; 89:032907. [PMID: 24730913 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.89.032907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We perform classical three-dimensional Monte Carlo simulations of ultracold neutrons scattering through an absorbing-reflecting mirror system in the Earth's gravitational field. We show that the underlying mixed phase space of regular skipping motion and random motion due to disorder scattering can be exploited to realize a vectorial velocity filter for ultracold neutrons. The absorbing-reflecting mirror system proposed allows beams of ultracold neutrons with low angular divergence to be formed. The range of velocity components can be controlled by adjusting the geometric parameters of the system. First experimental tests of its performance are presented. One potential future application is the investigation of transport and scattering dynamics in confined systems downstream of the filter.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Chizhova
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10, 1040 Vienna, Austria, EU
| | - S Rotter
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10, 1040 Vienna, Austria, EU
| | - T Jenke
- Institute of Atomic and Subatomic Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Vienna, Austria, EU
| | - G Cronenberg
- Institute of Atomic and Subatomic Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Vienna, Austria, EU
| | - P Geltenbort
- Institut Laue-Langevin, BP 156, 6, rue Jules Horowitz, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, EU
| | - G Wautischer
- Institute of Atomic and Subatomic Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Vienna, Austria, EU
| | - H Filter
- Institute of Atomic and Subatomic Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Vienna, Austria, EU
| | - H Abele
- Institute of Atomic and Subatomic Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Vienna, Austria, EU
| | - J Burgdörfer
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10, 1040 Vienna, Austria, EU
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33
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Pazourek R, Nagele S, Burgdörfer J. Time-resolved photoemission on the attosecond scale: opportunities and challenges. Faraday Discuss 2013; 163:353-76; discussion 393-432. [PMID: 24020211 DOI: 10.1039/c3fd00004d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of laser pulses of sub-femtosecond duration with matter opened up the opportunity to explore electronic processes on their natural time scale. One central conceptual question posed by the observation of photoemission in real time is whether the ejection of the photoelectron wavepacket occurs instantaneously, or whether the response time to photoabsorption is finite leading to a time delay in photoemission. Recent experimental progress exploring attosecond streaking and RABBIT techniques find relative time delays between the photoemission from different atomic substates to be of the order of -20 attoseconds. We present ab initio simulations for both one- and two-electron systems which allow the determination of both absolute and relative time delays with -1 attosecond precision. We show that the intrinsic time shift of the photoionization process encoded in the Eisenbud-Wigner-Smith delay time can be unambiguously disentangled from measurement-induced time delays in a pump-probe setting when the photoionized electronic wavepacket is probed by a modestly strong infrared streaking field. We identify distinct contributions due to initial-state polarization, Coulomb-laser coupling in the final continuum state as well as final-state interaction with the entangled residual ionic state. Extensions to multi-electron systems and to the extraction of time information in the presence of decohering processes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate Pazourek
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, 1040 Vienna, Austria.
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34
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Lackner F, Březinová I, Burgdörfer J, Libisch F. Semiclassical wave functions for open quantum billiards. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2013; 88:022916. [PMID: 24032910 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.88.022916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We present a semiclassical approximation to the scattering wave function Ψ(r,k) for an open quantum billiard, which is based on the reconstruction of the Feynman path integral. We demonstrate its remarkable numerical accuracy for the open rectangular billiard and show that the convergence of the semiclassical wave function to the full quantum state is controlled by the mean path length or equivalently the dwell time for a given scattering state. In the numerical implementation a cutoff length in the maximum path length or, equivalently, a maximum dwell time τ(max) included implies a finite energy resolution ΔE~τ(max)(-1). Possible applications include leaky billiards and systems with decoherence present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Lackner
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10/136, 1040 Vienna, Austria, EU
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35
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Plasser F, Pašalić H, Gerzabek MH, Libisch F, Reiter R, Burgdörfer J, Müller T, Shepard R, Lischka H. Der Multiradikalcharakter ein- und zweidimensionaler Graphen-Nanobänder. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201207671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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36
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Plasser F, Pašalić H, Gerzabek MH, Libisch F, Reiter R, Burgdörfer J, Müller T, Shepard R, Lischka H. The multiradical character of one- and two-dimensional graphene nanoribbons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:2581-4. [PMID: 23355507 PMCID: PMC3648980 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201207671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Plasser
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringerstrasse 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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37
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Krüger M, Schenk M, Förster M, Thomas S, Wachter G, Lemell C, Burgdörfer J, Hommelhoff P. Attosecond physics at a nanoscale metal tip. EPJ Web of Conferences 2013. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/20134101005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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38
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Lemell C, Dimitriou KI, Arbó DG, Tong XM, Kartashov D, Burgdörfer J, Gräfe S. Low-Energy Peak Structure in Strong-Field Ionization by Mid-Infrared Laser Pulses. EPJ Web of Conferences 2013. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/20134102016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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39
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40
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Pazourek R, Nagele S, Doblhoff-Dier K, Feist J, Lemell C, Tökési K, Burgdörfer J. Probing scattering phase shifts by attosecond streaking. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/388/1/012029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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41
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El-Said AS, Wilhelm RA, Heller R, Facsko S, Lemell C, Wachter G, Burgdörfer J, Ritter R, Aumayr F. Phase diagram for nanostructuring CaF(2) surfaces by slow highly charged ions. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 109:117602. [PMID: 23005676 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.117602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The impact of individual slow highly charged ions (HCI) on alkaline earth halide and alkali halide surfaces creates nano-scale surface modifications. For different materials and impact energies a wide variety of topographic alterations have been observed, ranging from regularly shaped pits to nanohillocks. We present experimental evidence for the creation of thermodynamically stable defect agglomerations initially hidden after irradiation but becoming visible as pits upon subsequent etching. A well defined threshold separating regions with and without etch-pit formation is found as a function of potential and kinetic energies of the projectile. Combining this novel type of surface defects with the previously identified hillock formation, a phase diagram for HCI induced surface restructuring emerges. The simulation of the energy deposition by the HCI in the crystal provides insight into the early stages of the dynamics of the surface modification and its dependence on the kinetic and potential energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S El-Said
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany, EU.
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42
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Liertzer M, Feist J, Nagele S, Burgdörfer J. Multielectron transitions induced by neutron impact on helium. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 109:013201. [PMID: 23031102 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.013201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We explore excitation and ionization by neutron impact as a novel tool for the investigation of electron-electron correlations in helium. We present single- and double-ionization spectra calculated in accurate numerical ab initio simulations for incoming neutrons with kinetic energies of up to 150 keV. The resulting electron spectra are found to be fundamentally different from photoionization or charged particle impact due to the intrinsic many-body character of the interaction. In particular, doubly excited resonances that are strongly suppressed in electron or photon impact become prominent. The ratio of double to single ionization is found to differ significantly from those of photon and charged-particle impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Liertzer
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, 1040 Vienna, Austria, EU
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43
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Yoshida S, Reinhold C, Burgdörfer J, Wyker B, Ye S, Dunning F. Analysis of circular wave packets generated by pulsed electric fields. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res B 2012; 279-222:4-7. [PMID: 23565015 PMCID: PMC3617732 DOI: 10.1016/j.nimb.2011.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Revised: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that circular wave packets in high Rydberg states generated by a pulsed electric field applied to extreme Stark states are characterized by a position-dependent energy gradient that leads to a correlation between the principal quantum number n and the spatial coordinate. This correlation is rather insensitive to the initial state and can be seen even in an incoherent mix of states such as is generated experimentally allowing information to be placed into, and extracted from, such wave packets. We show that detailed information on the spatial distribution of a circular wave packet can be extracted by analyzing the complex phase of its expansion coefficients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Yoshida
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - C.O. Reinhold
- Physics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6372, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - J. Burgdörfer
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Physics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - B. Wyker
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and the Rice Quantum Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005-1892, USA
| | - S. Ye
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and the Rice Quantum Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005-1892, USA
| | - F.B. Dunning
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and the Rice Quantum Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005-1892, USA
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44
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Xie X, Roither S, Kartashov D, Persson E, Arbó DG, Zhang L, Gräfe S, Schöffler MS, Burgdörfer J, Baltuška A, Kitzler M. Attosecond probe of valence-electron wave packets by subcycle sculpted laser fields. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 108:193004. [PMID: 23003033 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.193004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally and theoretically demonstrate a self-referenced wave-function retrieval of a valence-electron wave packet during its creation by strong-field ionization with a sculpted laser field. Key is the control over interferences arising at different time scales. Our work shows that the measurement of subcycle electron wave-packet interference patterns can serve as a tool to retrieve the structure and dynamics of the valence-electron cloud in atoms on a sub-10-as time scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Xie
- Photonics Institute, Vienna University of Technology, A-1040 Vienna, Austria, EU
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45
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Pazourek R, Feist J, Nagele S, Burgdörfer J. Attosecond streaking of correlated two-electron transitions in helium. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 108:163001. [PMID: 22680715 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.163001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We present fully ab initio simulations of attosecond streaking for ionization of helium accompanied by shakeup of the second electron. This process represents a prototypical case for strongly correlated electron dynamics on the attosecond time scale. We show that streaking spectroscopy can provide detailed information on the Eisenbud-Wigner-Smith time delay as well as on the infrared-field dressing of both bound and continuum states. We find a novel contribution to the streaking delay that stems from the interplay of electron-electron and infrared-field interactions in the exit channel. We quantify all the contributions with attosecond precision and provide a benchmark for future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate Pazourek
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, 1040 Vienna, Austria, EU.
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46
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Subramaniam D, Libisch F, Li Y, Pauly C, Geringer V, Reiter R, Mashoff T, Liebmann M, Burgdörfer J, Busse C, Michely T, Mazzarello R, Pratzer M, Morgenstern M. Wave-function mapping of graphene quantum dots with soft confinement. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 108:046801. [PMID: 22400872 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.046801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Using low-temperature scanning tunneling spectroscopy, we map the local density of states of graphene quantum dots supported on Ir(111). Because of a band gap in the projected Ir band structure around the graphene K point, the electronic properties of the QDs are dominantly graphenelike. Indeed, we compare the results favorably with tight binding calculations on the honeycomb lattice based on parameters derived from density functional theory. We find that the interaction with the substrate near the edge of the island gradually opens a gap in the Dirac cone, which implies soft-wall confinement. Interestingly, this confinement results in highly symmetric wave functions. Further influences of the substrate are given by the known moiré potential and a 10% penetration of an Ir surface resonance into the graphene layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Subramaniam
- II Physikalisches Institut B and JARA-FIT, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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47
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Wyker B, Ye S, Dunning FB, Yoshida S, Reinhold CO, Burgdörfer J. Creating and transporting Trojan wave packets. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 108:043001. [PMID: 22400833 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.043001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Nondispersive localized Trojan wave packets with n(i) ~ 305 moving in near-circular Bohr-like orbits are created and transported to localized near-circular Trojan states of higher n, n(f) ~ 600, by driving with a linearly polarized sinusoidal electric field whose period is slowly increased. The protocol is remarkably efficient with over 80% of the initial atoms being transferred to the higher n states, a result confirmed by classical trajectory Monte Carlo simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Wyker
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and the Rice Quantum Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005-1892, USA
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48
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Feist J, Nagele S, Ticknor C, Schneider BI, Collins LA, Burgdörfer J. Attosecond two-photon interferometry for doubly excited states of helium. Phys Rev Lett 2011; 107:093005. [PMID: 21929238 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.093005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We show that the correlation dynamics in coherently excited doubly excited resonances of helium can be followed in real time by two-photon interferometry. This approach promises to map the evolution of the two-electron wave packet onto experimentally easily accessible noncoincident single-electron spectra. We analyze the interferometric signal in terms of a semianalytical model which is validated by a numerical solution of the time-dependent two-electron Schrödinger equation in its full dimensionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Feist
- ITAMP, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
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49
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Bärnthaler A, Rotter S, Libisch F, Burgdörfer J, Gehler S, Kuhl U, Stöckmann HJ. Probing decoherence through Fano resonances. Phys Rev Lett 2010; 105:056801. [PMID: 20867943 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.056801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the effect of decoherence on Fano resonances in wave transmission through resonant scattering structures. We show that the Fano asymmetry parameter q follows, as a function of the strength of decoherence, trajectories in the complex plane that reveal detailed information on the underlying decoherence process. Dissipation and unitary dephasing give rise to manifestly different trajectories. Our predictions are successfully tested against microwave experiments using metal cavities with different absorption coefficients and against previously published data on transport through quantum dots. These results open up new possibilities for studying the effect of decoherence in a wide array of physical systems where Fano resonances are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Bärnthaler
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, A-1040 Vienna, Austria, EU
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50
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Yoshida S, Reinhold CO, Burgdörfer J, Dunning FB. Comment on "Nondispersing Bohr wave packets". Phys Rev Lett 2009; 103:149301-149302. [PMID: 19905608 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.103.149301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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