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Otite SV, Lag-Brotons AJ, Ezemonye LI, Martin AD, Pickup RW, Semple KT. Volatile Fatty Acids Effective as Antibacterial Agents against Three Enteric Bacteria during Mesophilic Anaerobic Incubation. Molecules 2024; 29:1908. [PMID: 38731399 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29091908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The antibacterial effects of a selection of volatile fatty acids (acetic, propionic, butyric, valeric, and caproic acids) relevant to anaerobic digestion were investigated at 1, 2 and 4 g/L. The antibacterial effects were characterised by the dynamics of Enterococcus faecalis NCTC 00775, Escherichia coli JCM 1649 and Klebsiella pneumoniae A17. Mesophilic anaerobic incubation to determine the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and median lethal concentration of the VFAs was carried out in Luria Bertani broth at 37 °C for 48 h. Samples collected at times 0, 3, 6, 24 and 48 h were used to monitor bacterial kinetics and pH. VFAs at 4 g/L demonstrated the highest bactericidal effect (p < 0.05), while 1 g/L supported bacterial growth. The VFA cocktail was the most effective, while propionic acid was the least effective. Enterococcus faecalis NCTC 00775 was the most resistant strain with the VFAs MBC of 4 g/L, while Klebsiella pneumoniae A17 was the least resistant with the VFAs MBC of 2 g/L. Allowing a 48 h incubation period led to more log decline in the bacterial numbers compared to earlier times. The VFA cocktail, valeric, and caproic acids at 4 g/L achieved elimination of the three bacteria strains, with over 7 log10 decrease within 48 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saanu Victoria Otite
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | | | - Lawrence I Ezemonye
- Centre for Global Eco-Innovation Nigeria, University of Benin, Benin City PMB 300313, Nigeria
- Vice Chancellor's Office, Igbinedion University Okada, Benin City PMB 0006, Nigeria
| | - Alastair D Martin
- Engineering Department, Gillow Avenue, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YW, UK
| | - Roger W Pickup
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Furness Building, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YG, UK
| | - Kirk T Semple
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
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2
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Ramanayaka S, Vithanage M, Zhang H, Semple KT. Role of soil organic matter on the retention and mobility of common plastic additives, Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, bisphenol A and benzophenone, in soil. Environ Res 2023; 236:116725. [PMID: 37487922 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to assess the role of soil organic matter on retaining plastic additives, Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), Bisphenol A (BPA) and Benzophenone (BP), to postulate the retention mechanisms and mobility in soil. Batch experiments were conducted for red yellow podzolic soil (OM) and soil subjected to high temperature oxidation at 600 °C for 2 h to remove total organic matter (OMR). Pristine soil, which contains organic matter abbreviated as OM (soil with organic matter) whereas total organic matter removed soil is abbreviated as OMR (organic matter removed soil). The pH edge and kinetic experiments were conducted with 20 g/L soil suspension spiked with 10 mg/L of each additive, whereas 1-20 mg/L concentration range was used in isotherm experiments and analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography. DEHP demonstrated the highest retention, 331 and 615.16 mg/kg in OM and OMR soils respectively, at pH 6.6. However, BPA and BP showed highest retentions of 132 and 128 mg/kg, respectively around pH 4.3 in pristine soil. DEHP interaction with soil OM indicated weak physical bonding whereas chemisorption to OMR soil. In the case of BPA, physisorption governed its interaction with both soil organic matter and mineral fraction. Nevertheless, BP demonstrated chemical interactions with OM and minerals. Desorption of DEHP was close to 100% however, BPA and BP were <15%. Overall, DEHP and BPA could be easily released into soil water and possibly be available for plant uptake while, BP is immobilized in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sammani Ramanayaka
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK.
| | - Meththika Vithanage
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Centre, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, 10250, Sri Lanka; The UWA Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Hao Zhang
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Kirk T Semple
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
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Yu L, Duan L, Naidu R, Meng F, Semple KT. Effects of source materials on desorption kinetics of carcinogenic PAHs from contaminated soils. Chemosphere 2023; 335:139095. [PMID: 37268225 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Research investigating the desorptive behaviour of PAHs from contaminated soils often overlooked the effects of source materials, especially coal tar and coal tar pitch and materials alike. In this study, a refined experimental approach was adopted to establish a simple-to-complex continuum of systems that allow the investigation of desorption kinetics of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) and 3 other carcinogenic PAHs (cPAHs) over an incubation period of 48 d. By comparing the modelled desorption parameters, elucidation of the effects of PAH source materials on their desorptive behaviour was achieved. Desorption of cPAHs from coal tar and pitch was enhanced when they were added to soils, with rapidly desorbing fraction (Frap) of BaP increased from 0.68% for pitch to 1.10% and 2.66% for pitch treated soils, and from 2.57% for coal tar to 6.24% for coal tar treated soil G and 8.76% for coal tar treated sand (1 d). At 1 d, desorption of target cPAHs from solvent and source material spiked soils generally followed the order of solvent > coal tar > pitch. Increases in Frap of cPAHs were observed in coal tar-treated soils after 48 d soil incubation (0.33%-1.16% for soil M, p ≥ 0.05, 6.24%-9.21% for soil G, p < 0.05) and was attributed to the continuous migration of coal tar as a non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) into soil pore structures. Slow desorption was dominated by source materials, whereas the extents and rates of rapid desorption (Frap and krap) were more controlled by the quantity of soil organic matter (SOM), rather than quality of SOM (as in solvent-spiked soils). The results of this study challenged the role of PAH source materials as 'sinks' and led to the proposed roles of coal tar and pitch and source materials alike as 'reservoirs' with a risk-driven perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linbo Yu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308, Australia.
| | - Luchun Duan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308, Australia
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308, Australia.
| | - Fanbo Meng
- Jinan Environmental Research Academy, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250102, China
| | - Kirk T Semple
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
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Omoni VT, Bankole PO, Nwosu TFX, Tennison-Omovoh CA, Ojo AS, Semple KT. Impact of different nitrogen amendments on the biodegradation of 14C-phenanthrene by endophytic fungal strains in liquid culture. Microbiol Res 2023; 266:127223. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Moure Abelenda A, Semple KT, Aggidis G, Aiouache F. Dataset on the solid-liquid separation of anaerobic digestate by means of wood ash-based treatment. Data Brief 2022; 44:108536. [PMID: 36060821 PMCID: PMC9428813 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2022.108536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Wood bottom and fly ashes were added to the anaerobic digestate using sulfuric, hydrochloric, nitric, and lactic acids, as pH conditioners and sorption activating agents. Minimum (pH of zero-point charge), mild, and severe acidification of the samples were tested. The solid-liquid separation achieved was accounted visually and with the measurement of the masses of water-soluble extract and water-insoluble material isolated. The average mass of the blend was 36.61 ± 0.68 g, including the extractant agent that was prepared with the commercial acids and ultrapure milli-QⓇ water. During the 144-h incubation of the mixtures at 20 °C and 0.17 x g, the shares of the solid and liquid were determined by centrifugation of the destructive samples at 3,130.40 x g for 5 minutes and 3-µm filtration of the supernatant. Before weighing the water-insoluble material, both the pellet that remained in the tube and the filter cake were dried at 70 °C until reaching constant weight. There was a significant increase in the amount of water-insoluble phase of the wood bottom ash due to the activation with lactic and sulfuric acids. The treatment of the wood fly ash and the agrowaste digestate with the hydrochloric acid showed an increase in the formation of water-soluble extract, in direct relation with the acidic pH of the blend. The characterization of the pH of the WS extract was performed with a Mettler ToledoⓇ Seven CompactTM S220 pH/Ion meter. The conditions of this process can be further optimized and each of the fractions can be characterized, in terms of nutrient content, to confirm the efficiency of the separation. More complex and ambitious processes can be designed for combining the wood ash and the anaerobic digestate. The performance of this treatment involving wood ashes and commercial acids can be extrapolated to other type of organic manures with a moisture content of approximately 95%, to improve their management in terms of reducing the cost of storage and transportation for land application below £5 per tonne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Moure Abelenda
- School of Engineering, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YW, UK
- Corresponding author. @AlejandroMoureA
| | - Kirk T. Semple
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - George Aggidis
- School of Engineering, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YW, UK
| | - Farid Aiouache
- School of Engineering, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YW, UK
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Mukherjee S, Sarkar B, Aralappanavar VK, Mukhopadhyay R, Basak BB, Srivastava P, Marchut-Mikołajczyk O, Bhatnagar A, Semple KT, Bolan N. Biochar-microorganism interactions for organic pollutant remediation: Challenges and perspectives. Environ Pollut 2022; 308:119609. [PMID: 35700879 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Numerous harmful chemicals are introduced every year in the environment through anthropogenic and geological activities raising global concerns of their ecotoxicological effects and decontamination strategies. Biochar technology has been recognized as an important pillar for recycling of biomass, contributing to the carbon capture and bioenergy industries, and remediation of contaminated soil, sediments and water. This paper aims to critically review the application potential of biochar with a special focus on the synergistic and antagonistic effects on contaminant-degrading microorganisms in single and mixed-contaminated systems. Owing to the high specific surface area, porous structure, and compatible surface chemistry, biochar can support the proliferation and activity of contaminant-degrading microorganisms. A combination of biochar and microorganisms to remove a variety of contaminants has gained popularity in recent years alongside traditional chemical and physical remediation technologies. The microbial compatibility of biochar can be improved by optimizing the surface parameters so that toxic pollutant release is minimized, biofilm formation is encouraged, and microbial populations are enhanced. Biocompatible biochar thus shows potential in the bioremediation of organic contaminants by harboring microbial populations, releasing contaminant-degrading enzymes, and protecting beneficial microorganisms from immediate toxicity of surrounding contaminants. This review recommends that biochar-microorganism co-deployment holds a great potential for the removal of contaminants thereby reducing the risk of organic contaminants to human and environmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Mukherjee
- School of Agriculture, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, India
| | - Binoy Sarkar
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Raj Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal 132001, India
| | - B B Basak
- ICAR-Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, Anand 387310, India
| | | | - Olga Marchut-Mikołajczyk
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Ul. Stefanowskiego 2/22, 90-537, Łódź, Poland
| | - Amit Bhatnagar
- Department of Separation Science, LUT School of Engineering Science, LUT University, Sammonkatu 12, Mikkeli, FI-50130, Finland
| | - Kirk T Semple
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Nanthi Bolan
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6001, Australia; The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6001, Australia
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7
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Sun Y, Li H, Lei S, Semple KT, Coulon F, Hu Q, Gao J, Guo G, Gu Q, Jones KC. Redevelopment of urban brownfield sites in China: Motivation, history, policies and improved management. Eco Environ Health 2022; 1:63-72. [PMID: 38075528 PMCID: PMC10702914 DOI: 10.1016/j.eehl.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Rapid urbanisation in China has resulted in an increased demand for land in towns and cities. To upgrade and modernise, China has also moved many major industries from urban centres to less populated areas. With the high economic value of urban land, the transformation and utilisation of brownfield areas have become important economically and socially. The Chinese government has recognised the need for strong frameworks to safeguard soil and groundwater quality, with brownfield sites a key category for management. Strong scientific, regulatory and decision-making frameworks are needed and being adopted to ensure practical, careful and wise use of central and localised government resources, to manage the reuse and regeneration of these brownfield sites. This paper reviews the context, policies and management procedures of developing brownfield sites in countries with a history of brownfield management and discusses China's current situation and priorities for brownfield governance and redevelopment. These include (1) clarification of brownfield site soil contamination risk control standards and risk assessment procedures, (2) the responsibilities of different national and local agencies, (3) the establishment of a national expert committee to advise on best practices, policy and process, (4) the use of registered brownfield databases at national, provincial, municipal and county levels, and (5) the set up of soil pollution prevention fund at the provincial level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, 100012, Beijing, PR China
- Lancaster Environment Centre (LEC), Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Hong Li
- Lancaster Environment Centre (LEC), Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4AP, UK
| | - Shuo Lei
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Eco-process and Function Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, 100012, Beijing, PR China
| | - Kirk T. Semple
- Lancaster Environment Centre (LEC), Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Frederic Coulon
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Qing Hu
- Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Jingyang Gao
- Beijing Huanding Environmental Big Data Institute, 100083, Beijing, PR China
| | - Guanlin Guo
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agricultural and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, 100012, Beijing, PR China
| | - Qingbao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, 100012, Beijing, PR China
| | - Kevin C. Jones
- Lancaster Environment Centre (LEC), Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
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Omoni VT, Ibeto CN, Lag-Brotons AJ, Bankole PO, Semple KT. Impact of lignocellulosic waste-immobilised white-rot fungi on enhancing the development of 14C-phenanthrene catabolism in soil. Sci Total Environ 2022; 811:152243. [PMID: 34921880 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an investigation was carried out to explore the the impact of white-rot fungi (WRF) on enhancing the development of phenanthrene catabolism in soil over time (1, 25, 50, 75 and 100 d). The WRF were immobilised on spent brewery grains (SBG) prior to inoculation to the soil. The results showed that SBG-immobilised WRF-amended soils reduced the lag phases and increased the extents of 14C-phenanthrene mineralisation. Greater reductions in the lag phases and increases in the rates of mineralisation were observed in immobilised Trametes versicolor-amended soil compared to the other WRF-amendments. However, the presence of Pleurotus ostreatus and Phanerochaete chrysosporium influenced biodegradation more strongly than the other fungal species. In addition, fungal enzyme activities increased in the amended soils and positively correlated with the extents of 14C-phenanthrene mineralisation in all soil amendments. Maximum ligninolytic enzyme activities were observed in P. ostreatus-amended soil. Microbial populations increased in all amended soils while PAH-degrading fungal numbers increased with increased soil-PAH contact time and strongly positively correlated with fastest rates of mineralisation. The findings presented in this study demonstrate that inoculating the soil with these immobilised WRFs generally enhanced the mineralisation of the 14C-phenanthrene in soil. This has the potential to be used to stimulate or enhance PAH catabolism in field-contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor T Omoni
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK; Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi P.M.B 2373, Nigeria
| | - Cynthia N Ibeto
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK; Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | | | - Paul O Bankole
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK; Department of Pure and Applied Botany, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Kirk T Semple
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK.
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Posada-Baquero R, Semple KT, Ternero M, Ortega-Calvo JJ. Determining the bioavailability of benzo(a)pyrene through standardized desorption extraction in a certified reference contaminated soil. Sci Total Environ 2022; 803:150025. [PMID: 34500273 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
There is a strong need for certified reference materials in the quality assurance of nonionic soil contaminant bioavailability estimations through physicochemical methods. We applied desorption extraction, a method recently standardized as ISO16751, to determine the bioavailable concentration of the most commonly regulated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), in the reference industrial soil BCR-524 with a certified BaP total concentration of 8.60 mg kg-1. This concentration represented BaP levels found in many PAH-polluted soils. The method, based on single-point extraction of the analyte desorbed into the aqueous phase by a receiving phase (Tenax or cyclodextrin), was applied ten times. The data fulfilled highly demanding quality criteria based on recovery and repeatability. The bioavailable BaP concentration detected through Tenax extraction, 1.82 mg kg-1, was comparable to bioavailable concentrations determined in field-contaminated soils and to environmental quality standards based on previously observed total BaP concentrations. There was good agreement (Student's t-test, P ≤ 0.05) with the bioavailable BaP concentration determined by cyclodextrin extraction (1.53 mg kg-1). The methods were extended to four other certified 4- and 5-ringed PAHs for comparative purposes. We suggest ways of improving of the ISO16751 standard related to further systematic assessment of the Tenax-to-soil ratio and incorporation of mass balances. Furthermore, BCR-524 is suitable for quality-assurance protocols with these methods when used in site-specific risk assessments of PAH-polluted environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Posada-Baquero
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), C. S. I. C., Seville, Spain
| | - Kirk T Semple
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Miguel Ternero
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - José-Julio Ortega-Calvo
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), C. S. I. C., Seville, Spain.
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Naidu R, Biswas B, Willett IR, Cribb J, Kumar Singh B, Paul Nathanail C, Coulon F, Semple KT, Jones KC, Barclay A, Aitken RJ. Chemical pollution: A growing peril and potential catastrophic risk to humanity. Environ Int 2021; 156:106616. [PMID: 33989840 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic chemical pollution has the potential to pose one of the largest environmental threats to humanity, but global understanding of the issue remains fragmented. This article presents a comprehensive perspective of the threat of chemical pollution to humanity, emphasising male fertility, cognitive health and food security. There are serious gaps in our understanding of the scale of the threat and the risks posed by the dispersal, mixture and recombination of chemicals in the wider environment. Although some pollution control measures exist they are often not being adopted at the rate needed to avoid chronic and acute effects on human health now and in coming decades. There is an urgent need for enhanced global awareness and scientific scrutiny of the overall scale of risk posed by chemical usage, dispersal and disposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), The University of Newcastle, ATC Building, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), ATC Building, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Bhabananda Biswas
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), ATC Building, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Future Industries Institute, UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Ian R Willett
- School of Agriculture & Food Systems, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Julian Cribb
- Australian National Centre for the Public Awareness of Science (as an adjunct), Australian National University, Canberra 0200, Australia
| | - Brajesh Kumar Singh
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2753, Australia
| | | | - Frederic Coulon
- Cranfield University, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield MK43 0AL, United Kingdom
| | - Kirk T Semple
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Barclay
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), ATC Building, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Robert John Aitken
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
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11
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Anyanwu IN, Semple KT. Occurrence and Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Nitrogen-Containing Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Analogues in Soils from the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2021.1977352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ihuoma N. Anyanwu
- Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike Ikwo, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Kirk T. Semple
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster, United Kingdom
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12
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Moure Abelenda A, Semple KT, Lag-Brotons AJ, Herbert BM, Aggidis G, Aiouache F. Kinetic study of the stabilization of an agro-industrial digestate by adding wood fly ash. Chemical Engineering Journal Advances 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceja.2021.100127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Tighe C, Castrillejo M, Christl M, Degueldre C, Andrew J, Semple KT, Joyce MJ. Local and global trace plutonium contributions in fast breeder legacy soils. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1381. [PMID: 33741911 PMCID: PMC7979690 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21575-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Trace-level plutonium in the environment often comprises local and global contributions, and is usually anthropogenic in origin. Here, we report estimates of local and global contributions to trace-level plutonium in soil from a former, fast-breeder reactor site. The measured 240Pu/239Pu ratio is anomalously low, as per the reduced 240Pu yield expected in plutonium bred with fast neutrons. Anomalies in plutonium concentration and isotopic ratio suggest forensic insight into specific activities on site, such as clean-up or structural change. Local and global 239Pu contributions on-site are estimated at (34 ± 1)% and (66 ± 3)%, respectively, with mass concentrations of (183 ± 6) fg g-1 and (362 ± 13) fg g-1. The latter is consistent with levels at undisturbed and distant sites, (384 ± 44) fg g-1, where no local contribution is expected. The 240Pu/239Pu ratio for site-derived material is estimated at 0.05 ± 0.04. Our study demonstrates the multi-faceted potential of trace plutonium assay to inform clean-up strategies of fast breeder legacies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Tighe
- grid.9835.70000 0000 8190 6402Department of Engineering, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Maxi Castrillejo
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH - Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Christl
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH - Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Claude Degueldre
- grid.9835.70000 0000 8190 6402Department of Engineering, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Jeremy Andrew
- Dounreay Site Restoration Ltd., Dounreay, Thurso, Scotland
| | - Kirk T. Semple
- grid.9835.70000 0000 8190 6402Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Malcolm J. Joyce
- grid.9835.70000 0000 8190 6402Department of Engineering, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
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14
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Anyanwu IN, Sikoki FD, Semple KT. Risk assessment of PAHs and N-PAH analogues in sediment cores from the Niger Delta. Mar Pollut Bull 2020; 161:111684. [PMID: 33035758 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chemical-surveys of sediments are source of information about historical-pollution in aquatic-ecosystems, because ecological/human-health risks may arise from polycyclic-aromatic-hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitrogen-PAHs presence in aquatic-environments, particularly sediments, where they partition. Despite this, sediment-PAHs/N-PAHs have not been reported in the Niger Delta. This study investigated vertical-profiles of PAHs/N-PAHs in 2 cm-intervals-segments from Bonny Estuary, Niger Delta. Analysis showed that ƩPAHs/ƩN-PAHs in segments ranged from 8699 to 22,528 μg/kg and 503 to 2020 μg/kg, respectively. Abundant-PAH/N-PAH are 2,6-dimethyl-naphthalene and benzo[a]acridine. PAHs/N-PAHs in the samples appeared to be from petrogenic and pyrogenic-sources. Petrogenic-PAHs/N-PAHs were predominated by 2-, 3-rings, alkylated-substituents, while, pyrogenic-PAHs/N-PAHs were dominated by 4-, 5-, 6-rings. Surface-sediments were dominated by petrogenic-PAHs/N-PAHs while, deeper-cores were heavily-contaminated with pyrogenic-PAHs/N-PAHs. ƩPAHs exceeded the ISQGs and PELs of CSQGs. Ʃ-quinoline/Ʃ-acridine exceeded the guidelines for protection of aquatic-life. Furthermore, there are concerns over toxic-ratios >70% in the estuary. Such surveys may be helpful in future sediment-management-decisions for contaminated-systems and long-term-monitoring of sediments to assess remediation/recovery. CAPSULE: Distinct sources of PAHs and N-PAHs exist in the Niger Delta ecosystem and, there are concerns over toxic ratios >70% in the oil rich region and the potential for adverse biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihuoma N Anyanwu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu-Alike, P.M.B 1010, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria; Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Francis D Sikoki
- Centre for Marine Pollution Monitoring and Seafood Safety, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B 5323, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Kirk T Semple
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
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15
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Anyanwu IN, Sikoki FD, Semple KT. Quantitative assessment data of PAHs and N-PAHs in core sediments from the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Data Brief 2020; 33:106484. [PMID: 33209968 PMCID: PMC7658577 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2020.106484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) pollution has been the focus of environmental research, mostly due to their mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, teratogenicity and genotoxicity. Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and the nitrogen-containing analogues (N-PAHs) (which tend to accumulate in sediments rather than water) was measured in 2 cm intervals segments from Bonny Estuary, Niger Delta using GC–MS. Data showed that PAHs/N-PAHs levels ranged from 8699 to 22,528 µg/kg and 503–2020 µg/kg, respectively. Furthermore, the data revealed that ƩPAHs level in the estuarine segments was > 45% higher than DPR/EGASPIN intervention limit. This gives insight on PAHs/N-PAHs contamination in the oil rich region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihuoma N Anyanwu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu-Alike, P.M.B 1010, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria.,Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Francis D Sikoki
- Centre for Marine Pollution Monitoring and Seafood Safety, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B 5323, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Kirk T Semple
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
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Idowu O, Tran TKA, Webster G, Chapman I, Baker P, Farrel H, Zammit A, Semple KT, Hansbro PM, O'Connor W, Thavamani P. Quantitative biomonitoring of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) using the Sydney rock oyster (Saccostrea glomerata). Sci Total Environ 2020; 742:140497. [PMID: 32721717 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Increasing our understanding of the bioavailable fractions of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in an aquatic environment is important for the assessment of the environmental and human health risks posed by PACs. More importantly, the behaviour of polar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (polar PAHs), which are metabolites of legacy PAHs, are yet to be understood. We, therefore, carried out a study involving Sydney rock oysters (Saccostrea glomerata) sourced from two locations, that had been exposed to PAH contamination, within an Australian south-east estuary. Biomonitoring of these oysters, following relocation from the estuary to a relatively isolated waterway, was done at 24 and 72 h after deployment and subsequently at 7, 14, 28, 52 and 86 days. Control samples from Camden Haven River were sampled for PAC analyses just before deployment, after 28 days and at the end of the study (day 86). Lipid-normalised concentrations in oyster tissues across the 86-day sampling duration, elimination rate constants (k2), biological half-lives (t1/2) and time required to reach 95% of steady-state (t95) were reported for parent PAHs and the less-monitored polar PAHs including nitrated/oxygenated/heterocyclic PAHs (NPAHs, oxyPAHs and HPAHs) for the three differently sourced oyster types. Most of the depurating PAHs and NPAHs, as well as 9-FLO (oxyPAH), had k2 values significantly different from zero (p < 0.05). All other oxyPAHs and HPAHs showed no clear depuration, with their concentrations remaining similar. The non-depuration of polar PAHs from oyster tissues could imply greater human health risk compared to their parent analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluyoye Idowu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Thi Kim Anh Tran
- Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials (GICAN), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; School of Agriculture and Resources, Vinh University, Viet Nam
| | - Grant Webster
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Biosecurity and Food Safety, Taree, NSW 2430, Australia
| | - Ian Chapman
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Biosecurity and Food Safety, Taree, NSW 2430, Australia
| | - Phil Baker
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Biosecurity and Food Safety, Taree, NSW 2430, Australia
| | - Hazel Farrel
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Biosecurity and Food Safety, Taree, NSW 2430, Australia
| | - Anthony Zammit
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Biosecurity and Food Safety, Taree, NSW 2430, Australia
| | - Kirk T Semple
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Phil M Hansbro
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Wayne O'Connor
- Port Stephens Fisheries Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Port Stephens, NSW 2316, Australia
| | - Palanisami Thavamani
- Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials (GICAN), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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Idowu O, Tran TKA, Baker P, Farrel H, Zammit A, Semple KT, O'Connor W, Thavamani P. Bioavailability of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) to the Sydney rock oyster (Saccostrea glomerata) from sediment matrices of an economically important Australian estuary. Sci Total Environ 2020; 736:139574. [PMID: 32497880 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Improving risk assessment and remediation rests on better understanding of contaminant bioavailability. Despite their strong toxicological attributes, little is known about the partitioning behaviour and bioavailability of polar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in aquatic environments. The present study provides an insight into the bioavailable fractions of polar PAHs and their parent analogues in the tissues of the Sydney rock oyster, Saccostrea glomerata, a model aquatic bio-indicator organism. The concentration and distribution patterns of parent and polar PAHs including oxygenated PAHs (oxyPAHs), nitrated PAHs (NPAHs) and heterocyclic PAHs (HPAHs) were determined in water, sediment and oysters from an ecologically and economically important estuary of New South Wales, Australia. Total concentrations of PAHs, oxyPAHs, NPAHs and HPAHs were higher in sediments compared to oyster tissue and water. For most polar PAHs, total concentrations for water, sediment and oyster samples were <1 μg/g (μg/l for water) while parent PAH concentrations were several orders of magnitude higher. Computed biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) on lipid-normalized oyster concentrations revealed that while ∑oxyPAHs and ∑HPAHs exhibited low accumulation from sediment to oyster tissues (BSAF <1), ∑PAHs and ∑NPAH were found to be accumulated at high levels (BSAF >1). BSAF individual computation showed that bioaccumulation of nine investigated HPAHs in oyster tissues were relatively low and only 2-EAQ (oxyPAH) and 1N-NAP (NPAH) showed high levels of accumulation in oyster tissues, similar to parent PAHs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first known study on the bioavailability of polar and non-polar PAHs in an Australian aquatic environment. The outcome of this study might be a useful indicator of the potential risks of polar PAHs to humans and other living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluyoye Idowu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Thi Kim Anh Tran
- Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials (GICAN), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Phil Baker
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Biosecurity and Food Safety, Taree, NSW 2430, Australia
| | - Hazel Farrel
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Biosecurity and Food Safety, Taree, NSW 2430, Australia
| | - Anthony Zammit
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Biosecurity and Food Safety, Taree, NSW 2430, Australia
| | - Kirk T Semple
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Wayne O'Connor
- Port Stephens Fisheries Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Port Stephens, NSW 2316, Australia
| | - Palanisami Thavamani
- Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials (GICAN), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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18
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Idowu O, Semple KT, Ramadass K, O'Connor W, Hansbro P, Thavamani P. Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their polar derivatives in soils of an industrial heritage city of Australia. Sci Total Environ 2020; 699:134303. [PMID: 33736201 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge about polar derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils is limited despite the extensive study of the environmental presence and persistence of non-polar parent PAHs. Polar PAHs have greater potential to be more toxic at low environmental concentrations compared to their homocyclic analogues. For both polar and non-polar PAHs, combustion of fossil fuels is often the main source especially in industrialised environments. This study investigated the concentration profiles of PAHs and its associated polar PAHs such as nitrated PAHs (NPAHs), oxygenated PAHs (oxy-PAHs) and nitrogen, sulphur and oxygen heterocyclic PAHs (N/S/O-heterocyclic PAHs) in a well-known industrial heritage city of Australia. The most abundant polar PAHs were 9-fluorenone (oxy-PAHs), 2-nitrofluorene (NPAHs) and carbazole (heterocyclic-PAHs). A positive correlation (r = 0.5, p < 0.01) between ∑13PAHs and ∑19 polar PAHs was observed, implying a possible spatial association between parent and polar PAHs. The concentrations of polar PAHs in soil samples, across various landuse patterns, were used to calculate the excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) from incidental ingestion of soils. The computed ELCR values ranged from 8.2*10-7 (industrial soils) to 2.3*10-6 (residential soils), indicating negligible cancer risks. This is the first known study on the occurrence and concentrations of polar and non-polar PAHs in any Australian city, and the results may serve a baseline purpose for improved risk assessment of contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluyoye Idowu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Kirk T Semple
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Kavitha Ramadass
- Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials (GICAN), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Wayne O'Connor
- Port Stephens Fisheries Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Port Stephens, NSW 2316, Australia
| | - Phil Hansbro
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Palanisami Thavamani
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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Umeh AC, Duan L, Naidu R, Esposito M, Semple KT. In vitro gastrointestinal mobilization and oral bioaccessibility of PAHs in contrasting soils and associated cancer risks: Focus on PAH nonextractable residues. Environ Int 2019; 133:105186. [PMID: 31639608 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal mobilization and oral bioaccessibility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) nonextractable residues (NERs) from soils remain unexplored, including associated incremental lifetime cancer risks. This study investigated the gastrointestinal mobilization of PAHs and their NERs from contrasting soils, using a physiologically based extraction test that incorporates a silicone-rod (Si-Org-PBET) as PAH sink. Associated cancer risks following soil ingestion were also evaluated. Four solvent-spiked and aged soils, and four long-term contaminated manufactured gas plant (MGP) soils, were utilized. Total-extractable PAH concentrations were measured after exhaustive solvent extractions of soils. We evaluated the PAH sorption efficiency of the silicone rods and associated sorption kinetics, using PAH-spiked silica sand as the contaminated matrix. We then assessed gastrointestinal mobilization of benzo[a]pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene NERs from the solvent-spiked soils, and mobilization of six PAHs and their NERs from the MGP soils. PAH oral bioaccessibility was determined. The incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCRs), using Si-Org-PBET- and total-extractable PAH concentrations from the MGP soils, were calculated. Sorption kinetics modelling showed that 95% of mobilized PAHs sorbed to the silicone rods within 2-19 h, depending on PAH physico-chemical properties. Total-extractable and Si-Org-PBET extractable PAH concentrations exceeded health investigation levels (3 mg/kg based on benzo[a]pyrene toxic equivalent quotients) in soils. PAH oral bioaccessibility approached 100% for solvent-spiked soils, but only 24-36% for the MGP soils. Associated ILCRs exceeded target levels (10-5) for one MGP soil, particularly for 2-3 year olds, despite oral bioaccessibility considerations. In contrast, mobilized PAH NERs did not exceed health investigation and ILCR levels, as the NERs were highly sequestered, especially in the MGP soils. PAH nonextractable residues in long-term contaminated soils are unlikely to be mobilized in concentrations that pose cancer risks to humans following soil ingestion, and do not need to be considered in risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C Umeh
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Luchun Duan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Monica Esposito
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Kirk T Semple
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
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Sun Y, Li H, Guo G, Semple KT, Jones KC. Soil contamination in China: Current priorities, defining background levels and standards for heavy metals. J Environ Manage 2019; 251:109512. [PMID: 31563052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Chinese Government is working to establish an effective framework in managing soil contamination. Heavy metal contamination is key to the discussion about soil quality, health and remediation in China. Soil heavy metal contamination in China is briefly reviewed and the concepts of background values and standards discussed. The importance of contaminated land and its management for China food security and urbanization are discussed. Priorities for China's next steps in developing an effective research and management regime are presented. We propose that critically important to the science-based risk assessment of contaminants in soils is the incorporation of speciation and bioavailability into the measurement and evaluation criteria. Consideration of soil biology/ecological endpoints will be necessary to protect ecosystem health. National and regional/local scenarios of land use type/usage will address residential/urban re-use of industrial land as well as varying agricultural scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Sun
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Hong Li
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Guanlin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China
| | - Kirk T Semple
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK.
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Umeh AC, Panneerselvan L, Duan L, Naidu R, Semple KT. Bioaccumulation of benzo[a]pyrene nonextractable residues in soil by Eisenia fetida and associated background-level sublethal genotoxicity (DNA single-strand breaks). Sci Total Environ 2019; 691:605-610. [PMID: 31325860 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The potential for bioaccumulation and associated genotoxicity of nonextractable residues (NERs) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) in long-term contaminated soils have not been investigated. Here we report research in which earthworms, Eisenia fetida, were exposed to a soil containing readily available benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and highly sequestered B[a]P NERs aged in soil for 350 days. B[a]P bioaccumulation was assessed and DNA damage (as DNA single strand breaks) in earthworm coelomocytes were evaluated by comet assay. The concentrations of B[a]P in earthworm tissues were generally low, particularly when the soil contained highly sequestered B[a]P NERs, with biota-soil accumulation factors ranging from 0.6 to 0.8 kgOC/kglipid. The measurements related to genotoxicity, that is percentage (%) of DNA in the tails and olive tail moments, were significantly greater (p < 0.05) in the spiked soil containing readily available B[a]P than in soil that did not have added B[a]P. For example, for the soil initially spiked at 10 mg/kg, the percentage of DNA in the tails (29.2%) of coelomocytes after exposure of earthworms to B[a]P-contaminated soils and olive tail moments (17.6) were significantly greater (p < 0.05) than those of unspiked soils (19.6% and 7.0, for percentage of DNA in tail and olive tail moment, respectively). There were no significant (p > 0.05) differences in effects over the range of B[a]P concentrations (10 and 50 mg/kg soil) investigated. In contrast, DNA damage after exposure of earthworms to B[a]P NERs in soil did not differ from background DNA damage in the unspiked soil. These findings are useful in risk assessments as they can be applied to minimise uncertainties associated with the ecological health risks from exposure to highly sequestered PAH residues in long-term contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C Umeh
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Co-operative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Logeshwaran Panneerselvan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Co-operative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Luchun Duan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Co-operative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Co-operative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Kirk T Semple
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
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Meng F, Yang X, Duan L, Naidu R, Nuruzzaman M, Semple KT. Influence of pH, electrical conductivity and ageing on the extractability of benzo[a]pyrene in two contrasting soils. Sci Total Environ 2019; 690:647-653. [PMID: 31301505 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Higher soil pH and electrical conductivity (EC) were suspected to result in higher extractability and bioavailability of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) in soils. In this study, we investigated the influence of pH, EC and ageing on the extractability of B[a]P in two contracting soils (varied largely in soil texture, clay mineralogy and organic carbon content) over 4 months. Dilute sodium hydroxide (0.2 mol L-1) and sodium chloride (0.1 mol L-1) solutions were used to adjust soil pH and EC either separately or simultaneously. Extractability of B[a]P in these soils was monitored using a mild solvent extraction using butanol (BuOH, end-over-end shake over 24 h), and an exhaustive mix-solvent extraction using dichloromethane/acetone (DCM/Ace, v:v = 1:1) facilitated by sonication and a subsequent NaOH saponification method following the DCM/Ace extraction. Results showed that increased pH and/or EC significantly increased the B[a]P extractability in the sandy soil (GIA). Variance analysis of contribution of pH and/or EC modification and ageing time on changes in B[a]P extractability indicated that in GIA > 55% and over 25% of the changes in B[a]P extractability was attributed to increased pH&EC and pH only respectively. While ageing resulted in >85% of the change in B[a]P extractability in the clayey soil (BDA), following by increased pH&EC (contribution < 15%). Large amount of non-extractable residue (NER) were formed over the ageing period, up to 95% and 79% in GIA/BDA and its modified soils, respectively. Significant correlations were observed between B[a]P BuOH extractability and the exhaustive sequential extraction using DCM/Ace followed by NaOH saponification for all soils (p < 0.001). With slopes of the correlations close to 1, our results indicated that the simple mild solvent BuOH extraction was equivalent to the complex sequential DCM/Ace and NaOH saponification extraction in these soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanbo Meng
- Institute of Soil, Jinan Environmental Research Academy, Jinan 250102, China; Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), ATC Building, the University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), ATC Building, the University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, NSW 2308, Australia; Department of Geography & Spatial Information Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Luchun Duan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), ATC Building, the University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), the University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), ATC Building, the University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), the University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Md Nuruzzaman
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), ATC Building, the University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Kirk T Semple
- Lancaster Environmental Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
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Umeh AC, Duan L, Naidu R, Semple KT. Extremely small amounts of B[a]P residues remobilised in long-term contaminated soils: A strong case for greater focus on readily available and not total-extractable fractions in risk assessment. J Hazard Mater 2019; 368:72-80. [PMID: 30665110 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
There is a lack of understanding about the potential for remobilisation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) residues in soils, specifically after the removal of readily available fractions, and the likelihood to cause harm to human and environmental health. Sequential solvent extractions, using butanol (BuOH), dichloromethane/acetone, and methanolic saponification were used to investigate the time-dependent remobilisation of B[a]P residues in aged soils, after removal of readily available or total-extractable fractions. After 120 d of aging, BuOH-remobilised B[a]P were small or extremely small ranging from 2.3 ± 0.1 mg/kg to 4.5 ± 0.5 mg/kg and from 0.9 ± 0.0 mg/kg to 1.0 ± 0.1 mg/kg, after removal of readily available and total-extractable fractions, respectively. After removal of readily available fractions, the remobilisation rates of B[a]P residues were constant over 5 re-equilibration times, as shown by first-order kinetics. The amounts of B[a]P remobilised significantly (p < 0.05) decreased with aging, particularly in hard organic carbon-rich soils. After 4 years of aging, BuOH- and total-remobilised B[a]P were generally < 5% of the initially spiked 50 mg/kg. Based on the findings of this study, the potential or significant potential for B[a]P NERs in soils to cause significant harm to human and environmental health are minimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C Umeh
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Co-operative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Luchun Duan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Co-operative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Co-operative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Kirk T Semple
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
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24
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Idowu O, Semple KT, Ramadass K, O'Connor W, Hansbro P, Thavamani P. Beyond the obvious: Environmental health implications of polar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Environ Int 2019; 123:543-557. [PMID: 30622079 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The genotoxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic effects of polar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (polar PAHs) are believed to surpass those of their parent PAHs; however, their environmental and human health implications have been largely unexplored. Oxygenated PAHs (oxy-PAHs) is a critical class of polar PAHs associated with carcinogenic effects without enzymatic activation. They also cause an upsurge in reactive oxygen species (ROS) in living cells. This results in oxidative stress and other consequences, such as abnormal gene expressions, altered protein activities, mutagenesis, and carcinogenesis. Similarly, some nitrated PAHs (N-PAHs) are probable human carcinogens as classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Heterocyclic PAHs (polar PAHs containing nitrogen, sulphur and oxygen atoms within the aromatic rings) have been shown to be potent endocrine disruptors, primarily through their estrogenic activities. Despite the high toxicity and enhanced environmental mobility of many polar PAHs, they have attracted only a little attention in risk assessment of contaminated sites. This may lead to underestimation of potential risks, and remediation end points. In this review, the toxicity of polar PAHs and their associated mechanisms of action, including their role in mutagenic, carcinogenic, developmental and teratogenic effects are critically discussed. This review suggests that polar PAHs could have serious toxicological effects on human health and should be considered during risk assessment of PAH-contaminated sites. The implications of not doing so were argued and critical knowledge gaps and future research requirements discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluyoye Idowu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Kirk T Semple
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Kavitha Ramadass
- Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials (GICAN), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Wayne O'Connor
- Port Stephens Fisheries Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Port Stephens, Australia
| | - Phil Hansbro
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Palanisami Thavamani
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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25
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Umeh AC, Duan L, Naidu R, Semple KT. Enhanced Recovery of Nonextractable Benzo[ a]pyrene Residues in Contrasting Soils Using Exhaustive Methanolic and Nonmethanolic Alkaline Treatments. Anal Chem 2018; 90:13104-13111. [PMID: 30269489 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The fate, impacts, and significance of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) nonextractable residues (NERs) in soils remain largely unexplored in risk-based contaminated land management. In this study, seven different methanolic and nonmethanolic alkaline treatments, and the conventional methanolic saponification, were used to extract benzo[ a]pyrene (B[ a]P) NERs that had been aged for 180 d from four contrasting soils. Up to 16% and 55% of the amount of B[ a]P spiked (50 mg/kg) into soils was nonextractable after 2 d and 180 of aging, respectively, indicating rapid and progressive B[ a]P sequestration in soils over time. The recovery of B[ a]P from soils after 180 d of aging was increased by up to 48% by the seven different alkaline extractions, although the extraction efficiencies of the different alkaline treatments did not differ significantly ( p > 0.05). Approximately 40% of B[ a]P NERs in the sandy-clay-loam organic matter-rich soil was recovered by the exhaustive alkaline extractions after 180 d of aging, compared to only 10% using conventional methanolic saponification. However, the amounts of B[ a]P NERs recovered depend on soil properties and the amounts of NERs in soils. A significant correlation ( R2 = 0.69, p < 0.001) was also observed between the amounts of B[ a]P recovered by each of the seven alkaline extractions in the contrasting soils and corresponding NERs at 180 d of aging, indicating a potential association warranting further investigations. Extraction techniques that estimate the amounts of PAH NERs recoverable in soil can help give a better understanding of the fate of NERs in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kirk T Semple
- Lancaster Environment Centre , Lancaster University , Lancaster LA1 4YQ , United Kingdom
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26
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Umeh AC, Duan L, Naidu R, Semple KT. Time-Dependent Remobilization of Nonextractable Benzo[a]pyrene Residues in Contrasting Soils: Effects of Aging, Spiked Concentration, and Soil Properties. Environ Sci Technol 2018; 52:12295-12305. [PMID: 30351040 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b03008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The environmental and health risks associated with "nonextractable" residues (NERs) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils and their potential for remobilization remain largely unexplored. In this novel study, sequential solvent extractions were employed to interrogate time-dependent remobilization of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) NERs and associated kinetics after re-equilibration (REQ) periods lasting 30 d in four artificially spiked soils aged for up to 200 days. Following sequential extractions of the re-equilibrated soils, remobilization of B[a]P NERs was observed and further confirmed by decreases in the absolute amounts of B[a]P recovered following methanolic saponification after REQ. Remobilization may occur through slow intercompartmental partitioning of more sequestered into less sequestered B[a]P fractions in soils. The amounts of B[a]P remobilized in soils decreased throughout aging following first-order kinetics, and the rates of decrease were slow but 2 to 4 times faster than those of extractable B[a]P before re-equilibration. Sandy-clay-loam soils with large amounts of hard organic carbon exhibited less NER remobilization compared to sandy soils. The amounts of remobilized B[a]P decreased significantly ( p < 0.05) with aging. Specifically, butanol-remobilized B[a]P in soils spiked at 10 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg B[a]P ranged from 0.15 to 0.39 mg/kg and 0.67 to 2.30 mg/kg, respectively, after 200 d of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C Umeh
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER) , University of Newcastle , Callaghan , New South Wales 2308 , Australia
- Co-operative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE) , University of Newcastle , Callaghan , New South Wales 2308 , Australia
| | - Luchun Duan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER) , University of Newcastle , Callaghan , New South Wales 2308 , Australia
- Co-operative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE) , University of Newcastle , Callaghan , New South Wales 2308 , Australia
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER) , University of Newcastle , Callaghan , New South Wales 2308 , Australia
- Co-operative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE) , University of Newcastle , Callaghan , New South Wales 2308 , Australia
| | - Kirk T Semple
- Lancaster Environment Centre , Lancaster University , Lancaster LA1 4YQ , United Kingdom
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27
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Umeh AC, Duan L, Naidu R, Semple KT. Comparison of Single- and Sequential-Solvent Extractions of Total Extractable Benzo[a]pyrene Fractions in Contrasting Soils. Anal Chem 2018; 90:11703-11709. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C. Umeh
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Co-operative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Luchun Duan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Co-operative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Co-operative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Kirk T. Semple
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
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Obida CB, Alan Blackburn G, Duncan Whyatt J, Semple KT. Quantifying the exposure of humans and the environment to oil pollution in the Niger Delta using advanced geostatistical techniques. Environ Int 2018; 111:32-42. [PMID: 29169077 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Niger Delta is one of the largest oil producing regions of the world. Large numbers and volumes of oil spills have been reported in this region. What has not been quantified is the putative exposure of humans and/or the environment to this hydrocarbon pollution. In this novel study, advanced geostatistical techniques were applied to an extensive database of oil spill incidents from 2007 to 2015. The aims were to (i) identify and analyse spill hotspots along the oil pipeline network and (ii) estimate the exposure of the hydrocarbon pollution to the human population and the environment within the Niger Delta. Over the study period almost 90millionlitres of oil were released. Approximately 29% of the human population living in proximity to the pipeline network has been potentially exposed to oil contamination, of which 565,000 people live within high or very high spill intensity sectors. Over 1000km2 of land has been contaminated by oil pollution, with broadleaved forest, mangroves and agricultural land the most heavily impacted land cover types. Proximity to the coast, roads and cities are the strongest spatial factors contributing to spill occurrence, which largely determine the accessibility of sites for pipeline sabotage and oil theft. Overall, the findings demonstrate the high levels of environmental and human exposure to hydrocarbon pollutants in the Niger Delta. These results provide evidence with which to spatially target interventions to reduce future spill incidents and mitigate the impacts of previous spills on human communities and ecosystem health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B Obida
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - G Alan Blackburn
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - J Duncan Whyatt
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Kirk T Semple
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom.
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29
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Yu L, Duan L, Naidu R, Semple KT. Abiotic factors controlling bioavailability and bioaccessibility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil: Putting together a bigger picture. Sci Total Environ 2018; 613-614:1140-1153. [PMID: 28954375 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The bioavailability and bioaccessibility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil underpin the risk assessment of contaminated land with these contaminants. Despite a significant volume of research conducted in the past few decades, comprehensive understanding of the factors controlling the behaviour of soil PAHs and a set of descriptive soil parameters to explain variations in PAH bioavailability and bioaccessibility are still lacking. This review focuses on the role of source materials on bioavailability and bioaccessibility of soil PAHs, which is often overlooked, along with other abiotic factors including contaminant concentration and mixture, soil composition and properties, as well as environmental factors. It also takes into consideration the implications of different types of risk assessment (ecological and human health) on bioavailability and bioaccessibility of PAHs in soil. We recommend that future research should (1) account for the effects of source materials on bioavailability and bioaccessibility of soil PAHs; (2) adopt non-disruptive methods to analyse soil components controlling PAH sequestration; (3) integrate both natural organic matter (NOM) and xenobiotic organic matter (XOM) while evaluating the influences of soil organic matter (SOM) on the behaviour of PAHs; and (4) consider the dissimilar desorption scenarios in ecological risk assessment and human health risk assessment while assessing PAH bioavailability and bioaccessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linbo Yu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), ATC Building, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE Pty Ltd), ATC Building, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Luchun Duan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), ATC Building, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE Pty Ltd), ATC Building, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), ATC Building, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE Pty Ltd), ATC Building, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Kirk T Semple
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
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30
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Jin N, Semple KT, Jiang L, Luo C, Zhang D, Martin FL. Spectrochemical analyses of growth phase-related bacterial responses to low (environmentally-relevant) concentrations of tetracycline and nanoparticulate silver. Analyst 2018; 143:768-776. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an01800b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental insults mostly occur at low levels, making it challenging to measure bacterial responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naifu Jin
- Lancaster Environment Centre
- Lancaster University
- Lancaster LA1 4YQ
- UK
| | - Kirk T. Semple
- Lancaster Environment Centre
- Lancaster University
- Lancaster LA1 4YQ
- UK
| | - Longfei Jiang
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
| | - Chunling Luo
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
| | - Dayi Zhang
- Lancaster Environment Centre
- Lancaster University
- Lancaster LA1 4YQ
- UK
- School of Environment
| | - Francis L. Martin
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences
- University of Central Lancashire
- Preston PR1 2HE
- UK
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31
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Anyanwu IN, Ikpikpini OC, Semple KT. Impact of nitrogen-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on phenanthrene and benzo[a]pyrene mineralisation in soil. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2018; 147:594-601. [PMID: 28923724 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
When aromatic hydrocarbons are present in contaminated soils, they often occur in mixtures. The impact of four different (3-ring) nitrogen-containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (N-PAHs) on 12/14C-phenanthrene and 12/14C-benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) mineralisation in soil was investigated over a 90 d incubation period. The results revealed that both 12/14C-phenanthrene and 12/14C-benzo[a]pyrene showed no significant mineralisation in soils amended with 10mgkg -1 and 100mgkg -1 N-PAHs (p>0.05). However, increases in lag-phases and decreases in the rates and extents of mineralisation were observed, over time. Among the N-PAHs, benzo[h]quinoline impacted 14C-phenanthrene mineralisation with extended and diauxic lag phases. Furthermore,12/14C-B[a]P and 14C-benzo[a]pyrene-nitrogen-containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (14C-B[a]P-N-PAHs) amended soils showed extensive lag phases (> 21 d); with some 14C-B[a]P-N-PAH mineralisation recording <1% in both concentrations (10mgkg -1 and 100mgkg -1), over time. This study suggests that the presence of N-PAHs in contaminated soil may impact the microbial degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and the impact was most likely the result of limited success in achieving absolute biodegradation of some PAHs in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihuoma N Anyanwu
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University Ndufu-Alike Ikwo, P.M.B 1010 Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria.
| | - Ojerime C Ikpikpini
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Kirk T Semple
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
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32
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Qi F, Yan Y, Lamb D, Naidu R, Bolan NS, Liu Y, Ok YS, Donne SW, Semple KT. Thermal stability of biochar and its effects on cadmium sorption capacity. Bioresour Technol 2017; 246:48-56. [PMID: 28756990 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the thermal stability of a wood shaving biochar (WS, 650°C), a chicken litter biochar (CL, 550°C) and an activated carbon (AC, 1100°C) were evaluated by combustion at 375°C for 24h to remove the labile non-carbonized organic matter. Results showed that WS and CL biochars were not thermally stable and can lose most of the organic C during combustion. The combusted WS and CL biochars retained considerable amounts of negative charge and displayed higher sorption for Cd (from 5.46 to 68.9mg/g for WS and from 48.5 to 60.9mg/g for CL). The AC retained 76.5% of its original C and became more negatively chargely after combustion, but its sorption for Cd slightly decreased (from 18.5 to 14.9mg/g). This study indicated that after potential burning in wildfires (200-500°C), biochars could have higher sorption capacity for metals by remaining minerals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangjie Qi
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, ATC Building, Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Yubo Yan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, ATC Building, Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Dane Lamb
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, ATC Building, Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, ATC Building, Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Nanthi S Bolan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, ATC Building, Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Yanju Liu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, ATC Building, Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- O-Jeong Eco-Resilience Institute (OJERI), Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Scott W Donne
- Discipline of Chemistry, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Kirk T Semple
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
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33
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Okere UV, Schuster JK, Ogbonnaya UO, Jones KC, Semple KT. Indigenous 14C-phenanthrene biodegradation in "pristine" woodland and grassland soils from Norway and the United Kingdom. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2017; 19:1437-1444. [PMID: 29083422 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00242d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the indigenous microbial mineralisation of 14C-phenanthrene in seven background soils (four from Norwegian woodland and three from the UK (two grasslands and one woodland)) was investigated. ∑PAHs ranged from 16.39 to 285.54 ng g-1 dw soil. Lag phases (time before 14C-phenanthrene mineralisation reached 5%) were longer in all of the Norwegian soils and correlated positively with TOC, but negatively with ∑PAHs and phenanthrene degraders for all soils. 14C-phenanthrene mineralisation in the soils varied due to physicochemical properties. The results show that indigenous microorganisms can adapt to 14C-phenanthrene mineralisation following diffuse PAH contamination. Considering the potential of soil as a secondary PAH source, these findings highlight the important role of indigenous microflora in the processing of PAHs in the environment.
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34
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Jin N, Paraskevaidi M, Semple KT, Martin FL, Zhang D. Infrared Spectroscopy Coupled with a Dispersion Model for Quantifying the Real-Time Dynamics of Kanamycin Resistance in Artificial Microbiota. Anal Chem 2017; 89:9814-9821. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naifu Jin
- Lancaster
Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Paraskevaidi
- School
of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
| | - Kirk T. Semple
- Lancaster
Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Francis L. Martin
- School
of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
| | - Dayi Zhang
- Lancaster
Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
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35
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Qi F, Dong Z, Lamb D, Naidu R, Bolan NS, Ok YS, Liu C, Khan N, Johir MAH, Semple KT. Effects of acidic and neutral biochars on properties and cadmium retention of soils. Chemosphere 2017; 180:564-573. [PMID: 28437653 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an acidic biochar and a neutral biochar were applied at 5 wt% into two soils for an 11-month incubation experiment. One Ferrosol soil (Ba) was slightly acidic with low organic matter and the other Dermosol soil (Mt) was slightly alkaline with high organic matter. The acidic (pH = 3.25) wood shaving (WS) biochar had no marked impact on nutrient levels, cation exchange capacity (CEC), pH and acid neutralization capacity (ANC) of either soil. By contrast, the neutral (pH = 7.00) chicken litter (CL) biochar significantly increased major soluble nutrients, pH, ANC of soil Ba. In terms of C storage, 87.9% and 69.5% WS biochar-C can be sequestrated as TOC by soil Ba and Mt, respectively, whereas only 24.0% of CL biochar-C stored in soil Ba and negligible amount in Mt as TOC. Biochars did not have significant effects on soil sorption capacity and sorption reversibility except that CL biochar increased sorption of soil Ba by around 25.4% and decreased desorption by around 50.0%. Overall, the studied acidic C rich WS biochar held little agricultural or remedial values but was favourable for C sequestration. The neutral mineral rich CL biochar may provide short-term agricultural benefit and certain sorption capacities of lower sorption capacity soils, but may be unlikely to result in heightened C sequestration in soils. This is the first study comprehensively examining functions of acidic and neutral biochars for their benefits as a soil amendment and suggests the importance of pre-testing biochars for target purposes prior to their large scale production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangjie Qi
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, ATC Building, Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Zhaomin Dong
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, ATC Building, Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Dane Lamb
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, ATC Building, Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, ATC Building, Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Nanthi S Bolan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, ATC Building, Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center & School of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea
| | - Cuixia Liu
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450007, China
| | - Naser Khan
- Natural & Built Environments, School of Natural & Built Environments, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - M A H Johir
- Center for Technology in Water and Wastewater, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology, Sydney, 81 Broadway, NSW 2007 Australia
| | - Kirk T Semple
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
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Qi F, Naidu R, Bolan NS, Dong Z, Yan Y, Lamb D, Bucheli TD, Choppala G, Duan L, Semple KT. Pyrogenic carbon in Australian soils. Sci Total Environ 2017; 586:849-857. [PMID: 28215804 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pyrogenic carbon (PyC), the combustion residues of fossil fuel and biomass, is a versatile soil fraction active in biogeochemical processes. In this study, the chemo-thermal oxidation method (CTO-375) was applied to investigate the content and distribution of PyC in 30 Australian agricultural, pastoral, bushland and parkland soil with various soil types. Soils were sampled incrementally to 50cm in 6 locations and at another 7 locations at 0-10cm. Results showed that PyC in Australian soils typically ranged from 0.27-5.62mg/g, with three Dermosol soils ranging within 2.58-5.62mg/g. Soil PyC contributed 2.0-11% (N=29) to the total organic carbon (TOC), with one Ferrosol as high as 26%. PyC was concentrated either in the top (0-10cm) or bottom (30-50cm) soil layers, with the highest PyC:TOC ratio in the bottom (30-50cm) soil horizon in all soils. Principal component analysis - multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR) suggested the silt-associated organic C factor accounted for 38.5% of the variation in PyC. Our findings suggest that PyC is an important fraction of the TOC (2.0-11%, N=18) and chemically recalcitrant organic C (ROC) obtained by chemical C fractionation method accounts for a significant proportion of soil TOC (47.3-84.9%, N=18). This is the first study comparing these two methods, and it indicates both CTO-375 and C speciation methods can determine a fraction of recalcitrant organic C. However, estimated chemically recalcitrant organic carbon pool (ROC) was approximately an order of magnitude greater than that of thermally stable organic carbon (PyC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangjie Qi
- Global Centre for Environmental Research, ATC Building, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, PO Box 18, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Research, ATC Building, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, PO Box 18, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Nanthi S Bolan
- Global Centre for Environmental Research, ATC Building, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, PO Box 18, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Zhaomin Dong
- Global Centre for Environmental Research, ATC Building, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, PO Box 18, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Yubo Yan
- Global Centre for Environmental Research, ATC Building, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Dane Lamb
- Global Centre for Environmental Research, ATC Building, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, PO Box 18, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Thomas D Bucheli
- Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon Research Station ART, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Girish Choppala
- Southern Cross GeoScience, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore 2480, NSW, Australia
| | - Luchun Duan
- Global Centre for Environmental Research, ATC Building, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, PO Box 18, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Kirk T Semple
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
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Fagbohungbe MO, Herbert BMJ, Hurst L, Ibeto CN, Li H, Usmani SQ, Semple KT. The challenges of anaerobic digestion and the role of biochar in optimizing anaerobic digestion. Waste Manag 2017; 61:236-249. [PMID: 27923546 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Biochar, like most other adsorbents, is a carbonaceous material, which is formed from the combustion of plant materials, in low-zero oxygen conditions and results in a material, which has the capacity to sorb chemicals onto its surfaces. Currently, research is being carried out to investigate the relevance of biochar in improving the soil ecosystem, digestate quality and most recently the anaerobic digestion process. Anaerobic digestion (AD) of organic substrates provides both a sustainable source of energy and a digestate with the potential to enhance plant growth and soil health. In order to ensure that these benefits are realised, the anaerobic digestion system must be optimized for process stability and high nutrient retention capacity in the digestate produced. Substrate-induced inhibition is a major issue, which can disrupt the stable functioning of the AD system reducing microbial breakdown of the organic waste and formation of methane, which in turn reduces energy output. Likewise, the spreading of digestate on land can often result in nutrient loss, surface runoff and leaching. This review will examine substrate inhibition and their impact on anaerobic digestion, nutrient leaching and their environmental implications, the properties and functionality of biochar material in counteracting these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael O Fagbohungbe
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Ben M J Herbert
- Stopford Energy and Environment, Merseyton Road, Ellesmere Port, Chester CH65 3AD, United Kingdom
| | - Lois Hurst
- Stopford Energy and Environment, Merseyton Road, Ellesmere Port, Chester CH65 3AD, United Kingdom
| | - Cynthia N Ibeto
- National Centre for Energy Research and Development, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Hong Li
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Shams Q Usmani
- Ariva Technology, The Heath Business and Technical Park, Runcorn, Cheshire WA7 4EB, United Kingdom
| | - Kirk T Semple
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
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Umeh AC, Duan L, Naidu R, Semple KT. Residual hydrophobic organic contaminants in soil: Are they a barrier to risk-based approaches for managing contaminated land? Environ Int 2017; 98:18-34. [PMID: 27745947 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Risk-based approaches to managing contaminated land, rather than approaches based on complete contaminant removal, have gained acceptance as they are likely to be more feasible and cost effective. Risk-based approaches aim to minimise risks of exposure of a specified contaminant to humans. However, adopting a risk-based approach over alternative overly-conservative approaches requires that associated uncertainties in decision making are understood and minimised. Irrespective of the nature of contaminants, a critical uncertainty is whether there are potential risks associated with exposure to the residual contaminant fractions in soil to humans and other ecological receptors, and how they should be considered in the risk assessment process. This review focusing on hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs), especially polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), suggests that there is significant uncertainty on the residual fractions of contaminants from risk perspectives. This is because very few studies have focused on understanding the desorption behaviour of HOCs, with few or no studies considering the influence of exposure-specific factors. In particular, it is not clear whether the exposure of soil-associated HOCs to gastrointestinal fluids and enzyme processes release bound residues. Although, in vitro models have been used to predict PAH bioaccessibility, and chemical extractions have been used to determine residual fractions in various soils, there are still doubts about what is actually being measured. Therefore it is not certain which bioaccessibility method currently represents the best choice, or provides the best estimate, of in vivo PAH bioavailability. It is suggested that the fate and behaviour of HOCs in a wide range of soils, and that consider exposure-specific scenarios, be investigated. Exposure-specific scenarios are important for validation purposes, which may be useful for the development of standardised methods and procedures for HOC bioaccessibility determinations. Research is needed to propose the most appropriate testing methods and for assessing potential risks posed by residual fractions of HOCs. Such investigations may be useful for minimising uncertainties associated with a risk-based approach, so that consideration may then be given to its adoption on a global scale. This review critically appraises existing information on the bioavailability of HOC residues in soil to establish whether there may be risks from highly sequestered contaminant residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C Umeh
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Co-operative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Luchun Duan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Co-operative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Co-operative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Kirk T Semple
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
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Jiang Y, Brassington KJ, Prpich G, Paton GI, Semple KT, Pollard SJT, Coulon F. Insights into the biodegradation of weathered hydrocarbons in contaminated soils by bioaugmentation and nutrient stimulation. Chemosphere 2016; 161:300-307. [PMID: 27441989 PMCID: PMC4991617 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The potential for biotransformation of weathered hydrocarbon residues in soils collected from two commercial oil refinery sites (Soil A and B) was studied in microcosm experiments. Soil A has previously been subjected to on-site bioremediation and it was believed that no further degradation was possible while soil B has not been subjected to any treatment. A number of amendment strategies including bioaugmentation with hydrocarbon degrader, biostimulation with nutrients and soil grinding, were applied to the microcosms as putative biodegradation improvement strategies. The hydrocarbon concentrations in each amendment group were monitored throughout 112 days incubation. Microcosms treated with biostimulation (BS) and biostimulation/bioaugmentation (BS + BA) showed the most significant reductions in the aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon fractions. However, soil grinding was shown to reduce the effectiveness of a nutrient treatment on the extent of biotransformation by up to 25% and 20% for the aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon fractions, respectively. This is likely due to the disruption to the indigenous microbial community in the soil caused by grinding. Further, ecotoxicological responses (mustard seed germination and Microtox assays) showed that a reduction of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) concentration in soil was not directly correlable to reduction in toxicity; thus monitoring TPH alone is not sufficient for assessing the environmental risk of a contaminated site after remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jiang
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Kirsty J Brassington
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - George Prpich
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Graeme I Paton
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Cruickshank Building, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, AB24 3UU, UK
| | - Kirk T Semple
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Simon J T Pollard
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Frédéric Coulon
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield, MK43 0AL, UK.
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Sankoh AI, Whittle R, Semple KT, Jones KC, Sweetman AJ. An assessment of the impacts of pesticide use on the environment and health of rice farmers in Sierra Leone. Environ Int 2016; 94:458-466. [PMID: 27316626 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
One of the biggest challenges faced by Sierra Leonean farmers is pest control. Birds, rodents, insects, crustaceans and other organisms can drastically reduce yields. In order to prevent these organisms from destroying their crop, farmers use pesticides. However there are reports that these chemicals are being misused and such misuse is having a negative impact on the environment and the health of the farmers. This research study aimed to investigate the use of pesticides in rice fields and its potential effects on the environment and on the farmers of Sierra Leone. Five hundred farmers and one hundred health workers across the country were interviewed. Fifty focus group discussions were also completed. Field observations were also undertaken to see how farmers apply pesticides to their farms and the possible threats these methods have on human health and the environment. It is clear that a wide range of pesticides are used by rice farmers in Sierra Leone with 60% of the pesticides used entering the country illegally. Most farmers have no knowledge about the safe handling of pesticides as 71% of them have never received any form of training. The pesticides kill both target and non-target organisms some of which enter the food chain. Cases of health problems such as nausea, respiratory disorders and blurred vision investigated in this research are significantly higher among farmers who use pesticides than those who do not use pesticides. Cases of pesticide intoxication are not investigated by health workers but results obtained from interviews with them also indicated that cases of pesticides related symptoms are significantly higher in environments where pesticides are used than those in which pesticides are not used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alhaji I Sankoh
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Whittle
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Kirk T Semple
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Sweetman
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom.
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Duan L, Naidu R, Liu Y, Dong Z, Mallavarapu M, Herde P, Kuchel T, Semple KT. Comparison of oral bioavailability of benzo[a]pyrene in soils using rat and swine and the implications for human health risk assessment. Environ Int 2016; 94:95-102. [PMID: 27235687 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are many uncertainties concerning variations in benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) soil guidelines protecting human health based on carcinogenic data obtained in animal studies. Although swine is recognised as being much more representative of the human child in terms of body size, gut physiology and genetic profile the rat/mice model is commonly used in practice. OBJECTIVES We compare B[a]P bioavailability using a rat model to that estimated in a swine model, to investigate the correlation between these two animal models. This may help reduce uncertainty in applying bioavailability to human health risk assessment. METHODS Twelve spiked soil samples and a spiked silica sand (reference material) were dosed to rats in parallel with a swine study. B[a]P bioavailability was estimated by the area under the plasma B[a]P concentration-time curve (AUC) and faecal excretion as well in the rats. Direct comparison between the two animal models was made for: firstly, relative bioavailability (RB) using AUC assay; and secondly, the two assays in the rat model. RESULTS Both AUC and faecal excretion assays showed linear dose-response for the reference material. However, absolute bioavailability was significantly higher when using faecal excretion assay (p<0.001). In aged soils faecal excretion estimated based on solvent extraction was not accurate due to the form of non-extractable fraction through ageing. A significant correlation existed between the two models using RB for soil samples (RBrat=0.26RBswine+17.3, R(2)=0.70, p<0.001), despite the regression slope coefficient revealing that the rat model would underestimate RB by about one quarter compared to using swine. CONCLUSIONS In the comparison employed in this study, an interspecies difference of four in RB using AUC assay was identified between the rat and swine models regarding pharmacokinetic differences, which supported the body weight scaling method recommended by US EPA. Future research should focus on the carcinogenic competency (pharmacodynamics) used in experiment animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luchun Duan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), ATC Building, University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), ATC Building, University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Yanju Liu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), ATC Building, University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Zhaomin Dong
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), ATC Building, University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Megharaj Mallavarapu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), ATC Building, University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Paul Herde
- South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Tim Kuchel
- South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Kirk T Semple
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
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Fagbohungbe MO, Herbert BMJ, Hurst L, Li H, Usmani SQ, Semple KT. Impact of biochar on the anaerobic digestion of citrus peel waste. Bioresour Technol 2016; 216:142-149. [PMID: 27236401 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.04.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the impact of different types of biochar and biochar ratios on the anaerobic digestion of citrus peel waste was investigated. Citrus peel has an inhibitory effect on anaerobic digestion. The presence of biochar had two effects: a reduction in the length of the lag phase and greater production of methane relative to citrus peel waste only incubations. The microbial lag phases decreased with increase in citrus peel to biochar ratios, with 2:1 having the longest lag phase of 9.4days and 1:3, the shortest, with the value of 7.5days. The cumulative methane production in incubations containing biochar and citrus peel ranged from 163.9 to 186.8ml CH4 gVS(-1), while citrus peel only produced 165.9ml CH4 gVS(-1). Examination of the biochar material revealed colonies of putative methanogens. The synergy of d-limonene adsorption and microbial immobilization by biochar appears to improve the performance of anaerobic digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael O Fagbohungbe
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Ben M J Herbert
- Stopford Energy and Environment, Merseyton Road, Ellemere Port, Chester CH65 3AD, United Kingdom
| | - Lois Hurst
- Stopford Energy and Environment, Merseyton Road, Ellemere Port, Chester CH65 3AD, United Kingdom
| | - Hong Li
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Shams Q Usmani
- Ariva Technology, The Heath Business and Technical Park, Runcorn, Cheshire WA7 4EB, United Kingdom
| | - Kirk T Semple
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom.
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Dong Z, Yan K, Liu Y, Naidu R, Duan L, Wijayawardena A, Semple KT, Rahman MM. A meta-analysis to correlate lead bioavailability and bioaccessibility and predict lead bioavailability. Environ Int 2016; 92-93:139-145. [PMID: 27104671 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Defining the precise clean-up goals for lead (Pb) contaminated sites requires site-specific information on relative bioavailability data (RBA). While in vivo measurement is reliable but resource insensitive, in vitro approaches promise to provide high-throughput RBA predictions. One challenge on using in vitro bioaccessibility (BAc) to predict in vivo RBA is how to minimize the heterogeneities associated with in vivo-in vitro correlations (IVIVCs) stemming from various biomarkers (kidney, blood, liver, urinary and femur), in vitro approaches and studies. In this study, 252 paired RBA-BAc data were retrieved from 9 publications, and then a Bayesian hierarchical model was implemented to address these random effects. A generic linear model (RBA (%)=(0.87±0.16)×BAc+(4.70±2.47)) of the IVIVCs was identified. While the differences of the IVIVCs among the in vitro approaches were significant, the differences among biomarkers were relatively small. The established IVIVCs were then applied to predict Pb RBA of which an overall Pb RBA estimation was 0.49±0.25. In particular the RBA in the residential land was the highest (0.58±0.19), followed by house dust (0.46±0.20) and mining/smelting soils (0.45±0.31). This is a new attempt to: firstly, use a meta-analysis to correlate Pb RBA and BAc; and secondly, estimate Pb RBA in relation to soil types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaomin Dong
- Global Center for Environmental Research (GCER), The Faculty of Science and Information Technology, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Kaihong Yan
- Global Center for Environmental Research (GCER), The Faculty of Science and Information Technology, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Yanju Liu
- Global Center for Environmental Research (GCER), The Faculty of Science and Information Technology, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Center for Environmental Research (GCER), The Faculty of Science and Information Technology, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia.
| | - Luchun Duan
- Global Center for Environmental Research (GCER), The Faculty of Science and Information Technology, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Ayanka Wijayawardena
- Global Center for Environmental Research (GCER), The Faculty of Science and Information Technology, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Kirk T Semple
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, LA1 4YQ Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman
- Global Center for Environmental Research (GCER), The Faculty of Science and Information Technology, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
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Dong Z, Liu C, Liu Y, Yan K, Semple KT, Naidu R. Using publicly available data, a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model and Bayesian simulation to improve arsenic non-cancer dose-response. Environ Int 2016; 92-93:239-246. [PMID: 27107229 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Publicly available data can potentially examine the relationship between environmental exposure and public health, however, it has not yet been widely applied. Arsenic is of environmental concern, and previous studies mathematically parameterized exposure duration to create a link between duration of exposure and increase in risk. However, since the dose metric emerging from exposure duration is not a linear or explicit variable, it is difficult to address the effects of exposure duration simply by using mathematical functions. To relate cumulative dose metric to public health requires a lifetime physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model, yet this model is not available at a population level. In this study, the data from the U.S. total diet study (TDS, 2006-2011) was employed to assess exposure: daily dietary intakes for total arsenic (tAs) and inorganic arsenic (iAs) were estimated to be 0.15 and 0.028μg/kg/day, respectively. Meanwhile, using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2011-2012) data, the fraction of urinary As(III) levels (geometric mean: 0.31μg/L) in tAs (geometric mean: 7.75μg/L) was firstly reported to be approximately 4%. Together with Bayesian technique, the assessed exposure and urinary As(III) concentration were input to successfully optimize a lifetime population PBPK model. Finally, this optimized PBPK model was used to derive an oral reference dose (Rfd) of 0.8μg/kg/day for iAs exposure. Our study also suggests the previous approach (by using mathematical functions to account for exposure duration) may result in a conservative Rfd estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaomin Dong
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - CuiXia Liu
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yanju Liu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Kaihong Yan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Kirk T Semple
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, LA1 4YQ Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia.
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Anyanwu IN, Semple KT. Assessment of the effects of phenanthrene and its nitrogen heterocyclic analogues on microbial activity in soil. Springerplus 2016; 5:279. [PMID: 27006887 PMCID: PMC4779084 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-1918-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Microbes are susceptible to contaminant effects, and high concentrations of chemical in soil can impact on microbial growth, density, viability and development. As a result of relative sensitivity of microbes to contaminants, toxicity data are important in determining critical loads or safe levels for contaminants in soil. Therefore the aim of this study was to assess the impact of phenanthrene and the 3-ring nitrogen-containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (N-PAHs) on soil microbial respiration. Soil samples were amended with phenanthrene and its 3-ring nitrogen-containing analogues and respiration rates (using substrate induced respiration), CO2 production inhibition and/or stress and total culturable microbial numbers were measured over a 90 days soil-contact time. The study showed that inhibition of phenanthrene amended soils occurred in the first 60 days, while the nitrogen-containing analogues impacted on respiration with increased concentration and contact time. Time dependent inhibitions were more than 25 % portraying N-PAHs toxic and inhibitory effects on microbial synthesis of the added carbon substrate. Further, statistical analysis of data revealed statistically significant differences in the respiration rates over time (p < 0.05). This suggests that soil microorganisms may be more sensitive to N-PAHs in soil than the homocyclic PAH analogues. This current study provides baseline toxicity data to the understanding of the environmental impact of N-PAHs, and assists science-based decision makers for improved management of N-PAH contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihuoma N Anyanwu
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ UK ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University Ndufu-Alike Ikwo, P.M.B 1010, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
| | - Kirk T Semple
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ UK
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Duan L, Naidu R, Liu Y, Palanisami T, Dong Z, Mallavarapu M, Semple KT. Effect of ageing on benzo[a]pyrene extractability in contrasting soils. J Hazard Mater 2015; 296:175-184. [PMID: 25917695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Changes in benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) extractability over 160 days ageing in four contrasting soils varying in organic matter content and clay mineralogy were investigated using dichloromethane: acetone 1:1 (DCM/Ace), 60 mM hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD) solution, 1-butanol (BuOH) and Milli-Q water. The B[a]P extractability by the four methods decreased with ageing and a first-order exponential model could be used to describe the kinetics of release. Correlation of the kinetic rate constant with major soil properties showed a significant effect of clay and sand contents and pore volume fraction (<6 nm) on sequestration of the desorbable fraction (by HPCD) and the water-extractable fraction. Analysis of (14)C-B[a]P in soils after ageing showed a limited loss of B[a]P via degradation. Fractionation of B[a]P pools associated with the soil matrix was analysed according to extractability of B[a]P by the different extraction methods. A summary of the different fractions is proposed for the illustration of the effect of ageing on different B[a]P-bound fractions in soils. This study provides a better understanding of the B[a]P ageing process associated with different fractions and also emphasises the extraction capacity of the different methods employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luchun Duan
- CERAR-Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation and Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), Building X, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Ravi Naidu
- CERAR-Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation and Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), Building X, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia.
| | - Yanju Liu
- CERAR-Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation and Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), Building X, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Thavamani Palanisami
- CERAR-Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation and Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), Building X, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Zhaomin Dong
- CERAR-Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation and Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), Building X, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Megharaj Mallavarapu
- CERAR-Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation and Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), Building X, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Kirk T Semple
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
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Ortega-Calvo JJ, Harmsen J, Parsons JR, Semple KT, Aitken MD, Ajao C, Eadsforth C, Galay-Burgos M, Naidu R, Oliver R, Peijnenburg WJGM, Römbke J, Streck G, Versonnen B. From Bioavailability Science to Regulation of Organic Chemicals. Environ Sci Technol 2015; 49:10255-64. [PMID: 26230485 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The bioavailability of organic chemicals in soil and sediment is an important area of scientific investigation for environmental scientists, although this area of study remains only partially recognized by regulators and industries working in the environmental sector. Regulators have recently started to consider bioavailability within retrospective risk assessment frameworks for organic chemicals; by doing so, realistic decision-making with regard to polluted environments can be achieved, rather than relying on the traditional approach of using total-extractable concentrations. However, implementation remains difficult because scientific developments on bioavailability are not always translated into ready-to-use approaches for regulators. Similarly, bioavailability remains largely unexplored within prospective regulatory frameworks that address the approval and regulation of organic chemicals. This article discusses bioavailability concepts and methods, as well as possible pathways for the implementation of bioavailability into risk assessment and regulation; in addition, this article offers a simple, pragmatic and justifiable approach for use within retrospective and prospective risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose-J Ortega-Calvo
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologı́a de Sevilla (IRNAS-CSIC), Apartado 1052, E-41080-Seville, Spain
| | - Joop Harmsen
- Alterra-Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - John R Parsons
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam , P.O. Box 94240, 1092 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kirk T Semple
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University , LA1 4YQ Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Michael D Aitken
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, 27599-7431 North Carolina, United States
| | - Charmaine Ajao
- European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), Annankatu 18, 00120 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Charles Eadsforth
- Shell Health, Brabazon House, Threapwood Road, Concord Business Park, M22 9PS Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Malyka Galay-Burgos
- European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals (ECETOC), 2 Avenue E. van Nieuwenhuyse (Bte 8), B-1160 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ravi Naidu
- University of Newcastle and CRC CARE, University Drive , NSW 2308 Callaghan, Australia
| | - Robin Oliver
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Willie J G M Peijnenburg
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Center for Safety of Substances and Products, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University , 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jörg Römbke
- ECT Oekotoxikologie GmbH, Böttgerstr. 2-14, D-65439 Flörsheim, Germany
| | - Georg Streck
- European Commission, DG for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs, REACH Unit, B-1049 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Bram Versonnen
- European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), Annankatu 18, 00120 Helsinki, Finland
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Oyelami AO, Semple KT. The impact of carbon nanomaterials on the development of phenanthrene catabolism in soil. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2015; 17:1302-1310. [PMID: 26067741 DOI: 10.1039/c5em00157a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the impact of different types of carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) namely C60, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and fullerene soot on the catabolism of (14)C-phenanthrene in soil by indigenous microorganisms. Different concentrations (0%, 0.01%, 0.1% and 1%) of the different CNMs were blended with soil spiked with 50 mg kg(-1) of (12)C-phenanthrene, and aged for 1, 25, 50 and 100 days. An increase in the concentration of MWCNT- and FS-amended soils showed a significant difference (P = 0.014) in the lag phase, maximum rates and overall extent of (14)C-phenanthrene mineralisation. Microbial cell numbers did not show an obvious trend, but it was observed that control soils had the highest population of heterotrophic and phenanthrene degrading bacteria at all time points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayodeji O Oyelami
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK.
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Oyelami AO, Ogbonnaya U, Muotoh C, Semple KT. Impact of activated carbon on the catabolism of (14)C-phenanthrene in soil. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2015; 17:1173-1181. [PMID: 25989260 DOI: 10.1039/c5em00133a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Activated carbon amendment to contaminated soil has been proposed as an alternative remediation strategy to the management of persistent organic pollutant in soils and sediments. The impact of varying concentrations (0%, 0.01%, 0.1% and 1.0%) of different types of AC on the development of phenanthrene catabolism in soil was investigated. Mineralisation of (14)C-phenanthrene was measured using respirometric assays. The increase in concentration of CB4, AQ5000 or CP1 in soil led to an increase in the length of the lag phases. Statistical analyses showed that the addition of increasing concentrations of AC to the soil significantly reduced (P < 0.05) the extent of (14)C-phenanthrene mineralisation. For example, for CB4-, AQ5000- and CP1-amended soils, the overall extent of (14)C-phenanthrene mineralisation reduced from 43.1% to 3.28%, 36.9% to 0.81% and 39.6% to 0.96%, respectively, after 120 days incubation. This study shows that the properties of AC, such as surface area, pore volume and particle size, are important factors in controlling the kinetics of (14)C-phenanthrene mineralisation in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayodeji O Oyelami
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK.
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Naidu R, Channey R, McConnell S, Johnston N, Semple KT, McGrath S, Dries V, Nathanail P, Harmsen J, Pruszinski A, MacMillan J, Palanisami T. Towards bioavailability-based soil criteria: past, present and future perspectives. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2015; 22:8779-8785. [PMID: 23519481 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1617-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Bioavailability has been used as a key indicator in chemical risk assessment yet poorly quantified risk factor. Worldwide, the framework used to assess potentially contaminated sites is similar, and the decisions are based on threshold contaminant concentration. The uncertainty in the definition and measurement of bioavailability had limited its application to environment risk assessment and remediation. Last ten years have seen major developments in bioavailability research and acceptance. The use of bioavailability in the decision making process as one of the key variables has led to a gradual shift towards a more sophisticated risk-based approach. Now a days, many decision makers and regulatory organisations 'more readily accept' this concept. Bioavailability should be the underlying basis for risk assessment and setting remediation goals of those contaminated sites that pose risk to environmental and human health. This paper summarises the potential application of contaminant bioavailability and bioaccessibility to the assessment of sites affected by different contaminants, and the potential for this to be the underlying basis for sustainable risk assessment and remediation in Europe, North America and Australia over the coming decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Naidu
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), Building X, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, Salisbury, SA, 5095, Australia,
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