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Solanki P, Cesario J. The nature of racial superhumanization bias. J Soc Psychol 2023:1-17. [PMID: 37249161 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2023.2218995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A superhumanization bias involves attribution of qualities that are beyond human to a certain group. Waytz and colleagues reported evidence supporting this bias among White Americans wherein Black targets were perceived as more capable of possessing superhuman qualities than White targets. We sought to better understand the nature of this effect by using different response scales (forced choice vs. Likert) and instruction sets (supporting vs. not supporting existence of superhuman abilities). Results across three studies replicate the superhumanization effect and demonstrate the necessity of several key methodological features; however, under the most realistic survey conditions (i.e. allowing unbiased decisions, being truthful about the existence of such abilities), no significant superhumanization bias emerged. Additionally, in conditions with significant bias, the size of the effect was relatively small, suggesting that this bias may not be as widespread as previously believed; indeed, only a minority of participants showed superhumanization in the predicted direction. Findings support the importance of exploring how arbitrary methodological decisions change inferences about psychological phenomena in the population.
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Cesario J. So close, Yet So Far: Stopping Short of Killing Implicit Bias. Psychological Inquiry 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2022.2106753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Moss T, Samendinger S, Kerr NL, Cesario J, Smith AL, Johnson DJ, Feltz DL. Attenuation of the Köhler Effect in Racially Dissimilar Partnered Exercise Reversed Using Team Identity Strategy. J Sport Exerc Psychol 2021; 43:105-114. [PMID: 33567401 DOI: 10.1123/jsep.2020-0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The authors describe two research experiments exploring the influence of race on the Köhler motivation gain effect with exercise tasks. Experiment 1 tested whether partner racial dissimilarity affects individual performance. Experiment 2 created a team identity recategorization intervention to potentially counter the influence on performance observed in Experiment 1. White male participants were partnered with either a Black or Asian partner (Experiment 1) or with a Black partner utilizing team names and shirt colors as a team identity recategorization strategy (Experiment 2). Racially dissimilar dyads completed two sets of abdominal plank exercises with a Köhler conjunctive task paradigm (stronger partner; team performance outcome dependent upon the weaker-ability participant's performance). The results of Experiment 1 suggest attenuation of the previously successful group motivation gain effect in the racially dissimilar condition. The simple recategorization strategy utilized in Experiment 2 appeared to reverse motivation losses under conjunctive-task conditions in racially dissimilar exercise dyads.
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Todd AR, Johnson DJ, Lassetter B, Neel R, Simpson AJ, Cesario J. Category salience and racial bias in weapon identification: A diffusion modeling approach. J Pers Soc Psychol 2020; 120:672-693. [PMID: 32658522 DOI: 10.1037/pspi0000279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Stereotypes linking Black Americans with guns can have life-altering outcomes, making it important to identify factors that shape such weapon identification biases and how they do so. We report 6 experiments that provide a mechanistic account of how category salience affects weapon identification bias elicited by male faces varying in race (Black, White) and age (men, boys). Behavioral analyses of error rates and response latencies revealed that, when race was salient, faces of Black versus White males (regardless of age) facilitated the classification of objects as guns versus tools. When a category other than race was salient, racial bias in behavior was reduced, though not eliminated. In Experiments 1-4, racial bias was weaker when participants attended to a social category besides race (i.e., age). In Experiments 5 and 6, racial bias was weaker when participants attended to an applicable, yet nonsubstantive category (i.e., the color of a dot on the face). Across experiments, process analyses using diffusion models revealed that, when race was salient, seeing Black versus White male faces led to an initial bias to favor the "gun" response. When a category besides race (i.e., age, dot color) was salient, racial bias in the relative start point was reduced, though not eliminated. These results suggest that the magnitude of racial bias in weapon identification may differ depending on what social category is salient. The collective findings also highlight the utility of diffusion modeling for elucidating how category salience shapes processes underlying racial biases in behavior. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Johnson DJ, Stepan ME, Cesario J, Fenn KM. Sleep Deprivation and Racial Bias in the Decision to Shoot: A Diffusion Model Analysis. Social Psychological and Personality Science 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550620932723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The current study examines the effect of sleep deprivation and caffeine use on racial bias in the decision to shoot. Participants deprived of sleep for 24 hr (vs. rested participants) made more errors in a shooting task and were more likely to shoot unarmed targets. A diffusion decision model analysis revealed sleep deprivation decreased participants’ ability to extract information from the stimuli, whereas caffeine impacted the threshold separation, reflecting decreased caution. Neither sleep deprivation nor caffeine moderated anti-Black racial bias in shooting decisions or at the process level. We discuss how our results clarify discrepancies in past work testing the impact of fatigue on racial bias in shooting decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Johnson
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland at College Park, MD, USA
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Abstract
A widespread misconception in much of psychology is that (a) as vertebrate animals evolved, “newer” brain structures were added over existing “older” brain structures, and (b) these newer, more complex structures endowed animals with newer and more complex psychological functions, behavioral flexibility, and language. This belief, although widely shared in introductory psychology textbooks, has long been discredited among neurobiologists and stands in contrast to the clear and unanimous agreement on these issues among those studying nervous-system evolution. We bring psychologists up to date on this issue by describing the more accurate model of neural evolution, and we provide examples of how this inaccurate view may have impeded progress in psychology. We urge psychologists to abandon this mistaken view of human brains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Heather L. Eisthen
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University
- BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action, Michigan State University
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Aczel B, Szaszi B, Sarafoglou A, Kekecs Z, Kucharský Š, Benjamin D, Chambers CD, Fisher A, Gelman A, Gernsbacher MA, Ioannidis JP, Johnson E, Jonas K, Kousta S, Lilienfeld SO, Lindsay DS, Morey CC, Munafò M, Newell BR, Pashler H, Shanks DR, Simons DJ, Wicherts JM, Albarracin D, Anderson ND, Antonakis J, Arkes HR, Back MD, Banks GC, Beevers C, Bennett AA, Bleidorn W, Boyer TW, Cacciari C, Carter AS, Cesario J, Clifton C, Conroy RM, Cortese M, Cosci F, Cowan N, Crawford J, Crone EA, Curtin J, Engle R, Farrell S, Fearon P, Fichman M, Frankenhuis W, Freund AM, Gaskell MG, Giner-Sorolla R, Green DP, Greene RL, Harlow LL, de la Guardia FH, Isaacowitz D, Kolodner J, Lieberman D, Logan GD, Mendes WB, Moersdorf L, Nyhan B, Pollack J, Sullivan C, Vazire S, Wagenmakers EJ. A consensus-based transparency checklist. Nat Hum Behav 2020; 4:4-6. [PMID: 31792401 PMCID: PMC8324470 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-019-0772-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We present a consensus-based checklist to improve and document the transparency of research reports in social and behavioural research. An accompanying online application allows users to complete the form and generate a report that they can submit with their manuscript or post to a public repository.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balazs Aczel
- ELTE, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kai Jonas
- Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | | | - Scott O Lilienfeld
- Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - George C Banks
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ty W Boyer
- Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - John Curtin
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Simon Farrell
- University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wendy B Mendes
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Abstract
The biasing role of stereotypes is a central theme in social cognition research. For example, to understand the role of race in police officers' decisions to shoot, participants have been shown images of Black and White males and instructed to shoot only if the target is holding a gun. Findings show that Black targets are shot more frequently and more quickly than Whites. The decision to shoot has typically been modeled and understood as a signal detection process in which a sample of information is compared against a criterion, with the criterion set for Black targets being lower. We take a different approach, modeling the decision to shoot as a dynamic process in which evidence is accumulated over time until a threshold is reached. The model accounts for both the choice and response time data for both correct and incorrect decisions using a single set of parameters. Across four studies, this dynamic perspective revealed that the target's race did not create an initial bias to shoot Black targets. Instead, race impacted the rate of evidence accumulation with evidence accumulating faster to shoot for Black targets. Some participants also tended to be more cautious with Black targets, setting higher decision thresholds. Besides providing a more cohesive and richer account of the decision to shoot or not, the dynamic model suggests interventions that may address the use of race information in decisions to shoot and a means to measure their effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Pleskac
- Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Joseph Cesario
- Psychology Building, Michigan State University, 316 Physics Road, Room 255, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - David J. Johnson
- Psychology Building, Michigan State University, 316 Physics Road, Room 255, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
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Cesario J, Johnson DJ, Terrill W. Is There Evidence of Racial Disparity in Police Use of Deadly Force? Analyses of Officer-Involved Fatal Shootings in 2015–2016. Social Psychological and Personality Science 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550618775108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Cesario
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - David J. Johnson
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - William Terrill
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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Keller VN, Harder JA, Cesario J. Is Splintering Dual-Process Theories a Good Strategy for Theory Development? Psychological Inquiry 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2018.1435632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victor N. Keller
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Jenna A. Harder
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Joseph Cesario
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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O'Donnell M, Nelson LD, Ackermann E, Aczel B, Akhtar A, Aldrovandi S, Alshaif N, Andringa R, Aveyard M, Babincak P, Balatekin N, Baldwin SA, Banik G, Baskin E, Bell R, Białobrzeska O, Birt AR, Boot WR, Braithwaite SR, Briggs JC, Buchner A, Budd D, Budzik K, Bullens L, Bulley RL, Cannon PR, Cantarero K, Cesario J, Chambers S, Chartier CR, Chekroun P, Chong C, Cleeremans A, Coary SP, Coulthard J, Cramwinckel FM, Denson TF, Díaz-Lago M, DiDonato TE, Drummond A, Eberlen J, Ebersbach T, Edlund JE, Finnigan KM, Fisher J, Frankowska N, García-Sánchez E, Golom FD, Graves AJ, Greenberg K, Hanioti M, Hansen HA, Harder JA, Harrell ER, Hartanto A, Inzlicht M, Johnson DJ, Karpinski A, Keller VN, Klein O, Koppel L, Krahmer E, Lantian A, Larson MJ, Légal JB, Lucas RE, Lynott D, Magaldino CM, Massar K, McBee MT, McLatchie N, Melia N, Mensink MC, Mieth L, Moore-Berg S, Neeser G, Newell BR, Noordewier MK, Ali Özdoğru A, Pantazi M, Parzuchowski M, Peters K, Philipp MC, Pollmann MMH, Rentzelas P, Rodríguez-Bailón R, Philipp Röer J, Ropovik I, Roque NA, Rueda C, Rutjens BT, Sackett K, Salamon J, Sánchez-Rodríguez Á, Saunders B, Schaafsma J, Schulte-Mecklenbeck M, Shanks DR, Sherman MF, Steele KM, Steffens NK, Sun J, Susa KJ, Szaszi B, Szollosi A, Tamayo RM, Tinghög G, Tong YY, Tweten C, Vadillo MA, Valcarcel D, Van der Linden N, van Elk M, van Harreveld F, Västfjäll D, Vazire S, Verduyn P, Williams MN, Willis GB, Wood SE, Yang C, Zerhouni O, Zheng R, Zrubka M. Registered Replication Report: Dijksterhuis and van Knippenberg (1998). Perspect Psychol Sci 2018; 13:268-294. [PMID: 29463182 DOI: 10.1177/1745691618755704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Dijksterhuis and van Knippenberg (1998) reported that participants primed with a category associated with intelligence ("professor") subsequently performed 13% better on a trivia test than participants primed with a category associated with a lack of intelligence ("soccer hooligans"). In two unpublished replications of this study designed to verify the appropriate testing procedures, Dijksterhuis, van Knippenberg, and Holland observed a smaller difference between conditions (2%-3%) as well as a gender difference: Men showed the effect (9.3% and 7.6%), but women did not (0.3% and -0.3%). The procedure used in those replications served as the basis for this multilab Registered Replication Report. A total of 40 laboratories collected data for this project, and 23 of these laboratories met all inclusion criteria. Here we report the meta-analytic results for those 23 direct replications (total N = 4,493), which tested whether performance on a 30-item general-knowledge trivia task differed between these two priming conditions (results of supplementary analyses of the data from all 40 labs, N = 6,454, are also reported). We observed no overall difference in trivia performance between participants primed with the "professor" category and those primed with the "hooligan" category (0.14%) and no moderation by gender.
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Abstract
Strong claims have been made that power poses can significantly improve one’s life. Starting from an evolutionary perspective, we reason that expansive poses will have no impact in more realistic situations, as in the presence of an interaction partner or when participants are aware of what the pose should accomplish. Across four dyadic studies including both commonly used outcomes and a negotiation task (which could actually have direct benefits for one’s life), we find nearly uniform null effects of holding expansive poses, despite checks confirming the success of the manipulation. For example, in two of the studies, participants watched a popular TED talk on power poses, held an expansive pose, and then completed a negotiation in the presence of a partner, as might happen in real life. We argue that researchers should stop recommending power poses as an empirically supported strategy for improving one’s life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Cesario
- Psychology Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - David J. Johnson
- Psychology Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Cesario
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
| | - Kai J. Jonas
- Work and Social Psychology Department, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Dana R. Carney
- Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley, USA
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Gronau QF, Van Erp S, Heck DW, Cesario J, Jonas KJ, Wagenmakers EJ. A Bayesian model-averaged meta-analysis of the power pose effect with informed and default priors: the case of felt power. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/23743603.2017.1326760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Van Erp
- Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel W. Heck
- Department of Psychology, University of Mannheim, Germany
| | - Joseph Cesario
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, United States
| | - Kai J. Jonas
- Department of Psychology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
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Jonas KJ, Cesario J, Alger M, Bailey AH, Bombari D, Carney D, Dovidio JF, Duffy S, Harder JA, van Huistee D, Jackson B, Johnson DJ, Keller VN, Klaschinski L, LaBelle O, LaFrance M, M. Latu I, Morssinkhoff M, Nault K, Pardal V, Pulfrey C, Rohleder N, Ronay R, Richman LS, Mast MS, Schnabel K, Schröder-Abé M, Tybur JM. Power poses – where do we stand? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/23743603.2017.1342447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai J. Jonas
- Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sean Duffy
- Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nicolas Rohleder
- Brandeis University & Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg
| | - Richard Ronay
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Konrad Schnabel
- International Psychoanalytic University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Josh M. Tybur
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Johnson DJ, Hopwood CJ, Cesario J, Pleskac TJ. Advancing Research on Cognitive Processes in Social and Personality Psychology. Social Psychological and Personality Science 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550617703174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We provide a primer on a hierarchical extension of the drift diffusion model (DDM). This formal model of decisions is frequently used in the cognitive sciences but infrequently used in social and personality research. Recent advances in model estimation have overcome issues that previously made the hierarchical DDM impractical to implement. Using examples from two paradigms, the first-person shooter task and the flash gambling task, we demonstrate that the hierarchical DDM can provide novel insights into cognitive processes underlying decisions. Finally, we compare the DDM to dual-process models of decision-making. We hope this primer will provide researchers a new tool for investigating psychological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Timothy J. Pleskac
- Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
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Keller VN, Cesario J. Improving the Perceptual Model of Intergroup Relations With an Evolutionary Framework. Psychological Inquiry 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2016.1215214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
Concerns have been raised recently about the replicability of behavioral priming effects, and calls have been issued to identify priming methodologies with effects that can be obtained in any context and with any population. I argue that such expectations are misguided and inconsistent with evolutionary understandings of the brain as a computational organ. Rather, we should expect priming effects to be highly sensitive to variations in experimental features and subject populations. Such variation does not make priming effects frivolous or capricious but instead can be predicted a priori. However, absent theories specifying the precise contingencies that lead to such variation, failures to replicate another researcher's findings will necessarily be ambiguous with respect to the inferences that can be made. Priming research is not yet at the stage where such theories exist, and therefore failures are uninformative at the current time. Ultimately, priming researchers themselves must provide direct replications of their own effects; researchers have been deficient in meeting this responsibility and have contributed to the current state of confusion. The recommendations issued in this article reflect concerns both with the practice of priming researchers and with the inappropriate expectations of researchers who have failed to replicate others' priming effects.
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Donnellan MB, Lucas RE, Cesario J. Warm water and loneliness redux: Rejoinder to Shalev and Bargh (2014) study 1. Emotion 2015; 15:124-7. [DOI: 10.1037/emo0000044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Cesario J, Jonas KJ. Replicability and Models of Priming: What a Resource Computation Framework can Tell us About Expectations of Replicability. Social Cognition 2014. [DOI: 10.1521/soco.2014.32.supp.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Donnellan MB, Lucas RE, Cesario J. On the association between loneliness and bathing habits: nine replications of Bargh and Shalev (2012) Study 1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 15:109-19. [PMID: 24821396 DOI: 10.1037/a0036079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Bargh and Shalev (2012) hypothesized that people use warm showers and baths to compensate for a lack of social warmth. As support for this idea, they reported results from two studies that found an association between trait loneliness and bathing habits. Given the potential practical and theoretical importance of this association, we conducted nine additional studies on this topic. Using our own bathing or showering measures and the most current version of the UCLA Loneliness Scale (Russell, 1996), we found no evidence for an association between trait loneliness and a composite index of showering or bathing habits in a combined sample of 1,153 participants from four studies. Likewise, the aggregated effect size estimate was not statistically significant using the same measures as the original studies in a combined sample of 1,920 participants from five studies. A local meta-analysis including the original studies yielded an effect size estimate for the composite that included zero in the 95% confidence interval. The current results therefore cast doubt on the idea of a strong connection between trait loneliness and personal bathing habits related to warmth.
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Abstract
Across two studies, we investigate how perceptions of distances to out-group threats may be critically regulated by the presence or absence of one’s in-group and by beliefs regarding the potential for danger from the out-group. Threat regulation includes biases in the distance one perceives a threat, such that threats are perceived as relatively more distant by more formidable compared to less formidable individuals. We demonstrate that whether participants are alone or surrounded by their in-group modulates perceptual biases regarding an out-group male’s proximity, depending on the degree to which participants evaluate out-group males negatively. Our findings illustrate how investigations of the psychology of motivated biases may benefit from a consideration of such perceptual biases within the functional workings of defensive threat regulation systems (McNaughton & Corr, 2004) and the strategic logic of animal conflict (Parker, 1974).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Cesario
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Carlos David Navarrete
- Department of Psychology and Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Gawronski B, Cesario J. Of mice and men: what animal research can tell us about context effects on automatic responses in humans. Pers Soc Psychol Rev 2013; 17:187-215. [PMID: 23470281 DOI: 10.1177/1088868313480096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Automatic responses play a central role in many areas of psychology. Counter to views that such responses are relatively rigid and inflexible, a large body of research has shown that they are highly context-sensitive. Research on animal learning and animal behavior has a strong potential to provide a deeper understanding of such context effects by revealing remarkable parallels between the functional properties of automatic responses in human and nonhuman animals. These parallels involve the contextual modulation of attitude formation and change (automatic evaluation), and the role of contextual contingencies in shaping the particular action tendencies in response to a stimulus (automatic behavior). Theoretical concepts of animal research not only provide novel insights into the processes and representations underlying context effects on automatic responses in humans; they also offer new perspectives on the interface between affect, cognition, and motivation.
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Hagiwara N, Kashy DA, Cesario J. The independent effects of skin tone and facial features on Whites' affective reactions to Blacks. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Cesario J, Mckim KS. RanGTP is required for meiotic spindle organization and the initiation of embryonic development in Drosophila. Development 2012. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.077305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Cesario J, McKim KS. RanGTP is required for meiotic spindle organization and the initiation of embryonic development in Drosophila. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:3797-810. [PMID: 22100918 PMCID: PMC3225268 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.084855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
RanGTP is important for chromosome-dependent spindle assembly in Xenopus extracts. Here we report on experiments to determine the role of the Ran pathway on microtubule dynamics in Drosophila oocytes and embryos. Females expressing a dominant-negative form of Ran have fertility defects, suggesting that RanGTP is required for normal fertility. This is not, however, because of a defect in acentrosomal meiotic spindle assembly. Therefore, RanGTP does not appear to be essential or sufficient for the formation of the acentrosomal spindle. Instead, the most important function of the Ran pathway in spindle assembly appears to be in the tapering of microtubules at the spindle poles, which might be through regulation of proteins such as TACC and the HURP homolog, Mars. One consequence of this spindle organization defect is an increase in the nondisjunction of achiasmate chromosomes. However, the meiotic defects are not severe enough to cause the decreased fertility. Reductions in fertility occur because RanGTP has a role in microtubule assembly that is not directly nucleated by the chromosomes. This includes microtubules nucleated from the sperm aster, which are required for pronuclear fusion. We propose that following nuclear envelope breakdown, RanGTP is released from the nucleus and creates a cytoplasm that is activated for assembling microtubules, which is important for processes such as pronuclear fusion. Around the chromosomes, however, RanGTP might be redundant with other factors such as the chromosome passenger complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Cesario
- Waksman Institute and Department of Genetics, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 190 Frelinghuysen RD, Piscataway NJ 08854-8020, USA
| | - K. S. McKim
- Waksman Institute and Department of Genetics, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 190 Frelinghuysen RD, Piscataway NJ 08854-8020, USA
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Higgins ET, Cesario J, Hagiwara N, Spiegel S, Pittman T. Increasing or decreasing interest in activities: the role of regulatory fit. J Pers Soc Psychol 2010; 98:559-72. [PMID: 20307129 DOI: 10.1037/a0018833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
What makes people's interest in doing an activity increase or decrease? Regulatory fit theory (E. T. Higgins, 2000) provides a new perspective on this classic issue by emphasizing the relation between people's activity orientation, such as thinking of an activity as fun, and the manner of activity engagement that the surrounding situation supports. These situational factors include whether a reward for good performance, expected (Study 1) or unexpected (Study 2), is experienced as enjoyable or as serious and whether the free-choice period that measures interest in the activity is experienced as enjoyable or as serious (Study 3). Studies 1-3 found that participants were more likely to do a fun activity again when these situational factors supported a manner of doing the activity that fit the fun orientation-a reward or free-choice period framed as enjoyable. This effect was not because interest in doing an activity again is simply greater in an enjoyable than a serious surrounding situation because it did not occur, and even reversed, when the activity orientation was important rather than fun, where now a serious manner of engagement provides the fit (Study 4a and 4b).
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tory Higgins
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, Schermerhorn Hall, New York 10027, USA
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Cesario J, Plaks JE, Hagiwara N, Navarrete CD, Higgins ET. The ecology of automaticity. How situational contingencies shape action semantics and social behavior. Psychol Sci 2010; 21:1311-7. [PMID: 20660891 DOI: 10.1177/0956797610378685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
What is the role of ecology in automatic cognitive processes and social behavior? Our motivated-preparation account posits that priming a social category readies the individual for adaptive behavioral responses to that category-responses that take into account the physical environment. We present the first evidence showing that the cognitive responses (Study 1) and the behavioral responses (Studies 2a and 2b) automatically elicited by a social-category prime differ depending on a person's physical surroundings. Specifically, after priming with pictures of Black men (a threatening out-group), participants responded with either aggressive behavior (fight) or distancing behavior (flight), depending on what action was allowed by the situation. For example, when participants were seated in an enclosed booth (no distancing behavior possible) during priming, they showed increased accessibility of fight-related action semantics; however, when seated in an open field (distancing behavior possible), they showed increased accessibility of flight-related action semantics. These findings suggest that an understanding of automaticity must consider its situated nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Cesario
- Psychology Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Koenig AM, Cesario J, Molden DC, Kosloff S, Higgins ET. Incidental Experiences of Regulatory Fit and the Processing of Persuasive Appeals. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 2009; 35:1342-55. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167209339076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This article examines how the subjective experiences of “feeling right” from regulatory fit and of “feeling wrong” from regulatory non-fit influence the way people process persuasive messages. Across three studies, incidental experiences of regulatory fit increased reliance on source expertise and decreased resistance to counterpersuasion, whereas incidental experiences of regulatory non-fit increased reliance on argument strength and increased resistance to counterpersuasion. These results suggest that incidental fit and non-fit experiences can produce, respectively, more superficial or more thorough processing of persuasive messages. The mechanisms underlying these effects, and the conditions under which they should and should not be expected, are discussed.
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Abstract
Nonverbal cues are an inherent component of most persuasive appeals. We use regulatory-fit theory as a framework for understanding the effect of nonverbal cues on a message's effectiveness, and as a foundation for developing a new persuasion technique. We propose that when the nonverbal cues of a message source sustain the motivational orientation of the recipient, the recipient experiences regulatory fit and feels right, and that this experience influences the message's effectiveness. Experimental results support these predictions. Participants experiencing regulatory fit (promotion-focus participants viewing messages delivered in an eager nonverbal style, prevention-focus participants viewing messages delivered in a vigilant nonverbal style) had more positive attitudes toward a message's topic and greater intentions to behave in accordance with its recommendation than did participants experiencing nonfit. Feeling right was also greater for participants experiencing fit than for those experiencing nonfit and was associated with greater message effectiveness. Regulatory-fit theory provides a framework for making precise predictions about when and for whom a nonverbal cue will affect persuasion.
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Abstract
Nonverbal cues are an inherent component of most persuasive appeals. We use regulatory-fit theory as a framework for understanding the effect of nonverbal cues on a message's effectiveness, and as a foundation for developing a new persuasion technique. We propose that when the nonverbal cues of a message source sustain the motivational orientation of the recipient, the recipient experiences regulatory fit and feels right, and that this experience influences the message's effectiveness. Experimental results support these predictions. Participants experiencing regulatory fit (promotion-focus participants viewing messages delivered in an eager nonverbal style, prevention-focus participants viewing messages delivered in a vigilant nonverbal style) had more positive attitudes toward a message's topic and greater intentions to behave in accordance with its recommendation than did participants experiencing nonfit. Feeling right was also greater for participants experiencing fit than for those experiencing nonfit and was associated with greater message effectiveness. Regulatory-fit theory provides a framework for making precise predictions about when and for whom a nonverbal cue will affect persuasion.
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Abstract
The authors propose that automatic social behavior may result from perceivers preparing to interact with primed social group members. In Study 1, participants primed with a disliked outgroup (gay men) showed evidence of interaction preparation (aggression) rather than direct stereotypic trait expression (passivity). In Study 2, participants with implicit positive attitudes toward the elderly walked more slowly after "elderly" priming, but participants with negative attitudes walked more quickly, results consistent with a preparatory account; the reverse was found priming "youth." Study 3 demonstrated that the accessibility of a primed category follows a pattern more consistent with that of goal-related constructs (including post-goal-fulfillment inhibition) than that of semantically primed constructs. Implications for the function of stored knowledge are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Cesario
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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Abstract
The authors propose that when a message recipient "feels right" from regulatory fit (E. T. Higgins, 2000), this subjective experience transfers to the persuasion context and serves as information for relevant evaluations, including perceived message persuasiveness and opinions of the topic. Fit was induced either by strategic framing of message arguments in a way that fit/did not fit with the recipient's regulatory state or by a source unrelated to the message itself. Across 4 studies, regulatory fit enhanced perceived persuasiveness and opinion ratings. These effects were eliminated when the correct source of feeling right was made salient before message exposure, supporting the misattribution account. These effects reversed when message-related thoughts were negative, supporting the claim that fit provides information about the "rightness" of one's (positive or negative) evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Cesario
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, US.
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Abstract
The authors propose that when a message recipient "feels right" from regulatory fit (E. T. Higgins, 2000), this subjective experience transfers to the persuasion context and serves as information for relevant evaluations, including perceived message persuasiveness and opinions of the topic. Fit was induced either by strategic framing of message arguments in a way that fit/did not fit with the recipient's regulatory state or by a source unrelated to the message itself. Across 4 studies, regulatory fit enhanced perceived persuasiveness and opinion ratings. These effects were eliminated when the correct source of feeling right was made salient before message exposure, supporting the misattribution account. These effects reversed when message-related thoughts were negative, supporting the claim that fit provides information about the "rightness" of one's (positive or negative) evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Cesario
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, US.
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Cesario J, Crawford I. The effect of homosexuality on perceptions of persuasiveness and trustworthiness. J Homosex 2002; 43:93-110. [PMID: 12739700 DOI: 10.1300/j082v43n02_06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of sexual orientation on perceptions of persuasiveness and trustworthiness. Subjects were told that a university was considering adding either an International Studies Minor or a Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Studies minor to its curriculum. Subjects then viewed a videotape of a male professor, introduced as either homosexual or heterosexual, speaking about the benefits of the proposal. Following the video, ratings of the speaker's trustworthiness and persuasiveness were assessed. Results indicate that the speaker's sexual orientation alone did not have a significant effect on either of these ratings. However, a significant interaction occurred between the speaker's sexual orientation and the speech topic, indicating that subjects expressed especially low levels of trustworthiness when the homosexual speaker was lecturing on the GLB minor. Regression analyses revealed that subjects' attitudes toward homosexuals were a significant predictor of their judgements of the speaker's trustworthiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Cesario
- Department of Psychology, Loyola University Chicago, USA
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Dubois J, Retali G, Cesario J. Isotopic analysis of rare earth elements by total vaporization of samples in thermal ionization mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1176(92)85046-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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