1
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Shurtleff VW, Layton ME, Parish CA, Perkins JJ, Schreier JD, Wang Y, Adam GC, Alvarez N, Bahmanjah S, Bahnck-Teets CM, Boyce CW, Burlein C, Cabalu TD, Campbell BT, Carroll SS, Chang W, de Lera Ruiz M, Dolgov E, Fay JF, Fox NG, Goh SL, Hartingh TJ, Hurzy DM, Kelly MJ, Klein DJ, Klingler FM, Krishnamurthy H, Kudalkar S, Mayhood TW, McKenna PM, Murray EM, Nahas D, Nawrat CC, Park S, Qian D, Roecker AJ, Sharma V, Shipe WD, Su J, Taggart RV, Truong Q, Wu Y, Zhou X, Zhuang N, Perlin DS, Olsen DB, Howe JA, McCauley JA. Invention of MK-7845, a SARS-CoV-2 3CL Protease Inhibitor Employing a Novel Difluorinated Glutamine Mimic. J Med Chem 2024; 67:3935-3958. [PMID: 38365209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
As SARS-CoV-2 continues to circulate, antiviral treatments are needed to complement vaccines. The virus's main protease, 3CLPro, is an attractive drug target in part because it recognizes a unique cleavage site, which features a glutamine residue at the P1 position and is not utilized by human proteases. Herein, we report the invention of MK-7845, a novel reversible covalent 3CLPro inhibitor. While most covalent inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 3CLPro reported to date contain an amide as a Gln mimic at P1, MK-7845 bears a difluorobutyl substituent at this position. SAR analysis and X-ray crystallographic studies indicate that this group interacts with His163, the same residue that forms a hydrogen bond with the amide substituents typically found at P1. In addition to promising in vivo efficacy and an acceptable projected human dose with unboosted pharmacokinetics, MK-7845 exhibits favorable properties for both solubility and absorption that may be attributable to the unusual difluorobutyl substituent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark E Layton
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Craig A Parish
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - James J Perkins
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - John D Schreier
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Yunyi Wang
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Gregory C Adam
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Nadine Alvarez
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Tamara D Cabalu
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Brian T Campbell
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Steven S Carroll
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Wonsuk Chang
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | | | - Enriko Dolgov
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - John F Fay
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Nicholas G Fox
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Shih Lin Goh
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | | | - Danielle M Hurzy
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Michael J Kelly
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Daniel J Klein
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | | | | | - Shalley Kudalkar
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Todd W Mayhood
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Philip M McKenna
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Edward M Murray
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Debbie Nahas
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | | | - Steven Park
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | | | | | - Vijeta Sharma
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - William D Shipe
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Jing Su
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Robert V Taggart
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Quang Truong
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yin Wu
- Viva Biotech Ltd., Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhou
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | | | - David S Perlin
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - David B Olsen
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - John A Howe
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - John A McCauley
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
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2
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de Lera Ruiz M, Favuzza P, Guo Z, Zhao L, Hu B, Lei Z, Zhan D, Murgolo N, Boyce CW, Vavrek M, Thompson J, Ngo A, Jarman KE, Robbins J, Boddey J, Sleebs BE, Lowes KN, Cowman AF, Olsen DB, McCauley JA. The Invention of WM382, a Highly Potent PMIX/X Dual Inhibitor toward the Treatment of Malaria. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:1745-1754. [PMID: 36385924 PMCID: PMC9661708 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance to first-line antimalarials-including artemisinin-is increasing, resulting in a critical need for the discovery of new agents with novel mechanisms of action. In collaboration with the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute and with funding from the Wellcome Trust, a phenotypic screen of Merck's aspartyl protease inhibitor library identified a series of plasmepsin X (PMX) hits that were more potent than chloroquine. Inspired by a PMX homology model, efforts to optimize the potency resulted in the discovery of leads that, in addition to potently inhibiting PMX, also inhibit another essential aspartic protease, plasmepsin IX (PMIX). Further potency and pharmacokinetic profile optimization efforts culminated in the discovery of WM382, a very potent dual PMIX/X inhibitor with robust in vivo efficacy at multiple stages of the malaria parasite life cycle and an excellent resistance profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel de Lera Ruiz
- Merck
& Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Paola Favuzza
- The
Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC3052, Australia
- University
of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC3010, Australia
| | - Zhuyan Guo
- Merck
& Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Lianyun Zhao
- Merck
& Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Bin Hu
- WuXi
AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Lu, Shanghai200131, China
| | - Zhiyu Lei
- WuXi
AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Lu, Shanghai200131, China
| | - Dongmei Zhan
- WuXi
AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Lu, Shanghai200131, China
| | - Nicholas Murgolo
- Merck
& Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Christopher W. Boyce
- Merck
& Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Marissa Vavrek
- Merck
& Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Jennifer Thompson
- The
Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC3052, Australia
| | - Anna Ngo
- The
Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC3052, Australia
| | - Kate E. Jarman
- The
Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC3052, Australia
| | - Johnathan Robbins
- Merck
& Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Justin Boddey
- The
Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC3052, Australia
- University
of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC3010, Australia
| | - Brad E. Sleebs
- The
Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC3052, Australia
- University
of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC3010, Australia
| | - Kym N. Lowes
- The
Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC3052, Australia
- University
of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC3010, Australia
| | - Alan F. Cowman
- The
Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC3052, Australia
- University
of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC3010, Australia
| | - David B. Olsen
- Merck
& Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - John A. McCauley
- Merck
& Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
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3
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Favuzza P, de Lera Ruiz M, Thompson JK, Triglia T, Ngo A, Steel RWJ, Vavrek M, Christensen J, Healer J, Boyce C, Guo Z, Hu M, Khan T, Murgolo N, Zhao L, Penington JS, Reaksudsan K, Jarman K, Dietrich MH, Richardson L, Guo KY, Lopaticki S, Tham WH, Rottmann M, Papenfuss T, Robbins JA, Boddey JA, Sleebs BE, Sabroux HJ, McCauley JA, Olsen DB, Cowman AF. Dual Plasmepsin-Targeting Antimalarial Agents Disrupt Multiple Stages of the Malaria Parasite Life Cycle. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 27:642-658.e12. [PMID: 32109369 PMCID: PMC7146544 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Artemisin combination therapy (ACT) is the main treatment option for malaria, which is caused by the intracellular parasite Plasmodium. However, increased resistance to ACT highlights the importance of finding new drugs. Recently, the aspartic proteases Plasmepsin IX and X (PMIX and PMX) were identified as promising drug targets. In this study, we describe dual inhibitors of PMIX and PMX, including WM382, that block multiple stages of the Plasmodium life cycle. We demonstrate that PMX is a master modulator of merozoite invasion and direct maturation of proteins required for invasion, parasite development, and egress. Oral administration of WM382 cured mice of P. berghei and prevented blood infection from the liver. In addition, WM382 was efficacious against P. falciparum asexual infection in humanized mice and prevented transmission to mosquitoes. Selection of resistant P. falciparum in vitro was not achievable. Together, these show that dual PMIX and PMX inhibitors are promising candidates for malaria treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Favuzza
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | | | - Jennifer K Thompson
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Tony Triglia
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Anna Ngo
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Ryan W J Steel
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Marissa Vavrek
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Janni Christensen
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Julie Healer
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | | | - Zhuyan Guo
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Mengwei Hu
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Tanweer Khan
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Nicholas Murgolo
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Lianyun Zhao
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | | | - Kitsanapong Reaksudsan
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Kate Jarman
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Melanie H Dietrich
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Lachlan Richardson
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Kai-Yuan Guo
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Sash Lopaticki
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Wai-Hong Tham
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | | | - Tony Papenfuss
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | | | - Justin A Boddey
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Brad E Sleebs
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Hélène Jousset Sabroux
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - John A McCauley
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - David B Olsen
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
| | - Alan F Cowman
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
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4
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Schubert JW, Harrison ST, Mulhearn J, Gomez R, Tynebor R, Jones K, Bunda J, Hanney B, Wai JM, Cox C, McCauley JA, Sanders JM, Magliaro B, O'Brien J, Pajkovic N, Huszar Agrapides SL, Taylor A, Gotter A, Smith SM, Uslaner J, Browne S, Risso S, Egbertson M. Discovery, Optimization, and Biological Characterization of 2,3,6‐Trisubstituted Pyridine‐Containing M
4
Positive Allosteric Modulators. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:943-951. [PMID: 30920765 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott T. Harrison
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryMerck & Co., Inc. West Point PA USA
| | - James Mulhearn
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryMerck & Co., Inc. West Point PA USA
| | - Robert Gomez
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryMerck & Co., Inc. West Point PA USA
| | - Robert Tynebor
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryMerck & Co., Inc. West Point PA USA
| | - Kristen Jones
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryMerck & Co., Inc. West Point PA USA
| | - Jaime Bunda
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryMerck & Co., Inc. West Point PA USA
| | - Barbara Hanney
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryMerck & Co., Inc. West Point PA USA
| | | | - Chris Cox
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryMerck & Co., Inc. West Point PA USA
| | - John A. McCauley
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryMerck & Co., Inc. West Point PA USA
| | - John M. Sanders
- Department of Computational and Structural ChemistryMerck & Co., Inc. West Point PA USA
| | - Brian Magliaro
- Department of In Vitro PharmacologyMerck & Co., Inc. West Point PA USA
| | - Julie O'Brien
- Department of In Vitro PharmacologyMerck & Co., Inc. West Point PA USA
| | - Natasa Pajkovic
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug MetabolismMerck & Co., Inc West Point PA USA
| | | | - Anne Taylor
- Department of In Vivo PharmacologyMerck & Co., Inc. West Point PA USA
| | - Anthony Gotter
- Department of Neuroscience ResearchMerck & Co., Inc. West Point PA USA
| | - Sean M. Smith
- Department of Neuroscience ResearchMerck & Co., Inc. West Point PA USA
| | - Jason Uslaner
- Department of Neuroscience ResearchMerck & Co., Inc. West Point PA USA
| | - Susan Browne
- Department of In Vivo PharmacologyMerck & Co., Inc. West Point PA USA
| | - Stefania Risso
- Department of Neuroscience ResearchMerck & Co., Inc. West Point PA USA
| | - Melissa Egbertson
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryMerck & Co., Inc. West Point PA USA
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5
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Bungard CJ, Williams PD, Schulz J, Wiscount CM, Holloway MK, Loughran HM, Manikowski JJ, Su HP, Bennett DJ, Chang L, Chu XJ, Crespo A, Dwyer MP, Keertikar K, Morriello GJ, Stamford AW, Waddell ST, Zhong B, Hu B, Ji T, Diamond TL, Bahnck-Teets C, Carroll SS, Fay JF, Min X, Morris W, Ballard JE, Miller MD, McCauley JA. Design and Synthesis of Piperazine Sulfonamide Cores Leading to Highly Potent HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:1292-1297. [PMID: 29259750 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Using the HIV-1 protease binding mode of MK-8718 and PL-100 as inspiration, a novel aspartate binding bicyclic piperazine sulfonamide core was designed and synthesized. The resulting HIV-1 protease inhibitor containing this core showed an 60-fold increase in enzyme binding affinity and a 10-fold increase in antiviral activity relative to MK-8718.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Bungard
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Peter D. Williams
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Jurgen Schulz
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Catherine M. Wiscount
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - M. Katharine Holloway
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - H. Marie Loughran
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Jesse J. Manikowski
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Hua-Poo Su
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - David J. Bennett
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Lehua Chang
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Xin-Jie Chu
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Alejandro Crespo
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Michael P. Dwyer
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Kartik Keertikar
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Gregori J. Morriello
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Andrew W. Stamford
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Sherman T. Waddell
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Bin Zhong
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Bin Hu
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Tao Ji
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Tracy L. Diamond
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Carolyn Bahnck-Teets
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Steven S. Carroll
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - John F. Fay
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Xu Min
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - William Morris
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jeanine E. Ballard
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Michael D. Miller
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - John A. McCauley
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
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6
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Scott JD, DeMong DE, Greshock TJ, Basu K, Dai X, Harris J, Hruza A, Li SW, Lin SI, Liu H, Macala MK, Hu Z, Mei H, Zhang H, Walsh P, Poirier M, Shi ZC, Xiao L, Agnihotri G, Baptista MAS, Columbus J, Fell MJ, Hyde LA, Kuvelkar R, Lin Y, Mirescu C, Morrow JA, Yin Z, Zhang X, Zhou X, Chang RK, Embrey MW, Sanders JM, Tiscia HE, Drolet RE, Kern JT, Sur SM, Renger JJ, Bilodeau MT, Kennedy ME, Parker EM, Stamford AW, Nargund R, McCauley JA, Miller MW. Discovery of a 3-(4-Pyrimidinyl) Indazole (MLi-2), an Orally Available and Selective Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) Inhibitor that Reduces Brain Kinase Activity. J Med Chem 2017; 60:2983-2992. [PMID: 28245354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a large, multidomain protein which contains a kinase domain and GTPase domain among other regions. Individuals possessing gain of function mutations in the kinase domain such as the most prevalent G2019S mutation have been associated with an increased risk for the development of Parkinson's disease (PD). Given this genetic validation for inhibition of LRRK2 kinase activity as a potential means of affecting disease progression, our team set out to develop LRRK2 inhibitors to test this hypothesis. A high throughput screen of our compound collection afforded a number of promising indazole leads which were truncated in order to identify a minimum pharmacophore. Further optimization of these indazoles led to the development of MLi-2 (1): a potent, highly selective, orally available, brain-penetrant inhibitor of LRRK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack D Scott
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Duane E DeMong
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Thomas J Greshock
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Kallol Basu
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Xing Dai
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Joel Harris
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Alan Hruza
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Sarah W Li
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Sue-Ing Lin
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Hong Liu
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Megan K Macala
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Zhiyong Hu
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Hong Mei
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Honglu Zhang
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Paul Walsh
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Marc Poirier
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Zhi-Cai Shi
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Li Xiao
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Gautam Agnihotri
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Marco A S Baptista
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - John Columbus
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Matthew J Fell
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Lynn A Hyde
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Reshma Kuvelkar
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Yinghui Lin
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Christian Mirescu
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - John A Morrow
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Zhizhang Yin
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Xiaoping Zhou
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Ronald K Chang
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Mark W Embrey
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - John M Sanders
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Heather E Tiscia
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Robert E Drolet
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Jonathan T Kern
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Sylvie M Sur
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - John J Renger
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Mark T Bilodeau
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Matthew E Kennedy
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Eric M Parker
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Andrew W Stamford
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Ravi Nargund
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - John A McCauley
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Michael W Miller
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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7
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McCauley JA, Rudd MT. Hepatitis C virus NS3/4a protease inhibitors. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2016; 30:84-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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8
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Bungard CJ, Williams PD, Ballard JE, Bennett DJ, Beaulieu C, Bahnck-Teets C, Carroll SS, Chang RK, Dubost DC, Fay JF, Diamond TL, Greshock TJ, Hao L, Holloway MK, Felock PJ, Gesell JJ, Su HP, Manikowski JJ, McKay DJ, Miller M, Min X, Molinaro C, Moradei OM, Nantermet PG, Nadeau C, Sanchez RI, Satyanarayana T, Shipe WD, Singh SK, Truong VL, Vijayasaradhi S, Wiscount CM, Vacca JP, Crane SN, McCauley JA. Discovery of MK-8718, an HIV Protease Inhibitor Containing a Novel Morpholine Aspartate Binding Group. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:702-7. [PMID: 27437081 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel HIV protease inhibitor was designed using a morpholine core as the aspartate binding group. Analysis of the crystal structure of the initial lead bound to HIV protease enabled optimization of enzyme potency and antiviral activity. This afforded a series of potent orally bioavailable inhibitors of which MK-8718 was identified as a compound with a favorable overall profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Bungard
- Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Peter D. Williams
- Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Jeanine E. Ballard
- Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - David J. Bennett
- Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Christian Beaulieu
- Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, 16711 TransCanada Highway, Kirkland, Quebec H9H 3L1, Canada
| | - Carolyn Bahnck-Teets
- Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Steve S. Carroll
- Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Ronald K. Chang
- Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - David C. Dubost
- Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - John F. Fay
- Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Tracy L. Diamond
- Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Thomas J. Greshock
- Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Li Hao
- Albany Molecular Research Singapore Research Center, 61 Science Park Road #05-01, The Galen Singapore
Science Park II, Singapore 117525
| | - M. Katharine Holloway
- Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | | | - Jennifer J. Gesell
- Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Hua-Poo Su
- Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Jesse J. Manikowski
- Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Daniel J. McKay
- Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, 16711 TransCanada Highway, Kirkland, Quebec H9H 3L1, Canada
| | - Mike Miller
- Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Xu Min
- Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Carmela Molinaro
- Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Oscar M. Moradei
- Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, 16711 TransCanada Highway, Kirkland, Quebec H9H 3L1, Canada
| | - Philippe G. Nantermet
- Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Christian Nadeau
- Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, 16711 TransCanada Highway, Kirkland, Quebec H9H 3L1, Canada
| | - Rosa I. Sanchez
- Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Tummanapalli Satyanarayana
- Albany Molecular Research Singapore Research Center, 61 Science Park Road #05-01, The Galen Singapore
Science Park II, Singapore 117525
| | - William D. Shipe
- Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Sanjay K. Singh
- Albany Molecular Research Singapore Research Center, 61 Science Park Road #05-01, The Galen Singapore
Science Park II, Singapore 117525
| | - Vouy Linh Truong
- Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, 16711 TransCanada Highway, Kirkland, Quebec H9H 3L1, Canada
| | - Sivalenka Vijayasaradhi
- Albany Molecular Research Singapore Research Center, 61 Science Park Road #05-01, The Galen Singapore
Science Park II, Singapore 117525
| | - Catherine M. Wiscount
- Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Joseph P. Vacca
- Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, 16711 TransCanada Highway, Kirkland, Quebec H9H 3L1, Canada
| | - Sheldon N. Crane
- Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, 16711 TransCanada Highway, Kirkland, Quebec H9H 3L1, Canada
| | - John A. McCauley
- Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
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9
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Greshock TJ, Sanders JM, Drolet RE, Rajapakse HA, Chang RK, Kim B, Rada VL, Tiscia HE, Su H, Lai MT, Sur SM, Sanchez RI, Bilodeau MT, Renger JJ, Kern JT, McCauley JA. Potent, selective and orally bioavailable leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:2631-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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10
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Garner R, Gopalakrishnan S, McCauley JA, Bednar RA, Gaul SL, Mosser SD, Kiss L, Lynch JJ, Patel S, Fandozzi C, Lagrutta A, Briscoe R, Liverton NJ, Paterson BM, Vornov JJ, Mazhari R. Preclinical pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of CERC-301, a GluN2B-selective N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2015; 3:e00198. [PMID: 27022470 PMCID: PMC4777252 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The preclinical pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of 4‐methylbenzyl (3S, 4R)‐3‐fluoro‐4‐[(Pyrimidin‐2‐ylamino) methyl] piperidine‐1‐carboxylate (CERC‐301), an orally bioavailable selective N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunit 2B (GluN2B) antagonist, were characterized to develop a translational approach based on receptor occupancy (RO) to guide CERC‐301 dose selection in clinical trials of major depressive disorder. CERC‐301 demonstrated high‐binding affinity (Ki, 8.1 nmol L−1) specific to GluN2B with an IC50 of 3.6 nmol L−1 and no off‐target activity. CERC‐301 efficacy was demonstrated in the forced swim test with an efficacy dose (ED50) of 0.3–0.7 mg kg−1 (RO, 30–50%); increase in locomotor activity was observed at ED50 of 2 mg kg−1, corresponding to an RO of 75%. The predicted 50% RO concentration (Occ50) in humans was 400 nmol L−1, similar to that predicted for rat, dog, and monkey (300, 200, and 400 nmol L−1, respectively). Safety pharmacology and neurotoxicity studies raised no specific safety concerns. A first‐in‐human study in healthy males demonstrated a dose‐proportional pharmacokinetic profile, with Tmax of ~1 h and t1/2 of 12–17 h. Based on the preclinical and pharmacodynamic data, doses of ≥8 mg in humans are hypothesized to have an acceptable safety profile and result in clinically relevant peak plasma exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Laszlo Kiss
- Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. West Point Pennsylvania
| | | | - Shil Patel
- Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. West Point Pennsylvania
| | | | | | | | | | - Blake M Paterson
- Cerecor Inc.Baltimore Maryland; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland
| | - James J Vornov
- Cerecor Inc.Baltimore Maryland; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland
| | - Reza Mazhari
- Cerecor Inc.Baltimore Maryland; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland
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11
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Rudd MT, Butcher JW, Nguyen KT, McIntyre CJ, Romano JJ, Gilbert KF, Bush KJ, Liverton NJ, Holloway MK, Harper S, Ferrara M, DiFilippo M, Summa V, Swestock J, Fritzen J, Carroll SS, Burlein C, DiMuzio JM, Gates A, Graham DJ, Huang Q, McClain S, McHale C, Stahlhut MW, Black S, Chase R, Soriano A, Fandozzi CM, Taylor A, Trainor N, Olsen DB, Coleman PJ, Ludmerer SW, McCauley JA. P2-quinazolinones and bis-macrocycles as new templates for next-generation hepatitis C virus NS3/4a protease inhibitors: discovery of MK-2748 and MK-6325. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:727-35. [PMID: 25759009 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201402558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
With the goal of identifying inhibitors of hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3/4a protease that are potent against a wide range of genotypes and clinically relevant mutant viruses, several subseries of macrocycles were investigated based on observations made during the discovery of MK-5172. Quinazolinone-containing macrocycles were identified as promising leads, and optimization for superior cross-genotype and mutant enzyme potency as well as rat liver and plasma concentrations following oral dosing, led to the development of MK-2748. Additional investigation of a series of bis-macrocycles containing a fused 18- and 15-membered ring system were also optimized for the same properties, leading to the discovery of MK-6325. Both compounds display the broad genotype and mutant potency necessary for clinical development as next-generation HCV NS3/4a protease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Rudd
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA (USA).
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12
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Shah U, Jayne C, Chackalamannil S, Velázquez F, Guo Z, Buevich A, Howe JA, Chase R, Soriano A, Agrawal S, Rudd MT, McCauley JA, Liverton NJ, Romano J, Bush K, Coleman PJ, Grisé-Bard C, Brochu MC, Charron S, Aulakh V, Bachand B, Beaulieu P, Zaghdane H, Bhat S, Han Y, Vacca JP, Davies IW, Weber AE, Venkatraman S. Novel Quinoline-Based P2-P4 Macrocyclic Derivatives As Pan-Genotypic HCV NS3/4a Protease Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:264-9. [PMID: 24900818 DOI: 10.1021/ml400466p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported the discovery of our P2-P4 macrocyclic HCV NS3/4a protease inhibitor MK-5172, which in combination with the NS5a inhibitor MK-8742 recently received a breakthrough therapy designation from the US FDA for treatment of chronic HCV infection. Our goal for the next generation NS3/4a inhibitor was to achieve pan-genotypic activity while retaining the pharmacokinetic profile of MK-5172. One of the areas for follow-up investigation involved replacement of the quinoxaline moiety in MK-5172 with a quinoline and studying the effect of substitution at 4-position of the quinoline. The rationale for this effort was based on molecular modeling, which indicated that such modifications would improve interactions with the S2 subsite, in particular with D79. We wish to report herein the discovery of highly potent inhibitors with pan-genotypic activity and an improved profile over MK-5172, especially against gt-3a and A156 mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unmesh Shah
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
- Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kirkland, Quebec H9H3L1, Canada
| | - Charles Jayne
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
- Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kirkland, Quebec H9H3L1, Canada
| | - Samuel Chackalamannil
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
- Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kirkland, Quebec H9H3L1, Canada
| | - Francisco Velázquez
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
- Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kirkland, Quebec H9H3L1, Canada
| | - Zhuyan Guo
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
- Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kirkland, Quebec H9H3L1, Canada
| | - Alexei Buevich
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
- Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kirkland, Quebec H9H3L1, Canada
| | - John A. Howe
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
- Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kirkland, Quebec H9H3L1, Canada
| | - Robert Chase
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
- Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kirkland, Quebec H9H3L1, Canada
| | - Aileen Soriano
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
- Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kirkland, Quebec H9H3L1, Canada
| | - Sony Agrawal
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
- Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kirkland, Quebec H9H3L1, Canada
| | - Michael T. Rudd
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
- Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kirkland, Quebec H9H3L1, Canada
| | - John A. McCauley
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
- Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kirkland, Quebec H9H3L1, Canada
| | - Nigel J. Liverton
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
- Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kirkland, Quebec H9H3L1, Canada
| | - Joseph Romano
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
- Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kirkland, Quebec H9H3L1, Canada
| | - Kimberly Bush
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
- Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kirkland, Quebec H9H3L1, Canada
| | - Paul J. Coleman
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
- Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kirkland, Quebec H9H3L1, Canada
| | - Christiane Grisé-Bard
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
- Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kirkland, Quebec H9H3L1, Canada
| | - Marie-Christine Brochu
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
- Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kirkland, Quebec H9H3L1, Canada
| | - Sylvie Charron
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
- Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kirkland, Quebec H9H3L1, Canada
| | - Virender Aulakh
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
- Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kirkland, Quebec H9H3L1, Canada
| | - Benoit Bachand
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
- Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kirkland, Quebec H9H3L1, Canada
| | - Patrick Beaulieu
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
- Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kirkland, Quebec H9H3L1, Canada
| | - Helmi Zaghdane
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
- Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kirkland, Quebec H9H3L1, Canada
| | - Sathesh Bhat
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
- Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kirkland, Quebec H9H3L1, Canada
| | - Yongxin Han
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
- Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kirkland, Quebec H9H3L1, Canada
| | - Joseph P. Vacca
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
- Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kirkland, Quebec H9H3L1, Canada
| | - Ian W. Davies
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
- Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kirkland, Quebec H9H3L1, Canada
| | - Ann E. Weber
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
- Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kirkland, Quebec H9H3L1, Canada
| | - Srikanth Venkatraman
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
- Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kirkland, Quebec H9H3L1, Canada
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13
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Coburn CA, Meinke PT, Chang W, Fandozzi CM, Graham DJ, Hu B, Huang Q, Kargman S, Kozlowski J, Liu R, McCauley JA, Nomeir AA, Soll RM, Vacca JP, Wang D, Wu H, Zhong B, Olsen DB, Ludmerer SW. Discovery of MK-8742: an HCV NS5A inhibitor with broad genotype activity. ChemMedChem 2013; 8:1930-40. [PMID: 24127258 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The NS5A protein plays a critical role in the replication of HCV and has been the focus of numerous research efforts over the past few years. NS5A inhibitors have shown impressive in vitro potency profiles in HCV replicon assays, making them attractive components for inclusion in all oral combination regimens. Early work in the NS5A arena led to the discovery of our first clinical candidate, MK-4882 [2-((S)-pyrrolidin-2-yl)-5-(2-(4-(5-((S)-pyrrolidin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl)phenyl)benzofuran-5-yl)-1H-imidazole]. While preclinical proof-of-concept studies in HCV-infected chimpanzees harboring chronic genotype 1 infections resulted in significant decreases in viral load after both single- and multiple-dose treatments, viral breakthrough proved to be a concern, thus necessitating the development of compounds with increased potency against a number of genotypes and NS5A resistance mutations. Modification of the MK-4882 core scaffold by introduction of a cyclic constraint afforded a series of tetracyclic inhibitors, which showed improved virologic profiles. Herein we describe the research efforts that led to the discovery of MK-8742, a tetracyclic indole-based NS5A inhibitor, which is currently in phase 2b clinical trials as part of an all-oral, interferon-free regimen for the treatment of HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig A Coburn
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck and Company, Inc. West Point, PA 19486 (USA).
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14
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McCauley JA, Rudd MT, Liverton NJ. HCV NS3/4a Protease Inhibitors: Simeprevir (TMC‐435350), Vaniprevir (MK‐7009) and MK‐5172. Successful Strategies for the Discovery of Antiviral Drugs 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849737814-00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection continues to represent a major health issue, with estimates of 130–170 million people infected worldwide. Recent developments in the HCV NS3/4a protease inhibitor area have significantly improved treatment options for patients. However, a more dramatic paradigm shift in the treatment of HCV infection appears all but certain in coming years, with a move to all oral combination therapy with direct‐acting antivirals (DAAs). HCV protease inhibitors have the potential to play a significant role in these DAA combination therapies. This chapter discusses in detail the design and discovery of three HCV NS3/4a protease inhibitors in clinical development: simeprevir (TMC‐435350), vaniprevir (MK‐7009) and MK‐5172.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A. McCauley
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486 USA
| | - Michael T. Rudd
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486 USA
| | - Nigel J. Liverton
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486 USA
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15
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Rudd MT, McCauley JA, Romano JJ, Butcher JW, Bush K, McIntyre CJ, Nguyen KT, Gilbert KF, Lyle TA, Holloway MK, Wan BL, Vacca JP, Summa V, Harper S, Rowley M, Carroll SS, Burlein C, DiMuzio JM, Gates A, Graham DJ, Huang Q, Ludmerer SW, McClain S, McHale C, Stahlhut M, Fandozzi C, Taylor A, Trainor N, Olsen DB, Liverton NJ. Development of potent macrocyclic inhibitors of genotype 3a HCV NS3/4A protease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:7201-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.08.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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16
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Rudd MT, McIntyre CJ, Romano JJ, Butcher JW, Holloway MK, Bush K, Nguyen KT, Gilbert KF, Lyle TA, Liverton NJ, Wan BL, Summa V, Harper S, Rowley M, Vacca JP, Carroll SS, Burlein C, DiMuzio JM, Gates A, Graham DJ, Huang Q, Ludmerer SW, McClain S, McHale C, Stahlhut M, Fandozzi C, Taylor A, Trainor N, Olsen DB, McCauley JA. Development of macrocyclic inhibitors of HCV NS3/4A protease with cyclic constrained P2–P4 linkers. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:7207-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.09.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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17
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Allen RC, Tu YK, Nevarez MJ, Bobbs AS, Friesen JW, Lorsch JR, McCauley JA, Voet JG, Hamlett NV. The mercury resistance (mer) operon in a marine gliding flavobacterium, Tenacibaculum discolor 9A5. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2012; 83:135-48. [PMID: 22816663 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2012.01460.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Genes conferring mercury resistance have been investigated in a variety of bacteria and archaea but not in bacteria of the phylum Bacteroidetes, despite their importance in many environments. We found, however, that a marine gliding Bacteroidetes species, Tenacibaculum discolor, was the predominant mercury-resistant bacterial taxon cultured from a salt marsh fertilized with mercury-contaminated sewage sludge. Here we report characterization of the mercuric reductase and the narrow-spectrum mercury resistance (mer) operon from one of these strains - T. discolor 9A5. This mer operon, which confers mercury resistance when cloned into Flavobacterium johnsoniae, encodes a novel mercury-responsive ArsR/SmtB family transcriptional regulator that appears to have evolved independently from other mercury-responsive regulators, a novel putative transport protein consisting of a fusion between the integral membrane Hg(II) transporter MerT and the periplasmic Hg(II)-binding protein MerP, an additional MerP protein, and a mercuric reductase that is phylogenetically distinct from other known mercuric reductases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C Allen
- Program in Molecular Biology, Pomona College, Claremont, CA, USA
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18
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Summa V, Ludmerer SW, McCauley JA, Fandozzi C, Burlein C, Claudio G, Coleman PJ, Dimuzio JM, Ferrara M, Di Filippo M, Gates AT, Graham DJ, Harper S, Hazuda DJ, Huang Q, McHale C, Monteagudo E, Pucci V, Rowley M, Rudd MT, Soriano A, Stahlhut MW, Vacca JP, Olsen DB, Liverton NJ, Carroll SS. MK-5172, a selective inhibitor of hepatitis C virus NS3/4a protease with broad activity across genotypes and resistant variants. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:4161-7. [PMID: 22615282 PMCID: PMC3421554 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00324-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HCV NS3/4a protease inhibitors are proven therapeutic agents against chronic hepatitis C virus infection, with boceprevir and telaprevir having recently received regulatory approval as add-on therapy to pegylated interferon/ribavirin for patients harboring genotype 1 infections. Overcoming antiviral resistance, broad genotype coverage, and a convenient dosing regimen are important attributes for future agents to be used in combinations without interferon. In this communication, we report the preclinical profile of MK-5172, a novel P2-P4 quinoxaline macrocyclic NS3/4a protease inhibitor currently in clinical development. The compound demonstrates subnanomolar activity against a broad enzyme panel encompassing major hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes as well as variants resistant to earlier protease inhibitors. In replicon selections, MK-5172 exerted high selective pressure, which yielded few resistant colonies. In both rat and dog, MK-5172 demonstrates good plasma and liver exposures, with 24-h liver levels suggestive of once-daily dosing. When administered to HCV-infected chimpanzees harboring chronic gt1a or gt1b infections, MK-5172 suppressed viral load between 4 to 5 logs at a dose of 1 mg/kg of body weight twice daily (b.i.d.) for 7 days. Based on its preclinical profile, MK-5172 is anticipated to be broadly active against multiple HCV genotypes and clinically important resistance variants and highly suited for incorporation into newer all-oral regimens.
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19
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Harper S, McCauley JA, Rudd MT, Ferrara M, DiFilippo M, Crescenzi B, Koch U, Petrocchi A, Holloway MK, Butcher JW, Romano JJ, Bush KJ, Gilbert KF, McIntyre CJ, Nguyen KT, Nizi E, Carroll SS, Ludmerer SW, Burlein C, DiMuzio JM, Graham DJ, McHale CM, Stahlhut MW, Olsen DB, Monteagudo E, Cianetti S, Giuliano C, Pucci V, Trainor N, Fandozzi CM, Rowley M, Coleman PJ, Vacca JP, Summa V, Liverton NJ. Discovery of MK-5172, a Macrocyclic Hepatitis C Virus NS3/4a Protease Inhibitor. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:332-6. [PMID: 24900473 DOI: 10.1021/ml300017p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A new class of HCV NS3/4a protease inhibitors containing a P2 to P4 macrocyclic constraint was designed using a molecular modeling-derived strategy. Building on the profile of previous clinical compounds and exploring the P2 and linker regions of the series allowed for optimization of broad genotype and mutant enzyme potency, cellular activity, and rat liver exposure following oral dosing. These studies led to the identification of clinical candidate 15 (MK-5172), which is active against genotype 1-3 NS3/4a and clinically relevant mutant enzymes and has good plasma exposure and excellent liver exposure in multiple species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Harper
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - John A. McCauley
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - Michael T. Rudd
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Ferrara
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello DiFilippo
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - Benedetta Crescenzi
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - Uwe Koch
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Petrocchi
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - M. Katharine Holloway
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - John W. Butcher
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - Joseph J. Romano
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - Kimberly J. Bush
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - Kevin F. Gilbert
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - Charles J. McIntyre
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - Kevin T. Nguyen
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Nizi
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - Steven S. Carroll
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - Steven W. Ludmerer
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - Christine Burlein
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - Jillian M. DiMuzio
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - Donald J. Graham
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - Carolyn M. McHale
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - Mark W. Stahlhut
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - David B. Olsen
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - Edith Monteagudo
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Cianetti
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Giuliano
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Pucci
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicole Trainor
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - Christine M. Fandozzi
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - Michael Rowley
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - Paul J. Coleman
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - Joseph P. Vacca
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Summa
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - Nigel J. Liverton
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
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20
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Rudd MT, McCauley JA, Butcher JW, Romano JJ, McIntyre CJ, Nguyen KT, Gilbert KF, Bush KJ, Holloway MK, Swestock J, Wan BL, Carroll SS, DiMuzio JM, Graham DJ, Ludmerer SW, Stahlhut MW, Fandozzi CM, Trainor N, Olsen DB, Vacca JP, Liverton NJ. Discovery of MK-1220: A Macrocyclic Inhibitor of Hepatitis C Virus NS3/4A Protease with Improved Preclinical Plasma Exposure. ACS Med Chem Lett 2011; 2:207-12. [PMID: 24900304 DOI: 10.1021/ml1002426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of MK-1220 is reported along with the development of a series of HCV NS3/4A protease inhibitors containing a P2 to P4 macrocyclic constraint with improved preclinical pharmacokinetics. Optimization of the P2 heterocycle substitution pattern as well as the P3 amino acid led to compounds with greatly improved plasma exposure following oral dosing in both rats and dogs while maintaining excellent enzyme potency and cellular activity. These studies led to the identification of MK-1220.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T. Rudd
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Systems, §Antiviral Research, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - John A. McCauley
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Systems, §Antiviral Research, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - John W. Butcher
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Systems, §Antiviral Research, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Joseph J. Romano
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Systems, §Antiviral Research, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Charles J. McIntyre
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Systems, §Antiviral Research, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Kevin T. Nguyen
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Systems, §Antiviral Research, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Kevin F. Gilbert
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Systems, §Antiviral Research, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Kimberly J. Bush
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Systems, §Antiviral Research, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - M. Katharine Holloway
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Systems, §Antiviral Research, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - John Swestock
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Systems, §Antiviral Research, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Bang-Lin Wan
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Systems, §Antiviral Research, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Steven S. Carroll
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Systems, §Antiviral Research, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Jillian M. DiMuzio
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Systems, §Antiviral Research, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Donald J. Graham
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Systems, §Antiviral Research, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Steven W. Ludmerer
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Systems, §Antiviral Research, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Mark W. Stahlhut
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Systems, §Antiviral Research, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Christine M. Fandozzi
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Systems, §Antiviral Research, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Nicole Trainor
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Systems, §Antiviral Research, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - David B. Olsen
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Systems, §Antiviral Research, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Joseph P. Vacca
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Systems, §Antiviral Research, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Nigel J. Liverton
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Systems, §Antiviral Research, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
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21
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McCauley JA, McIntyre CJ, Rudd MT, Nguyen KT, Romano JJ, Butcher JW, Gilbert KF, Bush KJ, Holloway MK, Swestock J, Wan BL, Carroll SS, DiMuzio JM, Graham DJ, Ludmerer SW, Mao SS, Stahlhut MW, Fandozzi CM, Trainor N, Olsen DB, Vacca JP, Liverton NJ. Discovery of Vaniprevir (MK-7009), a Macrocyclic Hepatitis C Virus NS3/4a Protease Inhibitor. J Med Chem 2010; 53:2443-63. [DOI: 10.1021/jm9015526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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22
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McIntyre CJ, McCauley JA, Bednar B, Bednar RA, Butcher JW, Claremon DA, Cunningham ME, Freidinger RM, Gaul SL, Homnick CF, Koblan KS, Mosser SD, Romano JJ, Liverton NJ. Synthesis and evaluation of novel tricyclic benzo[4.5]cyclohepta[1.2]pyridine derivatives as NMDA/NR2B antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:5132-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Revised: 06/25/2009] [Accepted: 07/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Liverton NJ, Holloway MK, McCauley JA, Rudd MT, Butcher JW, Carroll SS, DiMuzio J, Fandozzi C, Gilbert KF, Mao SS, McIntyre CJ, Nguyen KT, Romano JJ, Stahlhut M, Wan BL, Olsen DB, Vacca JP. Molecular Modeling Based Approach to Potent P2−P4 Macrocyclic Inhibitors of Hepatitis C NS3/4A Protease. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:4607-9. [PMID: 18338894 DOI: 10.1021/ja711120r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nigel J. Liverton
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Antiviral Research, Drug Metabolism, and Molecular Systems, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
| | - M. Katharine Holloway
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Antiviral Research, Drug Metabolism, and Molecular Systems, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
| | - John A. McCauley
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Antiviral Research, Drug Metabolism, and Molecular Systems, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
| | - Michael T. Rudd
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Antiviral Research, Drug Metabolism, and Molecular Systems, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
| | - John W. Butcher
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Antiviral Research, Drug Metabolism, and Molecular Systems, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
| | - Steven S. Carroll
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Antiviral Research, Drug Metabolism, and Molecular Systems, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
| | - Jillian DiMuzio
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Antiviral Research, Drug Metabolism, and Molecular Systems, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
| | - Christine Fandozzi
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Antiviral Research, Drug Metabolism, and Molecular Systems, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
| | - Kevin F. Gilbert
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Antiviral Research, Drug Metabolism, and Molecular Systems, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
| | - Shi-Shan Mao
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Antiviral Research, Drug Metabolism, and Molecular Systems, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
| | - Charles J. McIntyre
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Antiviral Research, Drug Metabolism, and Molecular Systems, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
| | - Kevin T. Nguyen
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Antiviral Research, Drug Metabolism, and Molecular Systems, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
| | - Joseph J. Romano
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Antiviral Research, Drug Metabolism, and Molecular Systems, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
| | - Mark Stahlhut
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Antiviral Research, Drug Metabolism, and Molecular Systems, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
| | - Bang-Lin Wan
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Antiviral Research, Drug Metabolism, and Molecular Systems, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
| | - David B. Olsen
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Antiviral Research, Drug Metabolism, and Molecular Systems, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
| | - Joseph P. Vacca
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Antiviral Research, Drug Metabolism, and Molecular Systems, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
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24
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Nguyen KT, Claiborne CF, McCauley JA, Libby BE, Claremon DA, Bednar RA, Mosser SD, Gaul SL, Connolly TM, Condra CL, Bednar B, Stump GL, Lynch JJ, Koblan KS, Liverton NJ. Cyclic benzamidines as orally efficacious NR2B-selective NMDA receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:3997-4000. [PMID: 17498948 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.04.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2007] [Revised: 04/24/2007] [Accepted: 04/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of cyclic benzamidines was synthesized and shown to exhibit NR2B-subtype selective NMDA antagonist activity. Compound 29 is orally active in a carrageenan-induced rat hyperalgesia model of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin T Nguyen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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25
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Liverton NJ, Bednar RA, Bednar B, Butcher JW, Claiborne CF, Claremon DA, Cunningham M, DiLella AG, Gaul SL, Libby BE, Lyle EA, Lynch JJ, McCauley JA, Mosser SD, Nguyen KT, Stump GL, Sun H, Wang H, Yergey J, Koblan KS. Identification and characterization of 4-methylbenzyl 4-[(pyrimidin-2-ylamino)methyl]piperidine-1-carboxylate, an orally bioavailable, brain penetrant NR2B selective N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist. J Med Chem 2007; 50:807-19. [PMID: 17249648 DOI: 10.1021/jm060983w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of a novel series of NR2B subtype selective N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists is reported. Initial optimization of a high-throughput screening lead afforded an aminopyridine derivative 13 with significant NR2B antagonist potency but limited selectivity over hERG-channel and other off-target activities. Further structure-activity studies on the aminoheterocycle moiety and optimization of the carbamate led to the highly potent 2-aminopyrimidine derivative 20j with a significantly improved off-target activity profile and oral bioavailability in multiple species coupled with good brain penetration. Compound 20j demonstrated efficacy in in vivo rodent models of antinociception, allodynia, and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel J Liverton
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA.
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26
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27
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Abstract
This article describes recent medicinal chemistry progress toward selective potentiators of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGluR2). Groups at Lilly and Merck have identified new classes of potentiators that exhibit selectivity for mGluR2 over the seven other subtypes of mGluRs. Structure-activity relationships as well as pharmacokinetic properties and in vivo activity are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Rudd
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, WP14-3, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 4, West Point, PA 19486 USA
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28
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Kiss L, Cheng G, Bednar B, Bednar RA, Bennett PB, Kane SA, McIntyre CJ, McCauley JA, Koblan KS. In vitro characterization of novel NR2B selective NMDA receptor antagonists. Neurochem Int 2005; 46:453-64. [PMID: 15769547 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2004.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2004] [Revised: 12/17/2004] [Accepted: 12/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subunit specific receptor antagonism has potential therapeutic application for multiple CNS pathologies. MERCK 1, MERCK 2, and MERCK 3 are novel NR2B subtype selective NMDA receptor antagonists. The affinity and the kinetic mechanism of inhibition by these antagonists and ifenprodil were investigated using the whole-cell configuration of the patch clamp technique, calcium flux, and radioligand binding on a mouse cell line L(tk-) expressing recombinant human heteromeric NMDA receptors consisting of NR1a/NR2B subunit combinations. The rank order of potency, as determined by electrophysiology, was ifenprodil<MERCK 2<MERCK 1<MERCK 3 with K(D)'s 79+/-8, 2.4+/-1.1, 1.3+/-0.9, and approximately 0.16+/-0.02 nM, respectively. The apparent dissociation rate constants among these compounds differed by as much as 394-fold whereas the apparent association constants varied less than 3-fold. Higher affinities were a result of slower drug dissociation kinetics of receptor unbinding. Maximal inhibition was not voltage-dependent and was not statistically different at saturating concentrations by these compounds. These results provide the first detailed functional analysis of the kinetic mechanism of MERCK 1, MERCK 2, and MERCK 3 inhibition of NMDA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Kiss
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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29
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30
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Hamill TG, McCauley JA, Burns HD. The synthesis of a benzamidine-containing NR2B-selective NMDA receptor ligand labelled with tritium or fluorine-18. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Bednar B, Cunningham ME, Kiss L, Cheng G, McCauley JA, Liverton NJ, Koblan KS. Kinetic characterization of novel NR2B antagonists using fluorescence detection of calcium flux. J Neurosci Methods 2004; 137:247-55. [PMID: 15262068 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2004.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2003] [Revised: 02/25/2004] [Accepted: 02/25/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
To facilitate the discovery of novel N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists, we have developed a high-throughput functional assay based on fluorescence detection of free intracellular calcium concentrations. Mouse fibroblast L(tk-) cells expressing human NR1a/NR2B NMDA receptors were plated in 96-well plates and loaded with fluorescence calcium indicator fluo-3 AM. NR2B antagonists were added after stimulation of NMDA receptors with 10 microM glutamate and 10 microM glycine. Changes in fluorescence after the addition of the antagonists were fitted by a single exponential equation providing k(obs). The concentration dependence of k(obs) was linear for all NR2B antagonists at concentrations where k(obs) < 0.2 s(-1). The values of k(obs) for six structurally distinct NR2B antagonists were in the range of 1.1 to 7.5 x 10(5) M(-1)s(-1). These values were several orders of magnitude slower than that obtained for diffusion limited Mg(2+) channel block. The rate constants k(off) provided the values of t(1/2) for dissociation of NR2B antagonists in the range of 1.8 min for ifenprodil to 240 min for the slowest novel antagonist. The IC(50) values obtained from the end-point fluorescence measurements agree with K(d) values calculated from kinetic measurements. All kinetic constants, obtained using our fluorescence method, correlate well with data measured by voltage clamp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohumil Bednar
- Department of Neurology, Merck Research Laboratories, WP26A-2000 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19454, USA.
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32
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McCauley JA, Theberge CR, Romano JJ, Billings SB, Anderson KD, Claremon DA, Freidinger RM, Bednar RA, Mosser SD, Gaul SL, Connolly TM, Condra CL, Xia M, Cunningham ME, Bednar B, Stump GL, Lynch JJ, Macaulay A, Wafford KA, Koblan KS, Liverton NJ. NR2B-Selective N-Methyl-d-aspartate Antagonists: Synthesis and Evaluation of 5-Substituted Benzimidazoles. J Med Chem 2004; 47:2089-96. [PMID: 15056006 DOI: 10.1021/jm030483s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two classes of 5-substituted benzimidazoles were identified as potent antagonists of the NR2B subtype of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. Selected compounds show very good selectivity versus the NR2A, NR2C, and NR2D subtypes of the NMDA receptor as well as versus hERG-channel activity and alpha(1)-adrenergic binding. Benzimidazole 37a shows excellent activity in the carrageenan-induced mechanical hyperalgesia assay in rats as well as good pharmacokinetic behavior in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A McCauley
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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33
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Claiborne CF, McCauley JA, Libby BE, Curtis NR, Diggle HJ, Kulagowski JJ, Michelson SR, Anderson KD, Claremon DA, Freidinger RM, Bednar RA, Mosser SD, Gaul SL, Connolly TM, Condra CL, Bednar B, Stump GL, Lynch JJ, Macaulay A, Wafford KA, Koblan KS, Liverton NJ. Orally efficacious NR2B-selective NMDA receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:697-700. [PMID: 12639561 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)01061-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of benzamidines was synthesized and shown to exhibit NR2B-subtype selective NMDA antagonist activity. Compound 31 is orally active in a carrageenan-induced rat hyperalgesia model of pain and shows no motor coordination side effects.
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34
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Abstract
Four anhydrous polymorphic forms (I, II, III and IV) of an NK1 receptor antagonist, Compound A, have been discovered. The pure compound can exist as either Forms I or II at room temperature and Forms III or IV at elevated temperatures. The four polymorphs were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and solid-state NMR spectroscopy (SSNMR). Polymorphic transformations in the solid phase were studied using DSC, hot stage XRPD, temperature-modulated SSNMR and hot stage optical microscopy. The solubilities of Forms I and II in tert-butyl acetate at different temperatures were measured and the relative stability of the two forms was established. The thermodynamic transformation temperatures between Forms I and III, as well as Forms II and IV, were estimated by DSC. Transformation from Form III to IV, which is undetectable in a normal calorimetric run, was revealed through careful thermal programming. An interesting conversion route from Form I, a more stable form at room temperature, to Form II, a less stable form at room temperature was discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Analytical Research Department, Merck Research Laboratories, R818-B112, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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35
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36
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Abstract
The crystal structures of two enantiotropic polymorphs of the aza-steroid finasteride (N-(1-1-di-methylethyl)-3-oxo-4-aza-5 alpha-and rost-1-ene-17 beta-carboxam ide ) have been determined. The solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, infrared spectra, and physical property data of these two polymorphs are discussed in relation to both their solid-state structures and hydrogen-bonding networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Wenslow
- Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065-0900, USA.
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- John A. McCauley
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Kazuo Nagasawa
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Peter A. Lander
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Steven G. Mischke
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Marcus A. Semones
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Yoshito Kishi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
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38
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Smith AB, Condon SM, McCauley JA. Total Synthesis of Immunosuppressants: Unified Strategies Exploiting Dithiane Couplings and σ-Bond Olefin Constructions. Acc Chem Res 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ar960289i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amos B. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Stephen M. Condon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - John A. McCauley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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39
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Abstract
Two methods for the measurement of the characteristic dissociation pressures of a system containing water vapor and two different crystalline hydrates of the pharmaceutical compound MK-0677 are described. One method involves the spectroscopic determination of water in gases equilibrated with the solids at controlled temperatures, using an infrared spectrometer. The second method utilized the extrapolated onset temperature of the transition from one hydrate to the other at controlled humidities, as observed by differential scanning calorimetry. The methods give similar results for the system of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Crocker
- Analytical Research Department, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
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40
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Smith AB, Condon SM, McCauley JA, Leazer JL, Leahy JW, Maleczka RE. A Unified Total Synthesis of the Immunomodulators (−)-Rapamycin and (−)-27-Demethoxyrapamycin: Assembly of the Common C(1−20) Perimeter and Final Elaboration. J Am Chem Soc 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ja963067o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amos B. Smith
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Stephen M. Condon
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - John A. McCauley
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Johnnie L. Leazer
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - James W. Leahy
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Robert E. Maleczka
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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41
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Smith AB, Condon SM, McCauley JA, Leazer JL, Leahy JW, Maleczka RE. A Unified Total Synthesis of the Immunomodulators (−)-Rapamycin and (−)-27-Demethoxyrapamycin: Construction of the C(21−42) Perimeters. J Am Chem Soc 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ja963066w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amos B. Smith
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Stephen M. Condon
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - John A. McCauley
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Johnnie L. Leazer
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - James W. Leahy
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Robert E. Maleczka
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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42
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Gouda H, Matsuzaki K, Tanaka H, Hirono S, Ōmura S, McCauley JA, Sprengeler PA, Furst GT, Smith AB. Stereostructure of (−)-Chloropeptin I, a Novel Inhibitor of gp120−CD4 Binding, via High- Temperature Molecular Dynamics, Monte Carlo Conformational Searching, and NMR Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ja963003d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Satoshi Ōmura
- Research Center for Biological Function, The Kitasato Institute, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108, Japan
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43
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Abstract
The intensity of X-rays diffracted by amorphous material in samples of the beta-lactam antibiotic imipenem [(5R,6S)-3-[[2-(formimidoyl-amino)ethyl]thio]-6-[(R)-1- hydroxyethyl]-7-oxo-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid] was used to compare the crystallinity of the samples. The method makes use of the intensity in the X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern at a diffraction angle of 28 degrees (2 theta), at which no crystalline peaks are observed. A linear relationship (R2 = 0.9999) exists between amorphous intensity and crystallinity for synthetic mixtures of amorphous and crystalline imipenem. Sample preparation techniques ordinarily used in XRPD experiments were utilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Crocker
- Analytical Research Department, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065-0900, USA
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44
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Smith AB, Maleczka RE, Leazer JL, Leahy JW, McCauley JA, Condon SM. Rapamycin synthetic studies. 2. Elaboration of the C(10)-C(26) perimeter. Tetrahedron Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)73280-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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45
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Smith AB, Condon SM, McCauley JA, Leahy JW, Leazer JL, Maleczka RE. Rapamycin synthetic studies. 1. Construction of the C(27)-C(42) subunit. Tetrahedron Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)73279-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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46
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McCauley JA, Mancinelli RJ, Downing GV, Robbins JB. Molecular size characterization of bacterial capsular polysaccharide vaccines with Sepharose CL-2B. J Biol Stand 1981; 9:461-8. [PMID: 7033224 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-1157(81)80038-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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