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Wdowski MM, Clarke N, Eyre ELJ, Morris R, Noon M, Eustace SJ, Hankey J, Raymond LM, Richardson DL. The effect of fatigue on first stance phase kinetics during acceleration sprint running in professional football players. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2022; 5:90-96. [PMID: 35077329 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2020.1799064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Nineteen professional football players (Age: 26±5 years; Height: 1.84±0.08 m; Mass: 83.4±8.9 kg) completed three x 30 m maximal acceleration sprints from a standing start before completing the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1. Three x 30 m maximal acceleration sprints were then repeated post-fatigue. Light gates recorded sprint times from 0-5 m, 0-10 m, 0-15 m and 0-30 m. Force platforms collected ground reaction force of the first stance phase of the sprint run. Differences between pre- and post-fatigue were observed in the sprint times over 0-15 m (P = 0.015; CI [0.007, 0.110]) and 0-30 m (P = 0.004; CI [0.056, 0.234]). Peak medial-lateral ground reaction force was lower (P = 0.045; CI [-0.146, -0.005]) post- than pre-fatigue. The ratio of force were significantly different between pre- and post-fatigue for the medial-lateral and anterior-posterior comparison (P = 0.017; CI [-0.063, -0.010]), and the medial-lateral and vertical comparison (P = 0.012; CI [-0.036, -0.007]). Football players altered their sprint mechanics to reduce medial-lateral loading and orient the force in an increased anteroposterior and vertical direction in order to maintain 0-10 m sprint performance. Practitioners should observe medial-lateral force contributions and improve sprint technical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neil Clarke
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Emma L J Eyre
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Rhys Morris
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Mark Noon
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Steven J Eustace
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Joanne Hankey
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Leanne M Raymond
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
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Lee BJ, Clarke ND, Hankey J, Thake CD. Whole body precooling attenuates the extracellular HSP72, IL-6 and IL-10 responses after an acute bout of running in the heat. J Sports Sci 2017; 36:414-421. [PMID: 28376678 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1313441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The impact of whole-body precooling on the extracellular heat shock protein 72 (eHSP72) and cytokine responses to running in the heat is undefined. The aim of this study was to determine whether precooling would attenuate post-exercise eHSP72 and cytokine responses. Eight male recreational runners completed two 90-minute bouts of running at 65% [Formula: see text]O2max in 32 ± 0.9°C and 47 ± 6 % relative humidity (RH) preceded by either 60-minutes of precooling in 20.3 ± 0.3°C water (COOL) or 60 min rest in an air-conditioned laboratory (20.2 ± 1.7°C, 60 ± 3% RH; CON). eHSP72, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10 IL-1ra were determined before and immediately after exercise. The elevation in post-exercise eHSP72 was attenuated after COOL (+0.04 ± 0.10 ng.mL-1) compared to CON (+ 0.29 ± 0.26 ng.mL-1;P < 0.001). No changes in TNF-α were observed at any stage. COOL reduced the absolute post-exercise change in IL-6 (P = 0.011) and IL-10 (P = 0.03) compared to CON. IL-1ra followed this trend (P = 0.063). A precooling-induced attenuation of eHSP72 and proinflammatory cytokines may aid recovery during multi-day sporting events, but could be counterproductive if a training response or adaptation to environmental stress is a desired outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben J Lee
- a Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences , University of Chichester , Chichester , UK.,b Centre for Applied Biological and Exercise Sciences , Coventry University , Coventry , UK
| | - Neil D Clarke
- b Centre for Applied Biological and Exercise Sciences , Coventry University , Coventry , UK
| | - Joanne Hankey
- b Centre for Applied Biological and Exercise Sciences , Coventry University , Coventry , UK
| | - Charles D Thake
- b Centre for Applied Biological and Exercise Sciences , Coventry University , Coventry , UK
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Abstract
Pre-cooling has been reported to attenuate the increase in core temperature, although, information regarding the effects of pre-cooling on cognitive function is limited. The present study investigated the effects of pre-cooling on visual discrimination during exercise in the heat. Eight male recreational runners completed 90 min of treadmill running at 65% [Formula: see text]2max in the heat [32.4 ± 0.9°C and 46.8 ± 6.4% relative humidity (r.h.)] on two occasions in a randomised, counterbalanced crossover design. Participants underwent pre-cooling by means of water immersion (20.3 ± 0.3°C) for 60 min or remained seated for 60 min in a laboratory (20.2 ± 1.7°C and 60.2 ± 2.5% r.h.). Rectal temperature (Trec) and mean skin temperature (Tskin) were monitored throughout the protocol. At 30-min intervals participants performed a visual discrimination task. Following pre-cooling, Trec (P = 0.040; [Formula: see text] = 0.48) was moderately lower at 0 and 30 min and Tskin (P = 0.003; [Formula: see text] = 0.75) lower to a large extent at 0 min of exercise. Visual discrimination was moderately more accurate at 60 and 90 min of exercise following pre-cooling (P = 0.067; [Formula: see text] = 0.40). Pre-cooling resulted in small improvements in visual discrimination sensitivity (F1,7 = 2.188; P = 0.183; [Formula: see text] = 0.24), criterion (F1,7 = 1.298; P = 0.292; [Formula: see text] = 0.16) and bias (F1,7 = 2.202; P = 0.181; [Formula: see text] = 0.24). Pre-cooling moderately improves visual discrimination accuracy during exercise in the heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil D Clarke
- a School of Life Sciences, Faculty Health and Life Sciences , Coventry University , Coventry , UK
| | - Michael J Duncan
- a School of Life Sciences, Faculty Health and Life Sciences , Coventry University , Coventry , UK
| | - Mike Smith
- a School of Life Sciences, Faculty Health and Life Sciences , Coventry University , Coventry , UK
| | - Joanne Hankey
- a School of Life Sciences, Faculty Health and Life Sciences , Coventry University , Coventry , UK
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Gill SK, Hankey J, Wright A, Marczak S, Hemming K, Allerton DM, Ansley-Robson P, Costa RJS. The Impact of a 24-h Ultra-Marathon on Circulatory Endotoxin and Cytokine Profile. Int J Sports Med 2015. [PMID: 25941924 DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1398535/id/r4465-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to determine circulatory endotoxin concentration, cytokine profile, and gastrointestinal symptoms of ultra-endurance runners (UER, n=17) in response to a 24-h continuous ultra-marathon competition (total distance range: 122-208 km) conducted in temperate ambient conditions (0-20 °C) in mountainous terrain. Body mass and body temperature were measured, and venous blood samples were taken before and immediately after competition. Samples were analysed for gram-negative bacterial endotoxin, C-reactive protein, cytokine profile, and plasma osmolality. Gastrointestinal symptoms were also monitored throughout competition. Mean exercise-induced body mass loss was (mean±SD) 1.7±1.8% in UER. Pre- and post-competition plasma osmolality in UER was 286±11 mOsmol·kg(-1) and 286±9 mOsmol·kg(-1), respectively. Pre- to post-competition increases (p<0.05) were observed for endotoxin (37%), C-reactive protein (2832%), IL-6 (3 436%), IL-1β (332%), TNF-α (35%), IL-10 (511%), and IL-8 (239%) concentrations in UER, with no change in the control group (CON; n=12) observed (p>0.05). Gastrointestinal symptoms were reported by 75% of UER, with no symptoms reported by CON. IL-10 (r=0.535) and IL-8 (r=0.503) were positively correlated with gastrointestinal symptoms. A 24-h continuous ultra-marathon competition in temperate ambient conditions resulted in a circulatory endotoxaemia and pro-inflammatory cytokinaemia, counteracted by a compensatory anti-inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Gill
- Sport & Exercise Science Applied Research Group, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - J Hankey
- Sport & Exercise Science Applied Research Group, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - A Wright
- Sport & Exercise Science Applied Research Group, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - S Marczak
- Sport & Exercise Science Applied Research Group, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - K Hemming
- Sport & Exercise Science Applied Research Group, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - D M Allerton
- Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - P Ansley-Robson
- Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - R J S Costa
- Nutrition and Dietetics, Monash University, Notting Hill, Australia
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Gill SK, Hankey J, Wright A, Marczak S, Hemming K, Allerton DM, Ansley-Robson P, Costa RJS. The Impact of a 24-h Ultra-Marathon on Circulatory Endotoxin and Cytokine Profile. Int J Sports Med 2015; 36:688-95. [PMID: 25941924 DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1398535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to determine circulatory endotoxin concentration, cytokine profile, and gastrointestinal symptoms of ultra-endurance runners (UER, n=17) in response to a 24-h continuous ultra-marathon competition (total distance range: 122-208 km) conducted in temperate ambient conditions (0-20 °C) in mountainous terrain. Body mass and body temperature were measured, and venous blood samples were taken before and immediately after competition. Samples were analysed for gram-negative bacterial endotoxin, C-reactive protein, cytokine profile, and plasma osmolality. Gastrointestinal symptoms were also monitored throughout competition. Mean exercise-induced body mass loss was (mean±SD) 1.7±1.8% in UER. Pre- and post-competition plasma osmolality in UER was 286±11 mOsmol·kg(-1) and 286±9 mOsmol·kg(-1), respectively. Pre- to post-competition increases (p<0.05) were observed for endotoxin (37%), C-reactive protein (2832%), IL-6 (3 436%), IL-1β (332%), TNF-α (35%), IL-10 (511%), and IL-8 (239%) concentrations in UER, with no change in the control group (CON; n=12) observed (p>0.05). Gastrointestinal symptoms were reported by 75% of UER, with no symptoms reported by CON. IL-10 (r=0.535) and IL-8 (r=0.503) were positively correlated with gastrointestinal symptoms. A 24-h continuous ultra-marathon competition in temperate ambient conditions resulted in a circulatory endotoxaemia and pro-inflammatory cytokinaemia, counteracted by a compensatory anti-inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Gill
- Sport & Exercise Science Applied Research Group, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - J Hankey
- Sport & Exercise Science Applied Research Group, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - A Wright
- Sport & Exercise Science Applied Research Group, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - S Marczak
- Sport & Exercise Science Applied Research Group, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - K Hemming
- Sport & Exercise Science Applied Research Group, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - D M Allerton
- Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - P Ansley-Robson
- Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - R J S Costa
- Nutrition and Dietetics, Monash University, Notting Hill, Australia
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Leddington Wright S, Erye E, Bryant E, Stanley M, Hankey J, Duncan M. Moderate to vigorous physical activity level but not BMI is associated with balance scores in British adolescents. Physiotherapy 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physio.2015.03.1664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Duncan MJ, Fowler N, George O, Joyce S, Hankey J. Mental Fatigue Negatively Influences Manual Dexterity and Anticipation Timing but not Repeated High-intensity Exercise Performance in Trained Adults. Res Sports Med 2015; 23:1-13. [DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2014.975811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Duncan
- Division of Exercise, Sports and Rehabilitation, Coventry University, UK
| | - Nicholas Fowler
- Division of Exercise, Sports and Rehabilitation, Coventry University, UK
| | - Oliver George
- Division of Exercise, Sports and Rehabilitation, Coventry University, UK
| | - Samuel Joyce
- Division of Exercise, Sports and Rehabilitation, Coventry University, UK
| | - Joanne Hankey
- Division of Exercise, Sports and Rehabilitation, Coventry University, UK
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Gill SK, Teixeira A, Rama L, Prestes J, Rosado F, Hankey J, Scheer V, Hemmings K, Ansley-Robson P, Costa RJS. Circulatory endotoxin concentration and cytokine profile in response to exertional-heat stress during a multi-stage ultra-marathon competition. Exerc Immunol Rev 2015; 21:114-128. [PMID: 25830597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Exertional-heat stress has the potential to disturb intestinal integrity, leading to enhanced permeability of enteric pathogenic micro-organisms and associated clinical manifestations. The study aimed to determine the circulatory endotoxin concentration and cytokine profile of ultra-endurance runners (UER, n=19) and a control group (CON, n=12) during a five stage 230km ultra-marathon (mean ± SD: 27h38min ± 3h55min) conducted in hot and dry environmental conditions (30ºC to 40ºC and 31% to 40% relative humidity). Body mass and tympanic temperature were measured, and venous blood samples were taken before (pre-stage) and immediately after (post-stage) each stage of the ultra-marathon for the analysis of gram-negative bacterial endotoxin, C-reactive protein, cytokine profile (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-10, and IL- 1ra), and plasma osmolality. Gastrointestinal symptoms and perceptive thermal tolerance rating were also monitored throughout competition. Mean exercise-induced body mass loss over the five stages ranged 1.0% to 2.5%. Pre- and poststage plasma osmolality in UER ranged277 to 282mOsmol/kg and 286 to 297 mOsmol/kg, respectively. Pre-stage concentrations of endotoxin (peak: 21% at Stage 5), C-reactive protein (889% at Stage 3), IL-6 (152% at Stage 2), IL-1β (95% at Stage 5), TNF-α (168% at Stage 5), IFN-γ (102% at Stage 5),IL-10 (1271% at Stage 3), and IL-1ra (106% at Stage 5) increased as the ultra-marathon progressed in UER; while no changes in CON were observed (except for IL-1β, 71% at Stage 5). Pre- to post-stage increases were observed for endotoxin (peak: 22% at Stage 3), C-reactive protein (25% at Stage 1), IL-6 (238% at Stage 1), IL-1β (64% at Stage 1), TNF-α (101% at Stage 1), IFN-γ (39% at Stage 1), IL-10 (1100% at Stage 1), and IL-1ra(207% at Stage 1) concentrations in UER. Multi-stage ultra-marathon competition in the heat resulted in a modest circulatory endotoxaemia accompanied by a pronounced pro-inflammatory cytokinaemia by post-Stage 1, both of which were sustained throughout competition at rest (pre-stage) and after stage completion. Compensatory anti-inflammatory responses and other external factors (i.e., training status, cooling strategies, heat acclimatization, nutrition and hydration) may have contributed towards limiting the extent of pro-inflammatory responses in the current scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha K Gill
- Sport & Exercise Science Applied Research Group, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry, CV1 5FB, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Teixeira
- Faculty of Sport Science & Physical Education, Pavilion 3, Santa Clara, 3040-156, Coimbra University, Portugal
| | - Luis Rama
- Faculty of Sport Science & Physical Education, Pavilion 3, Santa Clara, 3040-156, Coimbra University, Portugal
| | - Jonato Prestes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Física, Universidade Católica de Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - Fatima Rosado
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Física, Universidade Católica de Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - Joanne Hankey
- Sport & Exercise Science Applied Research Group, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry, CV1 5FB, United Kingdom
| | - Volker Scheer
- British Forces Germany Health Services, Paderborn, BFPO 16, Germany
| | - Krystal Hemmings
- Sport & Exercise Science Applied Research Group, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry, CV1 5FB, United Kingdom
| | - Paula Ansley-Robson
- Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Northumberland University, Ellison Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Ricardo J S Costa
- Sport & Exercise Science Applied Research Group, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry, CV1 5FB, United Kingdom
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Monash University, Level 1, 264 Ferntree Gully Road, Notting Hill, Victoria 3168, Australia
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Duncan MJ, Smith M, Bryant E, Eyre E, Cook K, Hankey J, Tallis J, Clarke N, Jones MV. Effects of increasing and decreasing physiological arousal on anticipation timing performance during competition and practice. Eur J Sport Sci 2014; 16:27-35. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2014.979248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Gill S, Teixeira A, Rosado F, Hankey J, Wright A, Marczak S, Murray A, Costa R. The Impact of a 24-h Ultra-Marathon on Salivary Antimicrobial Protein Responses. Int J Sports Med 2014; 35:966-71. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1358479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Gill
- Sport & Exercise Science Applied Research Group, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - A. Teixeira
- Faculdade de Ciências do desporto e Educação Física, Centro de Estudos Biocinéticos, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - F. Rosado
- CIDAF, Centro de Investigação, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - J. Hankey
- Sport & Exercise Science Applied Research Group, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - A. Wright
- Sport & Exercise Science Applied Research Group, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - S. Marczak
- Sport & Exercise Science Applied Research Group, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - A. Murray
- Sports Medicine, Sportscotland Institute of Sport, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - R. Costa
- Sport & Exercise Science Applied Research Group, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
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Duncan MJ, Clarke ND, Birch SL, Tallis J, Hankey J, Bryant E, Eyre ELJ. The effect of green exercise on blood pressure, heart rate and mood state in primary school children. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2014; 11:3678-88. [PMID: 24699030 PMCID: PMC4025002 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110403678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was exploratory and sought to examine the effect on blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and mood state responses in primary school children of moderate intensity cycling whilst viewing a green environment compared to exercise alone. Following ethics approval and parental informed consent, 14 children (seven boys, seven girls, Mean age ± SD = 10 ± 1 years) undertook two, 15 min bouts of cycling at a moderate exercise intensity in a counterbalanced order. In one bout they cycled whilst viewing a film of cycling in a forest setting. In the other condition participants cycled with no visual stimulus. Pre-, immediately post-exercise and 15 min post-exercise, BP, HR and Mood state were assessed. Analysis of variance, indicated significant condition X time interaction for SBP (p = 0.04). Bonferroni post-hoc pairwise comparisons indicated that systolic blood pressure (SBP) 15 min post exercise was significantly lower following green exercise compared to the control condition (p = 0.01). There were no significant differences in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (all p > 0.05). HR immediately post exercise was significantly higher than HR pre exercise irrespective of green exercise or control condition (p = 0.001). Mood scores for fatigue were significantly higher and scores for vigor lower 15 min post exercise irrespective of green exercise or control condition (both p = 0.0001). Gender was not significant in any analyses (p > 0.05). Thus, the present study identifies an augmented post exercise hypotensive effect for children following green exercise compared to exercise alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Duncan
- Sport and Exercise Applied Research Group, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5HB, UK.
| | - Neil D Clarke
- Sport and Exercise Applied Research Group, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5HB, UK.
| | - Samantha L Birch
- Sport and Exercise Applied Research Group, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5HB, UK.
| | - Jason Tallis
- Sport and Exercise Applied Research Group, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5HB, UK.
| | - Joanne Hankey
- Sport and Exercise Applied Research Group, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5HB, UK.
| | - Elizabeth Bryant
- Sport and Exercise Applied Research Group, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5HB, UK.
| | - Emma L J Eyre
- Sport and Exercise Applied Research Group, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5HB, UK.
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Lyons M, Al-Nakeeb Y, Hankey J, Nevill A. The effect of moderate and high-intensity fatigue on groundstroke accuracy in expert and non-expert tennis players. J Sports Sci Med 2013; 12:298-308. [PMID: 24149809 PMCID: PMC3761827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Exploring the effects of fatigue on skilled performance in tennis presents a significant challenge to the researcher with respect to ecological validity. This study examined the effects of moderate and high-intensity fatigue on groundstroke accuracy in expert and non-expert tennis players. The research also explored whether the effects of fatigue are the same regardless of gender and player's achievement motivation characteristics. 13 expert (7 male, 6 female) and 17 non-expert (13 male, 4 female) tennis players participated in the study. Groundstroke accuracy was assessed using the modified Loughborough Tennis Skills Test. Fatigue was induced using the Loughborough Intermittent Tennis Test with moderate (70%) and high-intensities (90%) set as a percentage of peak heart rate (attained during a tennis-specific maximal hitting sprint test). Ratings of perceived exertion were used as an adjunct to the monitoring of heart rate. Achievement goal indicators for each player were assessed using the 2 x 2 Achievement Goals Questionnaire for Sport in an effort to examine if this personality characteristic provides insight into how players perform under moderate and high-intensity fatigue conditions. A series of mixed ANOVA's revealed significant fatigue effects on groundstroke accuracy regardless of expertise. The expert players however, maintained better groundstroke accuracy across all conditions compared to the novice players. Nevertheless, in both groups, performance following high-intensity fatigue deteriorated compared to performance at rest and performance while moderately fatigued. Groundstroke accuracy under moderate levels of fatigue was equivalent to that at rest. Fatigue effects were also similar regardless of gender. No fatigue by expertise, or fatigue by gender interactions were found. Fatigue effects were also equivalent regardless of player's achievement goal indicators. Future research is required to explore the effects of fatigue on performance in tennis using ecologically valid designs that mimic more closely the demands of match play. Key PointsGroundstroke accuracy under moderate-intensity fatigue is equivalent to performance at rest.Groundstroke accuracy declines significantly in both expert (40.3% decline) and non-expert (49.6%) tennis players following high-intensity fatigue.Expert players are more consistent, hit more accurate shots and fewer out shots across all fatigue intensities.The effects of fatigue on groundstroke accuracy are the same regardless of gender and player's achievement goal indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Lyons
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick , Ireland
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Duncan MJ, Hankey J. The effect of a caffeinated energy drink on various psychological measures during submaximal cycling. Physiol Behav 2013; 116-117:60-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Gill SK, Teixeira AM, Rama L, Rosado F, Hankey J, Scheer V, Robson-Ansley P, Costa RJS. Salivary antimicrobial protein responses during multistage ultramarathon competition conducted in hot environmental conditions. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013; 38:977-87. [PMID: 23905664 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2013-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged strenuous exercise is commonly reported to depress oral-respiratory immune status and increase the incidence of upper respiratory symptoms. This novel investigation aimed to determine the salivary antimicrobial responses and hydration status of ultraendurance runners (n = 23) during a 230-km multistage ultramarathon conducted in hot ambient conditions (32-40 °C). Body mass was measured and unstimulated saliva and venous blood samples were taken before and after each stage of the ultramarathon. Ad libitum fluid intake was permitted throughout each race day. Upper respiratory symptoms were monitored during and until 4 weeks after race completion. Samples were analyzed for salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA), lysozyme, α-amylase, and cortisol, as well as for plasma and saliva osmolality. Mean exercise-induced body mass loss over the 5 stages ranged from 1.3% to 2.4%. Overall mean pre- and post-stage plasma osmolality measurements in the ultraendurance runners were 279 ± 14 mOsmol·kg(-1) and 293 ± 15 mOsmol·kg(-1), respectively. Decreases in saliva flow rate (overall change 22%) and post-stage increases in saliva osmolality (36%) were observed in the ultraendurance runners during the ultramarathon. Reduced salivary IgA (32%) (p < 0.001 vs. pre-stage salivary IgA), enhanced salivary α-amylase (187%) (p < 0.001 vs. pre-stage salivary α-amylase), and no change in salivary lysozyme secretion rates were observed in the ultraendurance runners throughout the ultramarathon. Only 1 ultraendurance runner reported upper respiratory symptoms during and 1 month after competition. Observed depressions in salivary IgA secretion rates were offset by favourable increases in salivary α-amylase and unchanged lysozyme responses in the majority of runners during the competition. Ensuring euhydration throughout a multistage ultramarathon competition in the heat may play a role in protecting the upper respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Kirsty Gill
- a Sport and Exercise Science Applied Research Group, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry CV1 5FB, United Kingdom
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Lyons M, Al-Nakeeb Y, Hankey J, Nevill AM. Groundstroke Accuracy Under Moderate And High-Intensity Fatigue in Expert and Non-Expert Tennis Players. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000402637.33820.ff] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
Two groups of American undergraduates (moderate and heavy social drinkers) completed a matrix task and received either positive or negative feedback on their performance. Following this they were given a maze task, which was designed so that cheating could be detected. Heavy drinkers cheated more than moderate drinkers under success conditions (positive feedback). Heavy drinkers who received positive feedback also cheated more than heavy drinkers who received negative feedback. The results are interpreted in terms of self-handicapping theory.
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