1
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Parker AL, Kingsolver JG. Population divergence in nutrient-temperature interactions in Pieris rapae. Front Insect Sci 2023; 3:1237624. [PMID: 38469516 PMCID: PMC10926554 DOI: 10.3389/finsc.2023.1237624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
The interaction between larval host plant quality and temperature can influence the short-term physiological rates and life-history traits of insect herbivores. These factors can vary locally, resulting in local adaptation in responses to diet and temperature, but the comparison of these interactions between populations is infrequently carried out. In this study, we examine how the macronutrient ratio of an artificial diet determines the larval growth, development, and survival of larval Pieris rapae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) at different temperatures between two invasive North American populations from different climatic regions. We conducted a fully factorial experiment with three temperature treatments (18°C, 25°C, and 32°C) and three artificial diet treatments varying in terms of the ratio of protein to carbohydrate (low protein, balanced, and high protein). The effects of diet on life-history traits were greater at lower temperatures, but these differed between populations. Larvae from the subtropical population had reduced survival to pupation on the low-protein diet in the cold temperature treatment, whereas larval survival for the temperate population was equally high for all temperature and diet treatments. Overall, both populations performed more poorly (i.e., they showed slower rates of consumption, growth, and development, and had a smaller pupal mass) in the diet with the low protein ratio, but larvae from the temperate population were less sensitive to diet ratio changes at all temperatures. Our results confirm that the physiological and life-history consequences of imbalanced nutrition for insect herbivores may depend on developmental temperatures, and that different geographic populations of P. rapae within North America vary in their sensitivity to nutritional balance and temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joel G. Kingsolver
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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2
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Malinski KH, Sorenson CE, Moore ME, Willett CS, Kingsolver JG. Host species differences in the thermal mismatch of host-parasitoid interactions. J Exp Biol 2023:jeb.245702. [PMID: 37338185 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Extreme high temperatures associated with climate change can affect species directly, and indirectly through temperature-mediated species interactions. In most host-parasitoid systems, parasitization inevitably kills the host, but differences in heat tolerance between host and parasitoid, and between different hosts, may alter their interactions. Here, we explore the effects of extreme high temperatures on the ecological outcomes - including, in some rare cases, escape from the developmental disruption of parasitism - of the parasitoid wasp, Cotesia congregata, and two co-occurring congeneric larval hosts, Manduca sexta and M. quinquemaculata. Both host species had higher thermal tolerance than C. congregata, resulting in a thermal mismatch characterized by parasitoid (but not host) mortality under extreme high temperatures. Despite parasitoid death at high temperatures, hosts typically remain developmentally disrupted from parasitism. However, high temperatures resulted in a partial developmental recovery from parasitism (reaching the wandering stage at the end of host larval development) in some host individuals, with a significantly higher frequency of this partial developmental recovery in M. quinquemaculata than M. sexta. Hosts species also differed in their growth and development in the absence of parasitoids, with M. quinquemaculata developing faster and larger at high temperatures relative to M. sexta. Our results demonstrate that co-occurring congeneric species, despite shared environments and phylogenetic histories, can vary in their responses to temperature, parasitism, and their interaction, resulting in altered ecological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clyde E Sorenson
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC 27695, USA
| | - M Elizabeth Moore
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC 27695, USA
| | | | - Joel G Kingsolver
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill NC 27514, USA
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3
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Parker AL, Albright A, Kingsolver JG, Legault G. Predicting age and mass at maturity from feeding behavior and diet in Manduca sexta: An empirical test of a life history model. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e9848. [PMID: 36844672 PMCID: PMC9944182 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Feeding for most animals involves bouts of active ingestion alternating with bouts of no ingestion. In insects, the temporal patterning of bouts varies widely with resource quality and is known to affect growth, development time, and fitness. However, the precise impacts of resource quality and feeding behavior on insect life history traits are poorly understood. To explore and better understand the connections between feeding behavior, resource quality, and insect life history traits, we combined laboratory experiments with a recently proposed mechanistic model of insect growth and development for a larval herbivore, Manduca sexta. We ran feeding trials for 4th and 5th instar larvae across different diet types (two hostplants and artificial diet) and used these data to parameterize a joint model of age and mass at maturity that incorporates both insect feeding behavior and hormonal activity. We found that the estimated durations of both feeding and nonfeeding bouts were significantly shorter on low-quality than on high-quality diets. We then explored how well the fitted model predicted historical out-of-sample data on age and mass of M. sexta. We found that the model accurately described qualitative outcomes for the out-of-sample data, notably that a low-quality diet results in reduced mass and later age at maturity compared with high-quality diets. Our results clearly demonstrate the importance of diet quality on multiple components of insect feeding behavior (feeding and nonfeeding) and partially validate a joint model of insect life history. We discuss the implications of these findings with respect to insect herbivory and discuss ways in which our model could be improved or extended to other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L. Parker
- University of North Carolina – Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Anna Albright
- University of North Carolina – Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | | | - Geoffrey Legault
- University of North Carolina – Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
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4
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Harvey JA, Tougeron K, Gols R, Heinen R, Abarca M, Abram PK, Basset Y, Berg M, Boggs C, Brodeur J, Cardoso P, de Boer JG, De Snoo GR, Deacon C, Dell JE, Desneux N, Dillon ME, Duffy GA, Dyer LA, Ellers J, Espíndola A, Fordyce J, Forister ML, Fukushima C, Gage MJG, García‐Robledo C, Gely C, Gobbi M, Hallmann C, Hance T, Harte J, Hochkirch A, Hof C, Hoffmann AA, Kingsolver JG, Lamarre GPA, Laurance WF, Lavandero B, Leather SR, Lehmann P, Le Lann C, López‐Uribe MM, Ma C, Ma G, Moiroux J, Monticelli L, Nice C, Ode PJ, Pincebourde S, Ripple WJ, Rowe M, Samways MJ, Sentis A, Shah AA, Stork N, Terblanche JS, Thakur MP, Thomas MB, Tylianakis JM, Van Baaren J, Van de Pol M, Van der Putten WH, Van Dyck H, Verberk WCEP, Wagner DL, Weisser WW, Wetzel WC, Woods HA, Wyckhuys KAG, Chown SL. Scientists' warning on climate change and insects. ECOL MONOGR 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A. Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW) Wageningen The Netherlands
- Department of Ecological Sciences Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Kévin Tougeron
- Earth and Life Institute, Ecology & Biodiversity Université catholique de Louvain Louvain‐la‐Neuve Belgium
- EDYSAN, UMR 7058, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, CNRS Amiens France
| | - Rieta Gols
- Laboratory of Entomology Wageningen University Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Robin Heinen
- Department of Life Science Systems, School of Life Sciences Technical University of Munich, Terrestrial Ecology Research Group Freising Germany
| | - Mariana Abarca
- Department of Biological Sciences Smith College Northampton Massachusetts USA
| | - Paul K. Abram
- Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, Agassiz Research and Development Centre Agassiz British Columbia Canada
| | - Yves Basset
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Panama City Republic of Panama
- Department of Ecology Institute of Entomology, Czech Academy of Sciences Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
| | - Matty Berg
- Department of Ecological Sciences Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Groningen Institute of Evolutionary Life Sciences University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Carol Boggs
- School of the Earth, Ocean and Environment and Department of Biological Sciences University of South Carolina Columbia South Carolina USA
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory Gothic Colorado USA
| | - Jacques Brodeur
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Département de sciences biologiques Université de Montréal Montréal Québec Canada
| | - Pedro Cardoso
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History Luomus University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Jetske G. de Boer
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW) Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Geert R. De Snoo
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW) Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Charl Deacon
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Faculty of AgriSciences Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa
| | - Jane E. Dell
- Geosciences and Natural Resources Department Western Carolina University Cullowhee North Carolina USA
| | | | - Michael E. Dillon
- Department of Zoology and Physiology and Program in Ecology University of Wyoming Laramie Wyoming USA
| | - Grant A. Duffy
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Department of Marine Science University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Lee A. Dyer
- University of Nevada Reno – Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology Reno Nevada USA
| | - Jacintha Ellers
- Department of Ecological Sciences Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Anahí Espíndola
- Department of Entomology University of Maryland College Park Maryland USA
| | - James Fordyce
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Tennessee, Knoxville Knoxville Tennessee USA
| | - Matthew L. Forister
- University of Nevada Reno – Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology Reno Nevada USA
| | - Caroline Fukushima
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History Luomus University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | | | | | - Claire Gely
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, College of Science and Engineering James Cook University Cairns Queensland Australia
| | - Mauro Gobbi
- MUSE‐Science Museum, Research and Museum Collections Office Climate and Ecology Unit Trento Italy
| | - Caspar Hallmann
- Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences Radboud University Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Thierry Hance
- Earth and Life Institute, Ecology & Biodiversity Université catholique de Louvain Louvain‐la‐Neuve Belgium
| | - John Harte
- Energy and Resources Group University of California Berkeley California USA
| | - Axel Hochkirch
- Department of Biogeography Trier University Trier Germany
- IUCN SSC Invertebrate Conservation Committee
| | - Christian Hof
- Department of Life Science Systems, School of Life Sciences Technical University of Munich, Terrestrial Ecology Research Group Freising Germany
| | - Ary A. Hoffmann
- Bio21 Institute, School of BioSciences University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Joel G. Kingsolver
- Department of Biology University of North Carolina Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
| | - Greg P. A. Lamarre
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Panama City Republic of Panama
- Department of Ecology Institute of Entomology, Czech Academy of Sciences Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
| | - William F. Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, College of Science and Engineering James Cook University Cairns Queensland Australia
| | - Blas Lavandero
- Laboratorio de Control Biológico Universidad de Talca Talca Chile
| | - Simon R. Leather
- Center for Integrated Pest Management Harper Adams University Newport UK
| | - Philipp Lehmann
- Department of Zoology Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
- Zoological Institute and Museum University of Greifswald Greifswald Germany
| | - Cécile Le Lann
- University of Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO [(Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution)] ‐ UMR 6553 Rennes France
| | | | - Chun‐Sen Ma
- Climate Change Biology Research Group, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing China
| | - Gang Ma
- Climate Change Biology Research Group, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing China
| | | | | | - Chris Nice
- Department of Biology Texas State University San Marcos Texas USA
| | - Paul J. Ode
- Department of Agricultural Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - Sylvain Pincebourde
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS Université de Tours Tours France
| | - William J. Ripple
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society Oregon State University Oregon USA
| | - Melissah Rowe
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW) Department of Animal Ecology Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Michael J. Samways
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Faculty of AgriSciences Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa
| | - Arnaud Sentis
- INRAE, Aix‐Marseille University, UMR RECOVER Aix‐en‐Provence France
| | - Alisha A. Shah
- W.K. Kellogg Biological Station, Department of Integrative Biology Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA
| | - Nigel Stork
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, School of Environment and Science Griffith University Nathan Queensland Australia
| | - John S. Terblanche
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Faculty of AgriSciences Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa
| | - Madhav P. Thakur
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Matthew B. Thomas
- York Environmental Sustainability Institute and Department of Biology University of York York UK
| | - Jason M. Tylianakis
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, School of Biological Sciences University of Canterbury Christchurch New Zealand
| | - Joan Van Baaren
- University of Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO [(Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution)] ‐ UMR 6553 Rennes France
| | - Martijn Van de Pol
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW) Department of Animal Ecology Wageningen The Netherlands
- College of Science and Engineering James Cook University Townsville Queensland Australia
| | - Wim H. Van der Putten
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW) Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Hans Van Dyck
- Earth and Life Institute, Ecology & Biodiversity Université catholique de Louvain Louvain‐la‐Neuve Belgium
| | | | - David L. Wagner
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Connecticut Storrs Connecticut USA
| | - Wolfgang W. Weisser
- Department of Life Science Systems, School of Life Sciences Technical University of Munich, Terrestrial Ecology Research Group Freising Germany
| | - William C. Wetzel
- Department of Entomology, Department of Integrative Biology, and Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Program Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA
| | - H. Arthur Woods
- Division of Biological Sciences University of Montana Missoula Montana USA
| | - Kris A. G. Wyckhuys
- Chrysalis Consulting Hanoi Vietnam
- China Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing China
| | - Steven L. Chown
- Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future, School of Biological Sciences Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia
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5
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Woods HA, Legault G, Kingsolver JG, Pincebourde S, Shah AA, Larkin BG. Climate‐driven thermal opportunities and risks for leaf miners in aspen canopies. ECOL MONOGR 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Arthur Woods
- Division of Biological Sciences University of Montana Missoula MT USA
| | - Geoffrey Legault
- Department of Biology University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC USA
| | | | - Sylvain Pincebourde
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS ‐ Université de Tours, 37200 Tours France
| | - Alisha A. Shah
- Division of Biological Sciences University of Montana Missoula MT USA
- W.K. Kellogg Biological Station, Department of Integrative Biology Michigan State University Hickory Corners MI USA
| | - Beau G. Larkin
- MPG Operations, LLC, 1001 South Higgins Ave, Suite 3A Missoula MT USA
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6
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Moore ME, Hill CA, Kingsolver JG. Developmental timing of extreme temperature events (heat waves) disrupts host-parasitoid interactions. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8618. [PMID: 35342573 PMCID: PMC8932226 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
When thermal tolerances differ between interacting species, extreme temperature events (heat waves) will alter the ecological outcomes. The parasitoid wasp Cotesia congregata suffers high mortality when reared throughout development at temperatures that are nonstressful for its host, Manduca sexta. However, the effects of short-term heat stress during parasitoid development are unknown in this host-parasitoid system.Here, we investigate how duration of exposure, daily maximum temperature, and the developmental timing of heat waves impact the performance of C. congregata and its host¸ M. sexta. We find that the developmental timing of short-term heat waves strongly determines parasitoid and host outcomes.Heat waves during parasitoid embryonic development resulted in complete wasp mortality and the production of giant, long-lived hosts. Heat waves during the 1st-instar had little effect on wasp success, whereas heat waves during the parasitoid's nutritionally and hormonally critical 2nd instar greatly reduced wasp emergence and eclosion. The temperature and duration of heat waves experienced early in development determined what proportion of hosts had complete parasitoid mortality and abnormal phenotypes.Our results suggest that the timing of extreme temperature events will be crucial to determining the ecological impacts on this host-parasitoid system. Discrepancies in thermal tolerance between interacting species and across development will have important ramifications on ecosystem responses to climate change.
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Abstract
Evolutionary adaptation to temperature and climate depends on both the extent to which organisms experience spatial and temporal environmental variation (exposure) and how responsive they are to the environmental variation (sensitivity). Theoretical models and experiments suggesting substantial potential for thermal adaptation have largely omitted realistic environmental variation. Environmental variation can drive fluctuations in selection that slow adaptive evolution. We review how carefully filtering environmental conditions based on how organisms experience their environment and further considering organismal sensitivity can improve predictions of thermal adaptation. We contrast taxa differing in exposure and sensitivity. Plasticity can increase the rate of evolutionary adaptation in taxa exposed to pronounced environmental variation. However, forms of plasticity that severely limit exposure, such as behavioral thermoregulation and phenological shifts, can hinder thermal adaptation. Despite examples of rapid thermal adaptation, experimental studies often reveal evolutionary constraints. Further investigating these constraints and issues of timescale and thermal history are needed to predict evolutionary adaptation and, consequently, population persistence in changing and variable environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren B. Buckley
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195‐1800, USA
| | - Joel G. Kingsolver
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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8
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Legault G, Kingsolver JG. Correction. Am Nat 2021; 198:437. [PMID: 34403323 DOI: 10.1086/715152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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9
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Kingsolver JG, Malinski KH, Parker AL. Connecting extreme climatic events to changes in ecological interactions. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anna L. Parker
- Department of Biology University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC USA
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10
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Kingsolver JG, Moore ME, Augustine KE, Hill CA. Responses of Manduca sexta larvae to heat waves. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:238099. [PMID: 34424973 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.236505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is increasing the frequency of heat waves and other extreme weather events experienced by organisms. How does the number and developmental timing of heat waves affect survival, growth and development of insects? Do heat waves early in development alter performance later in development? We addressed these questions using experimental heat waves with larvae of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. The experiments used diurnally fluctuating temperature treatments differing in the number (0-3) and developmental timing (early, middle and/or late in larval development) of heat waves, in which a single heat wave involved three consecutive days with a daily maximum temperature of 42°C. Survival to pupation declined with increasing number of heat waves. Multiple (but not single) heat waves significantly reduced development time and pupal mass; the best models for the data indicated that both the number and developmental timing of heat waves affected performance. In addition, heat waves earlier in development significantly reduced growth and development rates later in larval development. Our results illustrate how the frequency and developmental timing of sublethal heat waves can have important consequences for life history traits in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel G Kingsolver
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - M Elizabeth Moore
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kate E Augustine
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Christina A Hill
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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11
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Moore ME, Hill CA, Kingsolver JG. Differing thermal sensitivities in a host–parasitoid interaction: High, fluctuating developmental temperatures produce dead wasps and giant caterpillars. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Elizabeth Moore
- Department of Biology University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC USA
| | - Christina A. Hill
- Department of Biology University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC USA
| | - Joel G. Kingsolver
- Department of Biology University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC USA
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12
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Kingsolver JG, Moore ME, Hill CA, Augustine KE. Growth, stress, and acclimation responses to fluctuating temperatures in field and domesticated populations of Manduca sexta. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:13980-13989. [PMID: 33391696 PMCID: PMC7771122 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diurnal fluctuations in temperature are ubiquitous in terrestrial environments, and insects and other ectotherms have evolved to tolerate or acclimate to such fluctuations. Few studies have examined whether ectotherms acclimate to diurnal temperature fluctuations, or how natural and domesticated populations differ in their responses to diurnal fluctuations. We examine how diurnally fluctuating temperatures during development affect growth, acclimation, and stress responses for two populations of Manduca sexta: a field population that typically experiences wide variation in mean and fluctuations in temperature, and a laboratory population that has been domesticated in nearly constant temperatures for more than 300 generations. Laboratory experiments showed that diurnal fluctuations throughout larval development reduced pupal mass for the laboratory but not the field population. The differing effects of diurnal fluctuations were greatest at higher mean temperature (30°C): Here diurnal fluctuations reduced pupal mass and increased pupal development time for the laboratory population, but had little effect for the field population. We also evaluated how mean and fluctuations in temperature during early larval development affected growth rate during the final larval instar as a function of test temperature. At an intermediate (25°C) mean temperature, both the laboratory and field population showed a positive acclimation response to diurnal fluctuations, in which subsequent growth rate was significantly higher at most test temperatures. In contrast at higher mean temperature (30°C), diurnal fluctuations significantly reduced subsequent growth rate at most test temperatures for the laboratory population, but not for the field population. These results suggest that during domestication in constant temperatures, the laboratory population has lost the capacity to tolerate or acclimate to high and fluctuating temperatures. Population differences in acclimation capacity in response to temperature fluctuations have not been previously demonstrated, but they may be important for understanding the evolution of reaction norms and performance curves.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kate E. Augustine
- Department of BiologyUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNCUSA
- Manaaki Whenua – Landcare ResearchAucklandNew Zealand
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13
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Kingsolver JG, Buckley LB. Ontogenetic variation in thermal sensitivity shapes insect ecological responses to climate change. Curr Opin Insect Sci 2020; 41:17-24. [PMID: 32599547 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Insects have distinct life stages that can differ in their responses to environmental factors. We discuss empirical evidence and theoretical models for ontogenetic variation in thermal sensitivity and performance curves (TPCs). Data on lower thermal limits for development (T0) demonstrate variation between stages within a species that is of comparable magnitude to variation among species; we illustrate the consequences of such ontogenetic variation for developmental responses to changing temperature. Ontogenetic variation in optimal temperatures and upper thermal limits has been reported in some systems, but current data are too limited to identify general patterns. The shapes of TPCs for different fitness components such as juvenile survival, adult fecundity, and generation time differ in characteristic ways, with important consequences for understanding fitness in varying thermal environments. We highlight a theoretical framework for incorporating ontogenetic variation into process-based models of population responses to seasonal variation and climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel G Kingsolver
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
| | - Lauren B Buckley
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
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14
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Legault G, Kingsolver JG. A Stochastic Model for Predicting Age and Mass at Maturity of Insects. Am Nat 2020; 196:227-240. [PMID: 32673092 DOI: 10.1086/709503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Variation in age and mass at maturity is commonly observed in populations, even among individuals with the same genetic and environmental backgrounds. Accounting for such individual variation with a stochastic model is important for estimating optimal evolutionary strategies and for understanding potential trade-offs among life-history traits. However, most studies employ stochastic models that are either phenomenological or account for variation in only one life-history trait. We propose a model based on the developmental biology of the moth Manduca sexta that accounts for stochasticity in two key life-history traits, age and mass at maturity. The model is mechanistic, describing feeding behavior and common insect developmental processes, including the degradation of juvenile hormone prior to molting. We derive a joint probability density function for the model and explore how the distribution of age and mass at maturity is affected by different parameter values. We find that the joint distribution is generally nonnormal and highly sensitive to parameter values. In addition, our model predicts previously observed effects of temperature change and nutritional quality on the expected values of insect age and mass. Our results highlight the importance of integrating multiple sources of stochasticity into life-history models.
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Nielsen ME, Kingsolver JG. Compensating for climate change–induced cue‐environment mismatches: evidence for contemporary evolution of a photoperiodic reaction norm in
Colias
butterflies. Ecol Lett 2020; 23:1129-1136. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.13515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E. Nielsen
- Department of Biology University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC27599USA
- Department of Zoology Stockholm University SE‐106 91Stockholm Sweden
| | - Joel G. Kingsolver
- Department of Biology University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC27599USA
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16
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Alston MA, Lee J, Moore ME, Kingsolver JG, Willett CS. The ghost of temperature past: interactive effects of previous and current thermal conditions on gene expression in Manduca sexta. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb213975. [PMID: 32127377 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.213975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
High temperatures can negatively impact the performance and survival of organisms, particularly ectotherms. While an organism's response to high temperature stress clearly depends on current thermal conditions, its response may also be affected by the temporal pattern and duration of past temperature exposures. We used RNA sequencing of Manduca sexta larvae fat body tissue to evaluate how diurnal temperature fluctuations during development affected gene expression both independently and in conjunction with subsequent heat stress. Additionally, we compared gene expression between two M. sexta populations, a lab colony and a genetically related field population that have been separated for >300 generations and differ in their thermal sensitivities. Lab-adapted larvae were predicted to show increased expression responses to both single and repeated thermal stress, whereas recurrent exposure could decrease later stress responses for field individuals. We found large differences in overall gene expression patterns between the two populations across all treatments, as well as population-specific transcriptomic responses to temperature; more differentially expressed genes were upregulated in the field compared with lab larvae. Developmental temperature fluctuations alone had minimal effects on long-term gene expression patterns, with the exception of a somewhat elevated stress response in the lab population. Fluctuating rearing conditions did alter gene expression during exposure to later heat stress, but this effect depended on both the population and the particular temperature conditions. This study contributes to increased knowledge of molecular mechanisms underlying physiological responses of organisms to temperature fluctuations, which is needed for the development of more accurate thermal performance models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meggan A Alston
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jeeyun Lee
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - M Elizabeth Moore
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Joel G Kingsolver
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Christopher S Willett
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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17
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18
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Siepielski AM, Morrissey MB, Carlson SM, Francis CD, Kingsolver JG, Whitney KD, Kruuk LEB. No evidence that warmer temperatures are associated with selection for smaller body sizes. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20191332. [PMID: 31337312 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Reductions in animal body size over recent decades are often interpreted as an adaptive evolutionary response to climate warming. However, for reductions in size to reflect adaptive evolution, directional selection on body size within populations must have become negative, or where already negative, to have become more so, as temperatures increased. To test this hypothesis, we performed traditional and phylogenetic meta-analyses of the association between annual estimates of directional selection on body size from wild populations and annual mean temperatures from 39 longitudinal studies. We found no evidence that warmer environments were associated with selection for smaller size. Instead, selection consistently favoured larger individuals, and was invariant to temperature. These patterns were similar in ectotherms and endotherms. An analysis using year rather than temperature revealed similar patterns, suggesting no evidence that selection has changed over time, and also indicating that the lack of association with annual temperature was not an artefact of choosing an erroneous time window for aggregating the temperature data. Although phenotypic trends in size will be driven by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, our results suggest little evidence for a necessary ingredient-negative directional selection-for declines in body size to be considered an adaptive evolutionary response to changing selection pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Siepielski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, SCEN 601, 850 W. Dickson Street, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | | | - Stephanie M Carlson
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Clinton D Francis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cal Poly State University, 1 Grand Avenue, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA
| | - Joel G Kingsolver
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kenneth D Whitney
- Department of Biology, MSC03-2020, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Loeske E B Kruuk
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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19
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MacLean HJ, Nielsen ME, Kingsolver JG, Buckley LB. Using museum specimens to track morphological shifts through climate change. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 374:rstb.2017.0404. [PMID: 30455218 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Museum specimens offer a largely untapped resource for detecting morphological shifts in response to climate change. However, morphological shifts can be obscured by shifts in phenology or distribution or sampling biases. Additionally, interpreting phenotypic shifts requires distinguishing whether they result from plastic or genetic changes. Previous studies using collections have documented consistent historical size changes, but the limited studies of other morphological traits have often failed to support, or even test, hypotheses. We explore the potential of collections by investigating shifts in the functionally significant coloration of a montane butterfly, Colias meadii, over the past 60 years within three North American geographical regions. We find declines in ventral wing melanism, which correspond to reduced absorption of solar radiation and thus reduced risk of overheating, in two regions. However, contrary to expected responses to climate warming, we find melanism increases in the most thoroughly sampled region. Relationships among temperature, phenology and morphology vary across years and complicate the distinction between plastic and genetic responses. Differences in these relationships may account for the differing morphological shifts among regions. Our findings highlight the promise of using museum specimens to test mechanistic hypotheses for shifts in functional traits, which is essential for deciphering interacting responses to climate change.This article is part of the theme issue 'Biological collections for understanding biodiversity in the Anthropocene'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi J MacLean
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Coker Hall 120 South Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Matthew E Nielsen
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Coker Hall 120 South Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Joel G Kingsolver
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Coker Hall 120 South Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Lauren B Buckley
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, 24 Kincaid Hall, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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20
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Abstract
Function-valued traits—phenotypes whose expression depends on a continuous index (such as age, temperature, or space)—occur throughout biology and, like any trait, it is important to understand how they vary and evolve. Although methods for analyzing variation and evolution of function-valued traits are well developed, they have been underutilized by evolutionists, especially those who study natural populations. We seek to summarize advances in the study of function-valued traits and to make their analyses more approachable and accessible to biologists who could benefit greatly from their use. To that end, we explain how curve thinking benefits conceptual understanding and statistical analysis of functional data. We provide a detailed guide to the most flexible and statistically powerful methods and include worked examples (with R code) as supplemental material. We review ways to characterize variation in function-valued traits and analyze consequences for evolution, including constraint. We also discuss how selection on function-valued traits can be estimated and combined with estimates of heritable variation to project evolutionary dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Gomulkiewicz
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
| | - Joel G. Kingsolver
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Patrick A. Carter
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
| | - Nancy Heckman
- Department of Statistics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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21
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Kingsolver JG, Buckley LB. How do phenology, plasticity, and evolution determine the fitness consequences of climate change for montane butterflies? Evol Appl 2018; 11:1231-1244. [PMID: 30151036 PMCID: PMC6099808 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Species have responded to climate change via seasonal (phenological) shifts, morphological plasticity, and evolutionary adaptation, but how these responses contribute to changes and variation in population fitness are poorly understood. We assess the interactions and relative importance of these responses for fitness in a montane butterfly, Colias eriphyle, along an elevational gradient. Because environmental temperatures affect developmental rates of each life stage, populations along the gradients differ in phenological timing and the number of generations each year. Our focal phenotype, wing solar absorptivity of adult butterflies, exhibits local adaptation across elevation and responds plastically to developmental temperatures. We integrate climatic data for the past half-century with microclimate, developmental, biophysical, demographic, and evolutionary models for this system to predict how phenology, plasticity, and evolution contribute to phenotypic and fitness variation along the gradient. We predict that phenological advancements incompletely compensate for climate warming, and also influence morphological plasticity. Climate change is predicted to increase mean population fitness in the first seasonal generation at high elevation, but decrease mean fitness in the summer generations at low elevation. Phenological shifts reduce the interannual variation in directional selection and morphology, but do not have consistent effects on variation in mean fitness. Morphological plasticity and its evolution can substantially increase population fitness and adaptation to climate change at low elevations, but environmental unpredictability limits adaptive plastic and evolutionary responses at high elevations. Phenological shifts also decrease the relative fitness advantages of morphological plasticity and evolution. Our results illustrate how the potential contributions of phenological and morphological plasticity and of evolution to climate change adaptation can vary along environmental gradients and how environmental variability will limit adaptive responses to climate change in montane regions.
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22
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Kingsolver JG, Umbanhowar J. The analysis and interpretation of critical temperatures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.167858. [PMID: 29724777 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.167858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Critical temperatures are widely used to quantify the upper and lower thermal limits of organisms. But measured critical temperatures often vary with methodological details, leading to spirited discussions about the potential consequences of stress and acclimation during the experiments. We review a model based on the simple assumption that failure rate increases with increasing temperature, independent of previous temperature exposure, water loss or metabolism during the experiment. The model predicts that mean critical thermal maximal temperature (CTmax) increases non-linearly with starting temperature and ramping rate, a pattern frequently observed in empirical studies. We then develop a statistical model that estimates a failure rate function (the relationship between failure rate and current temperature) using maximum likelihood; the best model accounts for 58% of the variation in CTmax in an exemplary dataset for tsetse flies. We then extend the model to incorporate potential effects of stress and acclimation on the failure rate function; the results show how stress accumulation at low ramping rate may increase the failure rate and reduce observed values of CTmax We also applied the model to an acclimation experiment with hornworm larvae that used a single starting temperature and ramping rate; the analyses show that increasing acclimation temperature significantly reduced the slope of the failure rate function, increasing the temperature at which failure occurred. The model directly applies to critical thermal minima, and can utilize data from both ramping and constant-temperature assays. Our model provides a new approach to analyzing and interpreting critical temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel G Kingsolver
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - James Umbanhowar
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Arthur Woods
- Division of Biological Sciences University of Montana Missoula Montana
| | - Joel G. Kingsolver
- Department of Biology University of North Carolina Chapel Hill North Carolina
| | | | - David A. Vasseur
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Yale University New Haven Connecticut
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24
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Buckley LB, Arakaki AJ, Cannistra AF, Kharouba HM, Kingsolver JG. Insect Development, Thermal Plasticity and Fitness Implications in Changing, Seasonal Environments. Integr Comp Biol 2018; 57:988-998. [PMID: 28662575 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icx032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Historical data show that recent climate change has caused advances in seasonal timing (phenology) in many animals and plants, particularly in temperate and higher latitude regions. The population and fitness consequences of these phenological shifts for insects and other ectotherms have been heterogeneous: warming can increase development rates and the number of generations per year (increasing fitness), but can also lead to seasonal mismatches between animals and their resources and increase exposure to environmental variability (decreasing fitness). Insect populations exhibit local adaptation in their developmental responses to temperature, including lower developmental thresholds and the thermal requirements to complete development, but climate change can potentially disrupt seasonal timing of juvenile and adult stages and alter population fitness. We investigate these issues using a global dataset describing how insect developmental responds to temperature via two traits: lower temperature thresholds for development (T0) and the cumulative degree-days required to complete development (G). As suggested by previous analyses, T0 decreases and G increases with increasing (absolute) latitude; however, these traits and the relationship between G and latitude varies significantly among taxonomic orders. The mean number of generations per year (a metric of fitness) increases with both decreasing T0 and G, but the effects of these traits on fitness vary strongly with latitude, with stronger selection on both traits at higher (absolute) latitudes. We then use the traits to predict developmental timing and temperatures for multiple generations within seasons and across years (1970-2010). Seasonality drives developmental temperatures to peak mid-season and for generation lengths to decline across seasons, particularly in temperate regions. We predict that climate warming has advanced phenology and increased the number of generations, particularly at high latitudes. The magnitude of increases in developmental temperature varies little across latitude. Increases in the number of seasonal generations have been greatest for populations experiencing the greatest phenological advancements and warming. Shifts in developmental rate and timing due to climate change will have complex implications for selection and fitness in seasonal environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren B Buckley
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1800, USA
| | - Andrew J Arakaki
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1800, USA
| | - Anthony F Cannistra
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1800, USA
| | | | - Joel G Kingsolver
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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25
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Siepielski AM, Morrissey MB, Buoro M, Carlson SM, Caruso CM, Clegg SM, Coulson T, DiBattista J, Gotanda KM, Francis CD, Hereford J, Kingsolver JG, Augustine KE, Kruuk LEB, Martin RA, Sheldon BC, Sletvold N, Svensson EI, Wade MJ, MacColl ADC. Response to Comment on “Precipitation drives global variation in natural selection”. Science 2018; 359:359/6374/eaan5760. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aan5760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam M. Siepielski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | | | - Mathieu Buoro
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie M. Carlson
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Christina M. Caruso
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sonya M. Clegg
- Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tim Coulson
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Joseph DiBattista
- Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Kiyoko M. Gotanda
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Redpath Museum and Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Clinton D. Francis
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
| | - Joe Hereford
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Joel G. Kingsolver
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kate E. Augustine
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Loeske E. B. Kruuk
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Ryan A. Martin
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ben C. Sheldon
- Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nina Sletvold
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Michael J. Wade
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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Kingsolver JG, Buckley LB. Quantifying thermal extremes and biological variation to predict evolutionary responses to changing climate. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 372:rstb.2016.0147. [PMID: 28483862 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Central ideas from thermal biology, including thermal performance curves and tolerances, have been widely used to evaluate how changes in environmental means and variances generate changes in fitness, selection and microevolution in response to climate change. We summarize the opportunities and challenges for extending this approach to understanding the consequences of extreme climatic events. Using statistical tools from extreme value theory, we show how distributions of thermal extremes vary with latitude, time scale and climate change. Second, we review how performance curves and tolerances have been used to predict the fitness and evolutionary responses to climate change and climate gradients. Performance curves and tolerances change with prior thermal history and with time scale, complicating their use for predicting responses to thermal extremes. Third, we describe several recent case studies showing how infrequent extreme events can have outsized effects on the evolution of performance curves and heat tolerance. A key issue is whether thermal extremes affect reproduction or survival, and how these combine to determine overall fitness. We argue that a greater focus on tails-in the distribution of environmental extremes, and in the upper ends of performance curves-is needed to understand the consequences of extreme events.This article is part of the themed issue 'Behavioural, ecological and evolutionary responses to extreme climatic events'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel G Kingsolver
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Lauren B Buckley
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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27
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Kingsolver JG, Buckley LB. Evolution of plasticity and adaptive responses to climate change along climate gradients. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 284:rspb.2017.0386. [PMID: 28814652 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.0386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The relative contributions of phenotypic plasticity and adaptive evolution to the responses of species to recent and future climate change are poorly understood. We combine recent (1960-2010) climate and phenotypic data with microclimate, heat balance, demographic and evolutionary models to address this issue for a montane butterfly, Colias eriphyle, along an elevational gradient. Our focal phenotype, wing solar absorptivity, responds plastically to developmental (pupal) temperatures and plays a central role in thermoregulatory adaptation in adults. Here, we show that both the phenotypic and adaptive consequences of plasticity vary with elevation. Seasonal changes in weather generate seasonal variation in phenotypic selection on mean and plasticity of absorptivity, especially at lower elevations. In response to climate change in the past 60 years, our models predict evolutionary declines in mean absorptivity (but little change in plasticity) at high elevations, and evolutionary increases in plasticity (but little change in mean) at low elevation. The importance of plasticity depends on the magnitude of seasonal variation in climate relative to interannual variation. Our results suggest that selection and evolution of both trait means and plasticity can contribute to adaptive response to climate change in this system. They also illustrate how plasticity can facilitate rather than retard adaptive evolutionary responses to directional climate change in seasonal environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel G Kingsolver
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Lauren B Buckley
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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28
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Siepielski AM, Morrissey MB, Buoro M, Carlson SM, Caruso CM, Clegg SM, Coulson T, DiBattista J, Gotanda KM, Francis CD, Hereford J, Kingsolver JG, Augustine KE, Kruuk LEB, Martin RA, Sheldon BC, Sletvold N, Svensson EI, Wade MJ, MacColl ADC. Precipitation drives global variation in natural selection. Science 2017; 355:959-962. [PMID: 28254943 DOI: 10.1126/science.aag2773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Climate change has the potential to affect the ecology and evolution of every species on Earth. Although the ecological consequences of climate change are increasingly well documented, the effects of climate on the key evolutionary process driving adaptation-natural selection-are largely unknown. We report that aspects of precipitation and potential evapotranspiration, along with the North Atlantic Oscillation, predicted variation in selection across plant and animal populations throughout many terrestrial biomes, whereas temperature explained little variation. By showing that selection was influenced by climate variation, our results indicate that climate change may cause widespread alterations in selection regimes, potentially shifting evolutionary trajectories at a global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Siepielski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA.
| | | | - Mathieu Buoro
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie M Carlson
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Christina M Caruso
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sonya M Clegg
- Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Tim Coulson
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Joseph DiBattista
- Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Kiyoko M Gotanda
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Redpath Museum and Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Clinton D Francis
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
| | - Joe Hereford
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Joel G Kingsolver
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kate E Augustine
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Loeske E B Kruuk
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Ryan A Martin
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ben C Sheldon
- Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nina Sletvold
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Michael J Wade
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
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Caruso CM, Martin RA, Sletvold N, Morrissey MB, Wade MJ, Augustine KE, Carlson SM, MacColl ADC, Siepielski AM, Kingsolver JG. What Are the Environmental Determinants of Phenotypic Selection? A Meta-analysis of Experimental Studies. Am Nat 2017; 190:363-376. [DOI: 10.1086/692760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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30
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Augustine KE, Kingsolver JG. Biogeography and phenology of oviposition preference and larval performance of Pieris virginiensis butterflies on native and invasive host plants. Biol Invasions 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-017-1543-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Kingsolver JG. EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSES OF WING SIZE, FLIGHT, AND SURVIVAL IN THE WESTERN WHITE BUTTERFLY. Evolution 2017; 53:1479-1490. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1999.tb05412.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/1998] [Accepted: 04/06/1999] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joel G. Kingsolver
- Department of Zoology University of Washington Box 351800 Seattle Washington 98195
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Kingsolver JG. VIABILITY SELECTION ON SEASONALLY POLYPHENIC TRAITS: WING MELANIN PATTERN IN WESTERN WHITE BUTTERFLIES. Evolution 2017; 49:932-941. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1995.tb02328.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/1994] [Accepted: 08/16/1994] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joel G. Kingsolver
- Department of Zoology, NJ‐15 University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195
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Kingsolver JG, Wiernasz DC. DISSECTING CORRELATED CHARACTERS: ADAPTIVE ASPECTS OF PHENOTYPIC COVARIATION IN MELANIZATION PATTERN OF
PIERIS
BUTTERFLIES. Evolution 2017; 41:491-503. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1987.tb05820.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/1986] [Accepted: 12/19/1986] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joel G. Kingsolver
- Graduate Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Division of Biology and Medicine Brown University Providence RI 02912
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory Crested Butte CO 81224
| | - Diane C. Wiernasz
- Graduate Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Division of Biology and Medicine Brown University Providence RI 02912
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory Crested Butte CO 81224
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Kingsolver JG, Koehl MAR. AERODYNAMICS, THERMOREGULATION, AND THE EVOLUTION OF INSECT WINGS: DIFFERENTIAL SCALING AND EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE. Evolution 2017; 39:488-504. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1985.tb00390.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/1984] [Accepted: 01/28/1985] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - M. A. R. Koehl
- Department of Zoology University of California Berkeley CA 94720
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel G. Kingsolver
- Department of Zoology, NJ‐15 University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195
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36
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Kingsolver JG, Smith SG. ESTIMATING SELECTION ON QUANTITATIVE TRAITS USING CAPTURE‐RECAPTURE DATA. Evolution 2017; 49:384-388. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1995.tb02252.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/1993] [Accepted: 06/02/1994] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joel G. Kingsolver
- Department of Zoology, NJ‐15 University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195
| | - Steven G. Smith
- Center for Quantitative Science School of Fisheries, HR‐20 University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195
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Kingsolver JG. EVOLUTION AND COADAPTATION OF THERMOREGULATORY BEHAVIOR AND WING PIGMENTATION PATTERN IN PIERID BUTTERFLIES. Evolution 2017; 41:472-490. [PMID: 28563799 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1987.tb05819.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/1986] [Accepted: 12/19/1986] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper addresses the question of how the relationship between morphological structure and functional performance differs in related groups of organisms. I describe the relationship between a suite of phenotypic characters (behavioral posture and the pattern of wing pigmentation) and one function of these characters (thermoregulatory performance) for two groups of butterflies in the family Pieridae, focusing on how behavior and wing pattern interact to affect specific aspects of thermoregulation. Using both natural and experimentally created variation in wing-melanization patterns, I develop and test a series of predictions about the relations among thermoregulatory posture, melanization pattern, body temperature, and flight activity. Results show that increased melanization in different wing regions has positive, negative, or neutral effects in increasing body temperature of Pieris butterflies. The angle of the wings used during basking alters the relative importance of different modes of heat transfer and thereby determines the contribution of different dorsal wing regions to thermoregulation. Experimentally increased dorsal melanization can either increase or decrease the onset of flight activity and can directly alter thermoregulatory posture. For Pieris, dorsal melanization affects basking and flight, while ventral melanization primarily affects overheating. These results are used to generate a functional map relating melanization pattern to thermoregulatory performance in Pieris. Reflectance-basking posture, white background color, and melanization pattern represent coadapted characters in Pieris that interact to determine thermoregulatory performance. The differences in thermoregulatory posture and background color between pierid butterflies in the subfamilies Pierinae and Coliadinae have led to a reorganization and partial reversal of the thermoregulatory effects of melanization pattern. I suggest that this change in the physical mechanism of thermoregulatory adaption in pierids has qualitatively altered the nature of selection on wing-melanization pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel G Kingsolver
- Graduate Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912.,Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO, 81224
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38
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Kingsolver JG, Wiernasz DC. DEVELOPMENT, FUNCTION, AND THE QUANTITATIVE GENETICS OF WING MELANIN PATTERN IN
PIERIS
BUTTERFLIES. Evolution 2017; 45:1480-1492. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1991.tb02650.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/1989] [Accepted: 02/05/1991] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joel G. Kingsolver
- Department of Zoology, NJ‐I5 University of Washington Seattle WA 98195 USA
| | - Diane C. Wiernasz
- Department of Zoology, NJ‐I5 University of Washington Seattle WA 98195 USA
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39
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MacLean HJ, Kingsolver JG, Buckley LB. Historical changes in thermoregulatory traits of alpine butterflies reveal complex ecological and evolutionary responses to recent climate change. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1186/s40665-016-0028-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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40
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MacLean HJ, Higgins JK, Buckley LB, Kingsolver JG. Morphological and physiological determinants of local adaptation to climate in Rocky Mountain butterflies. Conserv Physiol 2016; 4:cow035. [PMID: 27668080 PMCID: PMC5033134 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cow035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Flight is a central determinant of fitness in butterflies and other insects, but it is restricted to a limited range of body temperatures. To achieve these body temperatures, butterflies use a combination of morphological, behavioural and physiological mechanisms. Here, we used common garden (without direct solar radiation) and reciprocal transplant (full solar radiation) experiments in the field to determine the thermal sensitivity of flight initiation for two species of Colias butterflies along an elevation gradient in the southwestern Rocky Mountains. The mean body temperature for flight initiation in the field was lower (24-26°C) than indicated by previous studies (28-30°C) in these species. There were small but significant differences in thermal sensitivity of flight initiation between species; high-elevation Colias meadii initiated flight at a lower mean body temperature than lower-elevation Colias eriphyle. Morphological differences (in wing melanin and thoracic setae) drive body temperature differences between species and contributed strongly to differences in the time and probability of flight and air temperatures at flight initiation. Our results suggest that differences both in thermal sensitivity (15% contribution) and in morphology (85% contribution) contribute to the differences in flight initiation between the two species in the field. Understanding these differences, which influence flight performance and fitness, aids in forecasting responses to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi J MacLean
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jessica K Higgins
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Lauren B Buckley
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Joel G Kingsolver
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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41
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Kingsolver JG, Woods HA. Beyond Thermal Performance Curves: Modeling Time-Dependent Effects of Thermal Stress on Ectotherm Growth Rates. Am Nat 2016; 187:283-94. [DOI: 10.1086/684786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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42
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Buckley LB, Nufio CR, Kirk EM, Kingsolver JG. Elevational differences in developmental plasticity determine phenological responses of grasshoppers to recent climate warming. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 282:20150441. [PMID: 26041342 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.0441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Annual species may increase reproduction by increasing adult body size through extended development, but risk being unable to complete development in seasonally limited environments. Synthetic reviews indicate that most, but not all, species have responded to recent climate warming by advancing the seasonal timing of adult emergence or reproduction. Here, we show that 50 years of climate change have delayed development in high-elevation, season-limited grasshopper populations, but advanced development in populations at lower elevations. Developmental delays are most pronounced for early-season species, which might benefit most from delaying development when released from seasonal time constraints. Rearing experiments confirm that population, elevation and temperature interact to determine development time. Population differences in developmental plasticity may account for variability in phenological shifts among adults. An integrated consideration of the full life cycle that considers local adaptation and plasticity may be essential for understanding and predicting responses to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren B Buckley
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1800, USA
| | - César R Nufio
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA University of Colorado Natural History Museum, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Evan M Kirk
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Joel G Kingsolver
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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43
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MacLean HJ, Higgins JK, Buckley LB, Kingsolver JG. Geographic divergence in upper thermal limits across insect life stages: does behavior matter? Oecologia 2016; 181:107-14. [PMID: 26849879 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-016-3561-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Insects with complex life cycles vary in size, mobility, and thermal ecology across life stages. We examine how differences in the capacity for thermoregulatory behavior influence geographic differences in physiological heat tolerance among egg and adult Colias butterflies. Colias adults exhibit differences in morphology (wing melanin and thoracic setal length) along spatial gradients, whereas eggs are morphologically indistinguishable. Here we compare Colias eriphyle eggs and adults from two elevations and Colias meadii from a high elevation. Hatching success and egg development time of C. eriphyle eggs did not differ significantly with the elevation of origin. Egg survival declined in response to heat-shock temperatures above 38-40 °C and egg development time was shortest at intermediate heat-shock temperatures of 33-38 °C. Laboratory experiments with adults showed survival in response to heat shock was significantly greater for Colias from higher than from lower elevation sites. Common-garden experiments at the low-elevation field site showed that C. meadii adults initiated heat-avoidance and over-heating behaviors significantly earlier in the day than C. eriphyle. Our study demonstrates the importance of examining thermal tolerances across life stages. Our findings are inconsistent with the hypothesis that thermoregulatory behavior inhibits the geographic divergence of physiological traits in mobile stages, and suggest that sessile stages may evolve similar heat tolerances in different environments due to microclimatic variability or evolutionary constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi J MacLean
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Jessica K Higgins
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Lauren B Buckley
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Joel G Kingsolver
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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Abstract
How does recent climate warming and climate variability alter fitness, phenotypic selection and evolution in natural populations? We combine biophysical, demographic and evolutionary models with recent climate data to address this question for the subalpine and alpine butterfly, Colias meadii, in the southern Rocky Mountains. We focus on predicting patterns of selection and evolution for a key thermoregulatory trait, melanin (solar absorptivity) on the posterior ventral hindwings, which affects patterns of body temperature, flight activity, adult and egg survival, and reproductive success in Colias. Both mean annual summer temperatures and thermal variability within summers have increased during the past 60 years at subalpine and alpine sites. At the subalpine site, predicted directional selection on wing absorptivity has shifted from generally positive (favouring increased wing melanin) to generally negative during the past 60 years, but there is substantial variation among years in the predicted magnitude and direction of selection and the optimal absorptivity. The predicted magnitude of directional selection at the alpine site declined during the past 60 years and varies substantially among years, but selection has generally been positive at this site. Predicted evolutionary responses to mean climate warming at the subalpine site since 1980 is small, because of the variability in selection and asymmetry of the fitness function. At both sites, the predicted effects of adaptive evolution on mean population fitness are much smaller than the fluctuations in mean fitness due to climate variability among years. Our analyses suggest that variation in climate within and among years may strongly limit evolutionary responses of ectotherms to mean climate warming in these habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel G Kingsolver
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Lauren B Buckley
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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45
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Kingsolver JG, MacLean HJ, Goddin SB, Augustine KE. Plasticity of upper thermal limits to acute and chronic temperature variation in Manduca sexta larvae. J Exp Biol 2016; 219:1290-4. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.138321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In many ectotherms, exposure to high temperatures can improve subsequent tolerance to higher temperatures. However, the differential effects of single, repeated, or continuous exposure to high temperatures are less clear. We measured the effects of single heat shocks and of diurnally fluctuating or constant rearing temperatures on the critical thermal maximum temperatures (CTmax) for final instar larvae of Manduca sexta. Brief (2h) heat shocks at temperatures of 35°C and above significantly increased CTmax relative to control temperatures (25°C). Increasing mean temperatures (from 25 to 30°C) or greater diurnal fluctuations (from constant to ±10°C) during larval development also significantly increased CTmax. Combining these data showed that repeated or continuous temperature exposure during development improved heat tolerance beyond the effects of a single exposure to the same maximum temperature. These results suggest that both acute and chronic temperature exposure can result in adaptive plasticity of upper thermal limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel G. Kingsolver
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA
| | - Heidi J. MacLean
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA
| | - Silvan B. Goddin
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA
| | - Kate E. Augustine
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA
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46
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Murren CJ, Auld JR, Callahan H, Ghalambor CK, Handelsman CA, Heskel MA, Kingsolver JG, Maclean HJ, Masel J, Maughan H, Pfennig DW, Relyea RA, Seiter S, Snell-Rood E, Steiner UK, Schlichting CD. Constraints on the evolution of phenotypic plasticity: limits and costs of phenotype and plasticity. Heredity (Edinb) 2015; 115:293-301. [PMID: 25690179 PMCID: PMC4815460 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2015.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity is ubiquitous and generally regarded as a key mechanism for enabling organisms to survive in the face of environmental change. Because no organism is infinitely or ideally plastic, theory suggests that there must be limits (for example, the lack of ability to produce an optimal trait) to the evolution of phenotypic plasticity, or that plasticity may have inherent significant costs. Yet numerous experimental studies have not detected widespread costs. Explicitly differentiating plasticity costs from phenotype costs, we re-evaluate fundamental questions of the limits to the evolution of plasticity and of generalists vs specialists. We advocate for the view that relaxed selection and variable selection intensities are likely more important constraints to the evolution of plasticity than the costs of plasticity. Some forms of plasticity, such as learning, may be inherently costly. In addition, we examine opportunities to offset costs of phenotypes through ontogeny, amelioration of phenotypic costs across environments, and the condition-dependent hypothesis. We propose avenues of further inquiry in the limits of plasticity using new and classic methods of ecological parameterization, phylogenetics and omics in the context of answering questions on the constraints of plasticity. Given plasticity's key role in coping with environmental change, approaches spanning the spectrum from applied to basic will greatly enrich our understanding of the evolution of plasticity and resolve our understanding of limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Murren
- Department of Biology, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - J R Auld
- Department of Biology, West Chester University, West Chester, PA, USA
| | - H Callahan
- Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - C K Ghalambor
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - C A Handelsman
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - M A Heskel
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Acton, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - J G Kingsolver
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - H J Maclean
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - J Masel
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - D W Pfennig
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - R A Relyea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - S Seiter
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - E Snell-Rood
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - U K Steiner
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Max-Planck Odense Centre on the Biodemography of Aging, Odense, Denmark
| | - C D Schlichting
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
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47
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Eck DJ, Shaw RG, Geyer CJ, Kingsolver JG. An integrated analysis of phenotypic selection on insect body size and development time. Evolution 2015; 69:2525-32. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Eck
- School of Statistics; University of Minnesota; 313 Ford Hall, 224 Church Street S.E. Minneapolis Minnesota 55455
| | - Ruth G. Shaw
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior and Minnesota Center for Community Genetics; University of Minnesota; 100 Ecology Building, 1987 Upper Buford Circle St. Paul Minnesota 55108
| | - Charles J. Geyer
- School of Statistics; University of Minnesota; 313 Ford Hall, 224 Church Street S.E. Minneapolis Minnesota 55455
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48
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Kingsolver JG, Heckman N, Zhang J, Carter PA, Knies JL, Stinchcombe JR, Meyer K. Genetic variation, simplicity, and evolutionary constraints for function-valued traits. Am Nat 2015; 185:E166-81. [PMID: 25996868 DOI: 10.1086/681083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the patterns of genetic variation and constraint for continuous reaction norms, growth trajectories, and other function-valued traits is challenging. We describe and illustrate a recent analytical method, simple basis analysis (SBA), that uses the genetic variance-covariance (G) matrix to identify "simple" directions of genetic variation and genetic constraints that have straightforward biological interpretations. We discuss the parallels between the eigenvectors (principal components) identified by principal components analysis (PCA) and the simple basis (SB) vectors identified by SBA. We apply these methods to estimated G matrices obtained from 10 studies of thermal performance curves and growth curves. Our results suggest that variation in overall size across all ages represented most of the genetic variance in growth curves. In contrast, variation in overall performance across all temperatures represented less than one-third of the genetic variance in thermal performance curves in all cases, and genetic trade-offs between performance at higher versus lower temperatures were often important. The analyses also identify potential genetic constraints on patterns of early and later growth in growth curves. We suggest that SBA can be a useful complement or alternative to PCA for identifying biologically interpretable directions of genetic variation and constraint in function-valued traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel G Kingsolver
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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49
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Angilletta MJ, Ashley Steel E, Bartz KK, Kingsolver JG, Scheuerell MD, Beckman BR, Crozier LG. Big dams and salmon evolution: changes in thermal regimes and their potential evolutionary consequences. Evol Appl 2015; 1:286-99. [PMID: 25567632 PMCID: PMC3352442 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2008.00032.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2007] [Accepted: 02/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dams designed for hydropower and other purposes alter the environments of many economically important fishes, including Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). We estimated that dams on the Rogue River, the Willamette River, the Cowlitz River, and Fall Creek decreased water temperatures during summer and increased water temperatures during fall and winter. These thermal changes undoubtedly impact the behavior, physiology, and life histories of Chinook salmon. For example, relatively high temperatures during the fall and winter should speed growth and development, leading to early emergence of fry. Evolutionary theory provides tools to predict selective pressures and genetic responses caused by this environmental warming. Here, we illustrate this point by conducting a sensitivity analysis of the fitness consequences of thermal changes caused by dams, mediated by the thermal sensitivity of embryonic development. Based on our model, we predict Chinook salmon likely suffered a decrease in mean fitness after the construction of a dam in the Rogue River. Nevertheless, these demographic impacts might have resulted in strong selection for compensatory strategies, such as delayed spawning by adults or slowed development by embryos. Because the thermal effects of dams vary throughout the year, we predict dams impacted late spawners more than early spawners. Similar analyses could shed light on the evolutionary consequences of other environmental perturbations and their interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Angilletta
- Department of Ecology & Organismal Biology, Indiana State University Terre Haute, IN, USA
| | - E Ashley Steel
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries Service Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Krista K Bartz
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries Service Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joel G Kingsolver
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Mark D Scheuerell
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries Service Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Brian R Beckman
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries Service Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lisa G Crozier
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries Service Seattle, WA, USA
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50
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Kingsolver JG, Higgins JK, Augustine KE. Fluctuating temperatures and ectotherm growth: distinguishing non-linear and time-dependent effects. J Exp Biol 2015; 218:2218-25. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.120733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Most terrestrial ectotherms experience diurnal and seasonal variation in temperature. Because thermal performance curves are non-linear, mean performance can differ in fluctuating and constant thermal environments. However, time-dependent effects—effects of the order and duration of exposure to temperature—can also influence mean performance. We quantified the non-linear and time-dependent effects of diurnally fluctuating temperatures for larval growth rates in the Tobacco Hornworm, Manduca sexta L., with four main results. First, the shape of the thermal performance curve for growth rate depended on the duration of exposure: e.g. optimal temperature and thermal breadth were greater for growth rates measured over short (24h during the last instar) compared with long (the entire period of larval growth) time periods. Second, larvae reared in diurnally fluctuating temperatures had significantly higher optimal temperatures and maximal growth rates than larvae reared in constant temperatures. Third, we quantified mean growth rates for larvae maintained at three mean temperatures (20°C, 25°C, 30°C) and three diurnal temperature ranges (+0°C, +5°C, +10°C). Diurnal fluctuations had opposite effects on mean growth rates at low vs high mean temperature. Fourth, we used short-term and long-term thermal performance curves to predict the non-linear effects of fluctuating temperatures for mean growth rates, and compared these to our experimental results. Both short- and long-term curves yielded poor predictions of mean growth rate at higher mean temperatures with fluctuations. Our results suggest caution in using constant temperature studies to model the consequences of variable thermal environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel G. Kingsolver
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA
| | - Jessica K. Higgins
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA
| | - Kate E. Augustine
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA
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