MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES OF THE HEPATIC PORTAL TRACTS IN EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED CHOLESTASIS

The dynamics of morphological changes developed in liver and bile ducts in biliary obstruction are well studied in the animal models of biliary obstruction, however,the data on the morphology of the portal tracts are scarce. The aim of the research was to study the structure of the portal tracts and interrelationship of their structural components in experimental biliary obstruction. The investigation was conducted on albino Wistar rats weighing 200-250 g, undergone biliary obstruction by common bile duct ligation (CBDL). The histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical investigation of the liver tissue stained with Hematoxylin& Eosin, Masson's trichrome and marked with CK8antibody were performed on the 3rd, 6th and 12th days after CBDL. The CBDL-induced biliary obstruction triggers a systemic reaction of the bile ducts and a complex of accompanying reactions that is heterogeneous, depending on the caliber of both the bile ducts themselves and the portal tracts containing them.CBDL causes dilation of the large bile ducts, their pressure on the portal veins with the deformation of their lumens, changes in the architectonics of the portal tracts, and expansion of the portal areas accompanied by increasing portal fibrosis and ductular reaction. The small bile ducts are less prone to dilation under CBDL conditions but actively proliferate and penetrate widely into the parenchyma of the liver lobules. Based on this ductal reaction, fibrosis of increasing intensity develops, which connects the adjacent portal tracts as well as the portal tracts and the connective tissue sheaths of the thin tributaries of hepatic veins. In the conditions of such fibrosis, it is difficult to identify the individual portal tracts of small caliber and, moreover, to clarify the relationship between their elements.

LIVER EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PECULIARITIES IN MAMMALS AND AVIANS

Analysis of liver matrix studies makes it obvious that knowledge about the connective tissue skeleton of the liver is not systematized, the terminology is contradictory, and the question of the construction of some components sometimes causes controversy. We set a goal to study the features of the construction of the connective tissue matrix of the liver of various mammals and birds in order to identify and systematize general and specific patterns of this structure. The liver of mammals with a gallbladder (pigs, sheep) and without a gallbladder (rats) and birds (domestic chickens with a gallbladder) was studied by the methods of anatomical preparation, histology, histochemistry, histotopography, immunohistochemistry, scanning electron microscopy of corrosion replicas and fluorescence microscopy. In the liver of mammals and birds, connective tissue membranes of various thicknesses and compositions around the portal tracts and hepatic veins are revealed. These membranes are connected in various ways with each other, the liver capsule and the intralobular network of connective tissue and form an extracellular matrix, which strengthens the structure of the liver tissue and helps the organ maintain its integrity in various pathological conditions.

[; ADAPTATION OF THE BILE DUCTS OF THE PORTAL TRIAD IN CASE OF MECHANICAL CHOLESTASIS (REVIEW)]

In case of mechanical cholestasis, along with stagnation in the veins and bile ducts, lymph production increases, which contributes to the accumulation of ascitic fluid. In the peribiliaryareas, where the extramural biliary glands are located, an accumulation of lymphatic vessels has been observed in all the preparations.In these same areas, a contrast-enhanced microtomography showed transition of the ink-gelatin contrast agents (using gelatin and India ink) from the extramural part of the mucous glands to the lumen of the lymphatic capillaries and blood vessels.Lymphobiliary connections were visualized during the preparation of the sections of the portal triad of the lobar and sectoral portal tracts under a binocular microscope. More reliable evidence of the existence of lymphobiliary connections in the portal triad region was revealed on histological preparations stained with traditional methods.; Thus, anatomically, the area of the portal triad appears to be one of the alternative areas of lymphobiliary communications, which further confirms its high adaptive capacity in case of stagnation of bile.

DISTRIBUTION AND DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF DUCTAL INVASIVE BREAST CARCINOMA SUBTYPES IN GEORGIAN POPULATION

The analysis of prevalence of each specific subtypes of the ductal invasive breast carcinoma according to age group categories showed that Luminal A subtype is observed in every age group as dominant subtype, although in different intensity: two peaks were demonstrated in group III and group IV, and in relatively less amount, in V group as well. Its considerable that Her2(+)/ER subtype was second most prevalent subtype in almost all age groups. It also must be noted that there was no direct correlation found between pre- or post-menopausal period and HER2+ state, except for group IV (60-69 year old range), where it was almost 2 times less frequently found than Basal-like subtype. The frequency of Her2(+)/ER tumor subtype was identical to Luminal A subtype frequency. In age group I (30-39 year old) and all others its frequency was found to be markedly decreasing along with the frequency of Luminal A subtype (if in age group I their frequency was 1.2, in the age group IV it accounted for 9.4, which means that Her2(+)/ER subtype prevalence decreases with increasing age until the age group V (70-79 year old), after which it increases again (age group V and VI demonstrated the frequency of 2.0 and 5.0 respectively). Basal-like tumor was not found in age groups I and VI, and its frequency was gradually increasing except for age group II, where it was approximately 1.5 less frequent than in other age group categories. Triple-negative subtype was not found in age groups I and VI, however, its frequency was gradually increasing with increasing age. The prevalence of triple-negative tumor in age group V was 4.5 times higher than in age group II. The frequency of Luminal B subtype tumor was almost 2 times decreased in age group III, while in age group V it was almost 3 times increased. However, it disappeared in age group VI completely. Consideration of the age-related specificities of ductal invasive breast carcinoma subtypes (phenotypes) is important both for diagnostic aspect and treatment strategy selection, as well as adequate planning of breast cancer screening programs. Thus, in all age groups of the studied population, IIIA and B stages of tumor were identified, with tumor sizes ranging between 2.8-4.7mm. There was no stable direct correlation between breast cancer and family history, as the presence of such data requires additional research with more focus on anamnesis details.

[IMMUNE SYSTEM INTERNSHIP WITH SYMBIOTIC MICROORGANISMS IN GNOTOBIOTIC ANIMAL'S INTESTINUM ILEUM]

Structures, responsible for acceptive (comensaling relation) and protective (pathogenic defense) immunity, were studied and compared in small intestine - to ileum mucosa. Data shown, that main application of the both domains of immune system is to support the correlation between body and foreign microbes, but they response is different. Most significant differences are as follows: in acceptive reactions presented only in aseptic animals - gnotobionts, inflammatory changes absent, so immune reaction complex develops into physiological condition. Symbiotic reactions release in mucosa epithelial cells, also in cells, responsible for adaptive and congenital immune reactivity. Thus, acceptive immune reactions contribute symbiotic biocenosis versus elimination; which is function of protective immunity.

[Structural features of the pulp ground substance and its significance for acute and chronic pulpitis]

The goal of the research study is an analysis of amorphous material, fibers and cellular elements of the dental pulp and evaluation of their interactions with a variety of fibrouse structures in the norm and inflammation. To solve this problem used dental pulp tissue bioptats (10 cases) of patients with acute and chronic pulpitis and 10 control specimens (orthodontic operations). The material was studied by histological and electron microscopic methods of research. It was determined that in acute pulpitis develope changes promoting dissociation of fibrouse and cellular structures of pulp components, and thus, loss the cementing binding role of the ground substance. Acute pulpitis characterized by the recruitment of mast cells. ; The reorganization and remodeling of ground substance associated with neoangiogenesis, especially capillaries, and the replacement of collagen fibers by the fibrouse structures are major points in chronic pulpitis.