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Ortega-Calvo JJ, Harmsen J, Parsons JR, Semple KT, Aitken MD, Ajao C, Eadsforth C, Galay-Burgos M, Naidu R, Oliver R, Peijnenburg WJGM, Römbke J, Streck G, Versonnen B. From Bioavailability Science to Regulation of Organic Chemicals. Environ Sci Technol 2015; 49:10255-64. [PMID: 26230485 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The bioavailability of organic chemicals in soil and sediment is an important area of scientific investigation for environmental scientists, although this area of study remains only partially recognized by regulators and industries working in the environmental sector. Regulators have recently started to consider bioavailability within retrospective risk assessment frameworks for organic chemicals; by doing so, realistic decision-making with regard to polluted environments can be achieved, rather than relying on the traditional approach of using total-extractable concentrations. However, implementation remains difficult because scientific developments on bioavailability are not always translated into ready-to-use approaches for regulators. Similarly, bioavailability remains largely unexplored within prospective regulatory frameworks that address the approval and regulation of organic chemicals. This article discusses bioavailability concepts and methods, as well as possible pathways for the implementation of bioavailability into risk assessment and regulation; in addition, this article offers a simple, pragmatic and justifiable approach for use within retrospective and prospective risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose-J Ortega-Calvo
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologı́a de Sevilla (IRNAS-CSIC), Apartado 1052, E-41080-Seville, Spain
| | - Joop Harmsen
- Alterra-Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - John R Parsons
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam , P.O. Box 94240, 1092 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kirk T Semple
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University , LA1 4YQ Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Michael D Aitken
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, 27599-7431 North Carolina, United States
| | - Charmaine Ajao
- European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), Annankatu 18, 00120 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Charles Eadsforth
- Shell Health, Brabazon House, Threapwood Road, Concord Business Park, M22 9PS Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Malyka Galay-Burgos
- European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals (ECETOC), 2 Avenue E. van Nieuwenhuyse (Bte 8), B-1160 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ravi Naidu
- University of Newcastle and CRC CARE, University Drive , NSW 2308 Callaghan, Australia
| | - Robin Oliver
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Willie J G M Peijnenburg
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Center for Safety of Substances and Products, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University , 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jörg Römbke
- ECT Oekotoxikologie GmbH, Böttgerstr. 2-14, D-65439 Flörsheim, Germany
| | - Georg Streck
- European Commission, DG for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs, REACH Unit, B-1049 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Bram Versonnen
- European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), Annankatu 18, 00120 Helsinki, Finland
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Ortega-Calvo JJ, Tejeda-Agredano MC, Jimenez-Sanchez C, Congiu E, Sungthong R, Niqui-Arroyo JL, Cantos M. Is it possible to increase bioavailability but not environmental risk of PAHs in bioremediation? J Hazard Mater 2013; 261:733-45. [PMID: 23583067 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The current poor predictability of end points associated with the bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is a large limitation when evaluating its viability for treating contaminated soils and sediments. However, we have seen a wide range of innovations in recent years, such as an the improved use of surfactants, the chemotactic mobilization of bacterial inoculants, the selective biostimulation at pollutant interfaces, rhizoremediation and electrobioremediation, which increase the bioavailability of PAHs but do not necessarily increase the risk to the environment. The integration of these strategies into practical remediation protocols would be beneficial to the bioremediation industry, as well as improve the quality of the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Ortega-Calvo
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS-CSIC), Apartado 1052, E-41080 Seville, Spain.
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Ortega-Calvo JJ, Marchenko AI, Vorobyov AV, Borovick RV. Chemotaxis in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria isolated from coal-tar- and oil-polluted rhizospheres. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2012; 44:373-81. [PMID: 19719618 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-6496(03)00092-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract The limited mass transfer in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-contaminated soils during bioremediation treatments often impedes the achievement of regulatory decontamination end-points. Little is known about bioavailability of these hydrophobic pollutants in phytoremediation systems. This work attempts to evaluate, for the first time, chemotaxis as a bioavailability-promoting trait in PAH-degrading bacteria from the rhizosphere. For this aim, 20 motile strains capable of degrading different PAHs were isolated from rhizosphere soils contaminated with coal tar and oil. Three representative Pseudomonas strains were selected, on the basis of their faster growth and/or range of PAHs degraded, for detailed chemotaxis studies with PAHs (naphthalene, phenanthrene, anthracene, and pyrene), bacterial lipopolysaccharide and root exudates from seven different plants. The chemotactic response was quantified with a new densitometric method. The results indicate that chemotaxis is a relevant mobilizing factor for PAH-degrading rhizosphere bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Ortega-Calvo
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología, CSIC, Avenida Reina Mercedes 10, E-41080 Sevilla, Spain
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Tejeda-Agredano MC, Gallego S, Niqui-Arroyo JL, Vila J, Grifoll M, Ortega-Calvo JJ. Effect of interface fertilization on biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons present in nonaqueous-phase liquids. Environ Sci Technol 2011; 45:1074-1081. [PMID: 21166450 DOI: 10.1021/es102418u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The main goal of this study was to use an oleophilic biostimulant (S-200) to target possible nutritional limitations for biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at the interface between nonaqueous-phase liquids (NAPLs) and the water phase. Biodegradation of PAHs present in fuel-containing NAPLs was slow and followed zero-order kinetics, indicating bioavailability restrictions. The biostimulant enhanced the biodegradation, producing logistic (S-shaped) kinetics and 10-fold increases in the rate of mineralization of phenanthrene, fluoranthene, and pyrene. Chemical analysis of residual fuel oil also evidenced an enhanced biodegradation of the alkyl-PAHs and n-alkanes. The enhancement was not the result of an increase in the rate of partitioning of PAHs into the aqueous phase, nor was it caused by the compensation of any nutritional deficiency in the medium. We suggest that biodegradation of PAH by bacteria attached to NAPLs can be limited by nutrient availability due to the simultaneous consumption of NAPL components, but this limitation can be overcome by interface fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Tejeda-Agredano
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida Reina Mercedes, 10, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
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García-Junco M, De Olmedo E, Ortega-Calvo JJ. Bioavailability of solid and non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL)-dissolved phenanthrene to the biosurfactant-producing bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa 19SJ. Environ Microbiol 2001; 3:561-9. [PMID: 11683866 DOI: 10.1046/j.1462-2920.2001.00223.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The biodegradation of phenanthrene by the biosurfactant-producing strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa 19SJ was investigated in experiments with the compound present either as crystals or dissolved in non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs). Growth on solid phenanthrene exhibited an initial phase not limited by dissolution rate and a subsequent, carbon-limited phase caused by exhaustion of the carbon source. Rhamnolipid biosurfactants were produced from solid phenanthrene and appeared in solution and particulate material (cells and phenanthrene crystals). During the carbon-limited phase, the concentration of rhamnolipids detected in culture exceeded the critical micelle concentration (CMC) determined with purified rhamnolipids. The biosurfactants caused a significant increase in dissolution rate and pseudosolubility of phenanthrene, but only at concentrations above the CMC. Externally added rhamnolipids at a concentration higher than the CMC increased the biodegradation rate of solid phenanthrene. Mineralization curves of low concentrations of phenanthrene initially dissolved in two NAPLs [2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane and di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate] were S-shaped, although no growth was observed in the population of suspended bacteria. Biosurfactants were not detected in solution under these conditions. The observed mineralization was attributed not only to suspended bacteria, but also to bacterial populations growing at the NAPL-water interface, mineralizing the compound at higher rates than predicted by abiotic partitioning. We suggest that rhamnolipid production and attachment increased the bioavailability of phenanthrene, so promoting biodegradation activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M García-Junco
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología, CSIC, Apartado 1052, E-41080 Seville, Spain
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Ortega-Calvo JJ, Saiz-Jimenez C. Effect of humic fractions and clay on biodegradation of phenanthrene by a Pseudomonas fluorescens strain isolated from soil. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998; 64:3123-6. [PMID: 9687489 PMCID: PMC106831 DOI: 10.1128/aem.64.8.3123-3126.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The mineralization of phenanthrene in pure cultures of a Pseudomonas fluorescens strain, isolated from soil, was measured in the presence of soil humic fractions and montmorillonite. Humic acid and clay, either separately or in combination, shortened the acclimation phase. A higher mineralization rate was measured in treatments with humic acid at 100 microg/ml. Humic acid at 10 microg/ml stimulated the transformation only in the presence of 10 g of clay per liter. We suggest that sorption of phenanthrene to these soil components may result in a higher concentration of substrate in the vicinity of the bacterial cells and therefore may increase its bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Ortega-Calvo
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia, C.S.I.C., Apartado 1052, 41080 Seville, Spain.
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Ortega-Calvo JJ, Birman I, Alexander M. Effect of varying the rate of partitioning of phenanthrene in nonaqueous-phase liquids on biodegradation in soil slurries. Environ Sci Technol 1995; 29:2222-2225. [PMID: 22280259 DOI: 10.1021/es00009a011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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Fobe BO, Vleugels GJ, Roekens EJ, Van Grieken RE, Hermosin B, Ortega-Calvo JJ, Sanchez Del Junco A, Saiz-Jimenez C. Organic and inorganic compounds in limestone weathering crusts from cathedrals in southern and Western europe. Environ Sci Technol 1995; 29:1691-1701. [PMID: 22276897 DOI: 10.1021/es00006a038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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Ortega-Calvo JJ, Alexander M. Roles of bacterial attachment and spontaneous partitioning in the biodegradation of naphthalene initially present in nonaqueous-phase liquids. Appl Environ Microbiol 1994; 60:2643-6. [PMID: 8074534 PMCID: PMC201696 DOI: 10.1128/aem.60.7.2643-2646.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The mineralization by an Arthrobacter sp. of naphthalene initially dissolved in di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate exhibited a slow phase followed by a rapid phase. Triton X-100, which inhibited cell attachment, prevented the onset of the second phase. Triton X-100 increased the extent of mineralization of naphthalene initially present in 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane. Cells attached to the interface mineralized the aromatic hydrocarbon at a rate four times higher than the rate of partitioning in the absence of microorganisms, but this microbial activity was markedly reduced by Triton X-100. We suggest that utilization of naphthalene originally present in nonaqueous-phase liquids may involve a partitioning-limited initial stage carried out by bacteria freely suspended in the aqueous phase and a subsequent, more rapid stage effected by bacteria present directly at the nonaqueous-liquid-water interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Ortega-Calvo
- Department of Soil, Crop, and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
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