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Starck T, Nikkinen J, Rahko J, Remes J, Hurtig T, Haapsamo H, Jussila K, Kuusikko-Gauffin S, Mattila ML, Jansson-Verkasalo E, Pauls DL, Ebeling H, Moilanen I, Tervonen O, Kiviniemi VJ. Resting state fMRI reveals a default mode dissociation between retrosplenial and medial prefrontal subnetworks in ASD despite motion scrubbing. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:802. [PMID: 24319422 PMCID: PMC3837226 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) decreased frontal-posterior functional connectivity is a persistent finding. However, the picture of the default mode network (DMN) hypoconnectivity remains incomplete. In addition, the functional connectivity analyses have been shown to be susceptible even to subtle motion. DMN hypoconnectivity in ASD has been specifically called for re-evaluation with stringent motion correction, which we aimed to conduct by so-called scrubbing. A rich set of default mode subnetworks can be obtained with high dimensional group independent component analysis (ICA) which can potentially provide more detailed view of the connectivity alterations. We compared the DMN connectivity in high-functioning adolescents with ASDs to typically developing controls using ICA dual-regression with decompositions from typical to high dimensionality. Dual-regression analysis within DMN subnetworks did not reveal alterations but connectivity between anterior and posterior DMN subnetworks was decreased in ASD. The results were very similar with and without motion scrubbing thus indicating the efficacy of the conventional motion correction methods combined with ICA dual-regression. Specific dissociation between DMN subnetworks was revealed on high ICA dimensionality, where networks centered at the medial prefrontal cortex and retrosplenial cortex showed weakened coupling in adolescents with ASDs compared to typically developing control participants. Generally the results speak for disruption in the anterior-posterior DMN interplay on the network level whereas local functional connectivity in DMN seems relatively unaltered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomo Starck
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital Oulu, Finland ; Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Oulu, Finland
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Bode MK, Mattila ML, Kiviniemi V, Rahko J, Moilanen I, Ebeling H, Tervonen O, Nikkinen J. White matter in autism spectrum disorders - evidence of impaired fiber formation. Acta Radiol 2011; 52:1169-74. [PMID: 22101385 DOI: 10.1258/ar.2011.110197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) enables measurements and visualization of the microstructure of neural fiber tracts. The existing literature on autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and DTI is heterogenous both regarding methodology and results. PURPOSE To compare brain white matter of high-functioning individuals with ASDs and controls. MATERIAL AND METHODS Tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS), a voxel-based approach to DTI, was used to compare 27 subjects with ASDs (mean age 14.7 years, range 11.4-17.6 years, 20 boys, 7 girls) and 26 control subjects (mean age 14.5 years, range 11.7-17.3 years, 17 boys, 9 girls). Mean fractional anisotropy (FA) image (skeleton) was created and each subject's aligned FA data were then projected onto this skeleton. Voxelwise cross-subject statistics on the skeletonized FA data, mean diffusivity (MD), and measures of diffusion direction were calculated. Importantly, the data were corrected across the whole image instead of using ROI-based methods. RESULTS The ASD group showed significantly greater FA (P < 0.05, corrected) in the area containing clusters of optic radiation and the right inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus (iFOF). In the same area, λ(3) (representing transverse diffusion) was significantly reduced in the ASD group. No age-related changes were found. CONCLUSION The results suggest that the reduced transverse diffusion within the iFOF is related to abnormal information flow between the insular salience processing areas and occipital visual areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jukka Rahko
- Clinic of Child Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Irma Moilanen
- Clinic of Child Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Hanna Ebeling
- Clinic of Child Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
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Littow H, Elseoud AA, Haapea M, Isohanni M, Moilanen I, Mankinen K, Nikkinen J, Rahko J, Rantala H, Remes J, Starck T, Tervonen O, Veijola J, Beckmann C, Kiviniemi VJ. Age-Related Differences in Functional Nodes of the Brain Cortex - A High Model Order Group ICA Study. Front Syst Neurosci 2010; 4. [PMID: 20953235 PMCID: PMC2955419 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2010.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional MRI measured with blood oxygen dependent (BOLD) contrast in the absence of intermittent tasks reflects spontaneous activity of so-called resting state networks (RSN) of the brain. Group level independent component analysis (ICA) of BOLD data can separate the human brain cortex into 42 independent RSNs. In this study we evaluated age-related effects from primary motor and sensory, and, higher level control RSNs. One hundred sixty-eight healthy subjects were scanned and divided into three groups: 55 adolescents (ADO, 13.2 ± 2.4 years), 59 young adults (YA, 22.2 ± 0.6 years), and 54 older adults (OA, 42.7 ± 0.5 years), all with normal IQ. High model order group probabilistic ICA components (70) were calculated and dual-regression analysis was used to compare 21 RSN's spatial differences between groups. The power spectra were derived from individual ICA mixing matrix time series of the group analyses for frequency domain analysis. We show that primary sensory and motor networks tend to alter more in younger age groups, whereas associative and higher level cognitive networks consolidate and re-arrange until older adulthood. The change has a common trend: both spatial extent and the low frequency power of the RSN's reduce with increasing age. We interpret these result as a sign of normal pruning via focusing of activity to less distributed local hubs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harri Littow
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital Oulu, Finland
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Rahko J, Paakki JJ, Starck T, Nikkinen J, Remes J, Hurtig T, Kuusikko-Gauffin S, Mattila ML, Jussila K, Jansson-Verkasalo E, Kätsyri J, Sams M, Pauls D, Ebeling H, Moilanen I, Tervonen O, Kiviniemi V. Functional Mapping of Dynamic Happy and Fearful Facial Expression Processing in Adolescents. Brain Imaging Behav 2010; 4:164-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s11682-010-9096-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Paakki JJ, Rahko J, Long X, Moilanen I, Tervonen O, Nikkinen J, Starck T, Remes J, Hurtig T, Haapsamo H, Jussila K, Kuusikko-Gauffin S, Mattila ML, Zang Y, Kiviniemi V. Alterations in regional homogeneity of resting-state brain activity in autism spectrum disorders. Brain Res 2010; 1321:169-79. [PMID: 20053346 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.12.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2009] [Revised: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 12/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Measures assessing resting-state brain activity with blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) can reveal cognitive disorders at an early stage. Analysis of regional homogeneity (ReHo) measures the local synchronization of spontaneous fMRI signals and has been successfully utilized in detecting alterations in subjects with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression, schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's dementia. Resting-state brain activity was investigated in 28 adolescents with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and 27 typically developing controls being imaged with BOLD fMRI and analyzed with the ReHo method. The hypothesis was that ReHo of resting-state brain activity would be different between ASD subjects and controls in brain areas previously shown to display functional alterations in stimulus or task based fMRI studies. Compared with the controls, the subjects with ASD had significantly decreased ReHo in right superior temporal sulcus region, right inferior and middle frontal gyri, bilateral cerebellar crus I, right insula and right postcentral gyrus. Significantly increased ReHo was discovered in right thalamus, left inferior frontal and anterior subcallosal gyrus and bilateral cerebellar lobule VIII. We conclude that subjects with ASD have right dominant ReHo alterations of resting-state brain activity, i.e., areas known to exhibit abnormal stimulus or task related functionality. Our results demonstrate that there is potential in utilizing the ReHo method in fMRI analyses of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyri-Johan Paakki
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University Hospital of Oulu, PO Box 50, 90029 Oulu, Finland.
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Kiviniemi V, Nikkinen J, Rahko J, Starck T, Remes J, Haapea M, Hurtig T, Moilanen I, Tervonen O. Functional network connectivity in autism spectrum disorder – a high model order group ICA study. Neuroimage 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1053-8119(09)70049-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Abstract
BACKGROUND We measured the circulating concentrations of the soluble forms of intercellular adhesion molecule-1, ICAM-1 (sCD54) and L-selectin (sCD62L) in 104 non-diabetic Finnish schoolchildren testing positive for one or more diabetes-associated autoantibodies and in 104 autoantibody-negative children to elucidate the relationship between soluble adhesion molecules and humoral, genetic and metabolic markers of preclinical type 1 diabetes. METHODS Specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to analyse serum sICAM-1 and sL-selectin concentrations. RESULTS The sICAM-1 and sL-selectin levels were comparable in the autoantibody-positive and control children, even when comparing children with multiple autoantibodies with those having one or no autoantibodies. The IA-2A titres in children testing positive for this autoantibody correlated with the sICAM-1 concentrations (rs=0.62, P=0.05), but otherwise no significant associations were seen between the autoantibody specificities and the concentrations of soluble adhesion molecules. Control children with HLA DQB1 genotypes conferring a low or decreased risk of type 1 diabetes had higher levels of sL-selectin than those with high or moderate risk genotypes (P=0.04). sL-selectin concentrations were significantly increased in the autoantibody-positive children with a first-phase insulin response (FPIR) below the 5th (n=11;P=0.026) or 10th percentiles (n=17;P=0.009) relative to the children with a normal FPIR. No associations were observed between sICAM-1 concentrations and DQB1 genotypes or FPIR. CONCLUSIONS The data indicate that there are a few conspicuous signs of endothelial/leukocyte activation reflected in increased circulating levels of soluble adhesion molecules in schoolchildren who are positive for markers of preclinical type 1 diabetes. The correlation between sICAM-1 concentrations and IA-2A levels in the IA-2A-positive children suggests that the former may increase in late preclinical type 1 diabetes, as IA-2A are the last autoantibodies to appear in the prediabetic process. Increased sL-selectin concentrations in subjects with impaired beta-cell function may reflect an active destructive insulitis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Toivonen
- Paediatric Research Centre, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
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Kulmala P, Rahko J, Savola K, Vähäsalo P, Sjöroos M, Reunanen A, Ilonen J, Knip M. Beta-cell autoimmunity, genetic susceptibility, and progression to type 1 diabetes in unaffected schoolchildren. Diabetes Care 2001; 24:171-3. [PMID: 11194225 DOI: 10.2337/diacare.24.1.171-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Kulmala P, Rahko J, Savola K, Vähäsalo P, Veijola R, Sjöroos M, Reunanen A, Ilonen J, Knip M. Stability of autoantibodies and their relation to genetic and metabolic markers of Type I diabetes in initially unaffected schoolchildren. Diabetologia 2000; 43:457-64. [PMID: 10819239 DOI: 10.1007/s001250051329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS To study temporal changes in positivity for autoantibodies associated with Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and the relations between these antibodies, HLA-DQB1-risk markers and first-phase insulin response (FPIR) in non-diabetic schoolchildren. METHODS The stability of the antibody status over 2 years was assessed in 104 schoolchildren initially positive for islet cell antibodies (ICA) or antibodies to the 65,000 M(r) isoform of the glutamic acid decarboxylase (GADA) or both and in 104 antibody-negative control children matched for sex, age and place of residence. All children were also studied for their first-phase insulin response and HLA-DQB1 alleles on the second occasion. RESULTS On the second occasion 3 of the 98 initially ICA-positive children, 3/13 of those positive for antibodies to the IA-2 protein (IA-2A), 1/17 GADA-positive and 2/7 of those positive for insulin autoantibodies (IAA) tested negative for these antibodies. Children with IA-2A, GADA, IAA and multiple (> or = 2) antibodies had significantly lower first-phase insulin responses than the control children. In contrast, these responses did not differ between subjects with and without specific HLA-DQB1-risk alleles or genotypes. Of the six subjects with a considerably reduced first-phase insulin response three had multiple antibodies on both occasions but none of them had a DQB1 genotype conferring increased diabetes risk. Two subjects progressed to Type I diabetes within 3.4 years of follow-up, both of them having multiple antibodies and a considerably reduced first-phase insulin response but neither of them having a DQB1-risk genotype. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Positivity for diabetes-associated autoantibodies is a relatively stable phenomenon in unaffected schoolchildren, although conversion to seronegativity can occur occasionally. Our observations also indicate that DQB1 alleles associated with decreased susceptibility to Type I diabetes do not protect from impaired beta-cell function or from progression to overt disease in initially unaffected schoolchildren.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kulmala
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oulu, Finland
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Lönnrot M, Knip M, Marciulionyte D, Rahko J, Urbonaite B, Moore WP, Vilja P, Hyöty H. Enterovirus antibodies in relation to islet cell antibodies in two populations with high and low incidence of type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 1999; 22:2086-8. [PMID: 10587850 DOI: 10.2337/diacare.22.12.2086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Juhela S, Hyöty H, Hinkkanen A, Elliott JF, Elliott J, Roivainen M, Kulmala P, Rahko J, Knip M, Ilonen J. T cell responses to enterovirus antigens and to beta-cell autoantigens in unaffected children positive for IDDM-associated autoantibodies. J Autoimmun 1999; 12:269-78. [PMID: 10330298 DOI: 10.1006/jaut.1999.0276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus infections have been implicated in the pathogenesis of IDDM in a number of studies. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether the cellular immune response to enterovirus antigens is abnormal in children who test positive for IDDM-associated autoantibodies. Lymphocyte proliferation responses were analysed to enterovirus antigens and to a panel of beta-cell autoantigen preparations in 31 non-diabetic ICA and/or GAD65 antibody-positive children and in 19 ICA/GAD65-negative control children. The responses to highly purified enteroviruses did not differ between autoantibody (AA)-positive and -negative subjects. However, proliferation responses to coxsackievirus-infected cell lysate, which also included non-structural proteins of the virus, were higher in AA-positive than in AA-negative subjects (P<0.05). This difference was most marked in children carrying the HLA-DQB1*02 allele (P=0.01). AA-positive subjects also had higher responses to one of the three GAD65 antigen preparations compared to AA-negative subjects (P<0.05). Proliferation responses to the adenovirus hexon protein did not differ between the groups. These results show that the increased responses to virus infected cell lysates are associated with early phases of beta-cell autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Juhela
- Turku Immunology Centre and Department of Virology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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