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Niribili R, Jeyakumar S, Kumaresan A, Lavanya M, Sinha MK, Kausik M, Elango K, Patil S, Allu T, Veerappa VG, Manimaran A, Das DN, Bhuyan M, Ramesha KP. Prolonged follicular dominance is associated with dysregulated proteomic profile of the follicular fluid in Bos indicus cows. Theriogenology 2024; 213:34-42. [PMID: 37793223 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2023.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged follicular dominance is one of the conditions associated with disconcerted follicular dynamics that result in substantial economic losses to the farmers through low reproductive efficiency in cattle. Hormonal aberrations associated with prolonged follicular dominance may affect the follicular microenvironment and composition of follicular fluid. The current study focused on proteome changes of follicular fluid in prolonged follicular dominance compared to physiological follicular dominance. Prolonged dominance was induced in Deoni cows (n = 6) by using CIDR (previously used for 7 days) from day 4-8 of estrus, with PGF2 injection on day 6 and day 7 at 12 h intervals. Follicular fluid was collected by ultrasound guided transvaginal follicular aspiration method. Global proteomic analysis of follicular fluid revealed 217 proteins in the Deoni cow, with the majority of proteins involved in 21 pathways, 42 molecular functions, and 106 biological processes. Complement and coagulation cascades (22.8%) and cholesterol metabolism (4.68%) were the major pathways in which identified proteins were involved. Comparison of physiological and prolonged dominant follicular fluid revealed differential expression of 26 proteins, of which 15 were upregulated and 11 were downregulated. Proteins involved in complement and coagulation cascades, and vitamin digestion and absorption were found to be dysregulated in PFD. The present study suggests that the expression of proteins involved in inflammation, oocyte metabolism, and ovulation cascade were found to be dysregulated in the follicular fluid of prolonged follicular dominance consequently resulting in delayed ovulation or anovulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajbangshi Niribili
- Livestock Research Centre, Southern Regional Station of ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Adugodi, Bengaluru, 560030, India
| | - Sakthivel Jeyakumar
- Livestock Research Centre, Southern Regional Station of ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Adugodi, Bengaluru, 560030, India.
| | - Arumugam Kumaresan
- Theriogenology Laboratory, Southern Regional Station of ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Adugodi, Bengaluru, 560030, India
| | - Maharajan Lavanya
- Livestock Research Centre, Southern Regional Station of ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Adugodi, Bengaluru, 560030, India
| | - Manish Kumar Sinha
- Theriogenology Laboratory, Southern Regional Station of ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Adugodi, Bengaluru, 560030, India
| | - Majumder Kausik
- Livestock Research Centre, Southern Regional Station of ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Adugodi, Bengaluru, 560030, India
| | - Kamaraj Elango
- Theriogenology Laboratory, Southern Regional Station of ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Adugodi, Bengaluru, 560030, India
| | - Shivanagouda Patil
- Theriogenology Laboratory, Southern Regional Station of ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Adugodi, Bengaluru, 560030, India
| | - Teja Allu
- Livestock Research Centre, Southern Regional Station of ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Adugodi, Bengaluru, 560030, India
| | - Vedamurthy G Veerappa
- Livestock Research Centre, Southern Regional Station of ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Adugodi, Bengaluru, 560030, India
| | - Ayyasamy Manimaran
- Livestock Research Centre, Southern Regional Station of ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Adugodi, Bengaluru, 560030, India
| | - D N Das
- Dairy Production Section, Southern Regional Station of ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Adugodi, Bengaluru, 560030, India
| | - Manjyoti Bhuyan
- Department of ARGO, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, Assam, 781 022, India
| | - K P Ramesha
- Dairy Production Section, Southern Regional Station of ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Adugodi, Bengaluru, 560030, India
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Ashokan M, Rana E, Sneha K, Namith C, Naveen Kumar GS, Azharuddin N, Elango K, Jeyakumar S, Ramesha KP. Metabolomics-a powerful tool in livestock research. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:3237-3249. [PMID: 36200897 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2022.2128814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Advancements in the Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Mass Spectrometry (MS) along with recent developments in omics sciences have resulted in a better understanding of molecular mechanisms and pathways associated with the physio-pathological state of the animal. Metabolomics is a post-genomics tool that deals with small molecular metabolites in a given set of time which provides clear information about the status of an organism. Recently many researchers mainly focus their research on metabolomics studies due to its valuable information in the various fields of livestock management and precision dairying. The main aim of the present review is to provide an insight into the current research output from different sources and application of metabolomics in various areas of livestock including nutri-metabolomics, disease diagnosis advancements, reproductive disorders, pharmaco-metabolomics, genomics studies, and dairy production studies. The present review would be helpful in understanding the metabolomics methodologies and use of livestock metabolomics in various areas in a brief way.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ashokan
- Southern Regional Station, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Bangalore, India
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Division, Hassan Veterinary College, Hassan, India
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Cattle Breeding and Fodder Development, Thiruvarur, India
| | - Ekta Rana
- Southern Regional Station, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Kadimetla Sneha
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Division, Hassan Veterinary College, Hassan, India
| | - C Namith
- Southern Regional Station, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - G S Naveen Kumar
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Division, Hassan Veterinary College, Hassan, India
| | - N Azharuddin
- Southern Regional Station, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - K Elango
- Southern Regional Station, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - S Jeyakumar
- Southern Regional Station, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - K P Ramesha
- Southern Regional Station, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Bangalore, India
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Ashokan M, Jayanthi KV, Elango K, Sneha K, Ramesha KP, Reshma RS, Saravanan KA, Naveen KGS. Biological methylation: redefining the link between genotype and phenotype. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:3174-3186. [PMID: 35468300 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2022.2065999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The central dogma of molecular biology is responsible for the crucial flow of genetic information from DNA to protein through the transcription and translation process. Although the sequence of DNA is constant in all organs, the difference in protein and variation in the phenotype is mainly due to the quality and quantity of tissue-specific gene expression and methylation pattern. The term methylation has been defined and redefined by various scientists in the last fifty years. There is always huge excitement around this field because the inheritance of something is beyond its DNA sequence. Advanced gene methylation studies have redefined molecular genetics and these tools are considered de novo in alleviating challenges of animal disease and production. Recent emerging evidence has shown that the impact of DNA, RNA, and protein methylation is crucial for embryonic development, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and phenotype production. Currently, many researchers are focusing their work on methylation to understand its significant role in expression, disease-resistant traits, productivity, and longevity. The main aim of the present review is to provide an overview of DNA, RNA, and protein methylation, current research output from different sources, methodologies, factors responsible for methylation of genes, and future prospects in animal genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ashokan
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Division, Veterinary College, Hassan, KVAFSU, Karnataka, India
| | - K V Jayanthi
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Division, Veterinary College, Hassan, KVAFSU, Karnataka, India
| | - K Elango
- Southern Regional Station, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Kadimetla Sneha
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Division, Veterinary College, Hassan, KVAFSU, Karnataka, India
| | - K P Ramesha
- Southern Regional Station, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Raj S Reshma
- Southern Regional Station, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - K A Saravanan
- Division of Animal Genetics, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Kumar G S Naveen
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Division, Veterinary College, Hassan, KVAFSU, Karnataka, India
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Teja A, Sakthivel J, Ananda Rao K, Kumaresan A, Ramesha KP, Krishnaswamy N, Gowtham Varma C, Sivaram M, Lavanya M, Gowdar Veerappa V, Kataktalware MA, Das DN, Majumder K, Rajbangshi N. Digital infrared thermal imaging of udder skin surface temperature: a novel non-invasive technology to monitor calving process in Murrah buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Sci Rep 2023; 13:13207. [PMID: 37580373 PMCID: PMC10425463 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40447-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantifiable decline in the maternal body temperature during the pre-calving offers the possibilities for predicting the calving that can improve the calving management. As infrared thermography (IRT) is a simple non-contact tool for precise measurement of surface temperature, we investigated the use of IRT to establish thermal signatures around calving in the Murrah buffalo. The IRT of eye, right lateral, left lateral and rear side of udder skin surface temperature (USST) were recorded at 6 h interval from 96 h before the expected date of calving, at the time of calving and 24 h post-calving in Murrah buffaloes (n = 28). In parallel, blood samples were collected for progesterone (P4) assay. The results revealed that the IRT of the eye, right and left lateral and rear side of USST showed a significant decrease in the temperature from 48 h pre-calving till the onset of calving with a ΔT (°C) of 0.56, 0.91, 0.70, and 0.90, respectively. Mean USST significantly declined from 48 h pre-calving with a ΔT of 0.85 °C. The residual temperature of both eye and various ROI of the udder also followed a similar and significant declining trend from 48 to 0 h of calving indicating that circadian influence on the USST was minimum. Plasma P4 concentration significantly decreased from 72 h pre-calving till calving. It is concluded that a marked reduction in the IRT of the USST at 6-12 h pre-calving would be useful in predicting the onset of calving in the Murrah buffalo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allu Teja
- Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Livestock Research Centre, Southern Regional Station of ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Adugodi, Bengaluru, 560030, India
- Buffalo Research Station, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Venkataramannagudem, 534101, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Jeyakumar Sakthivel
- Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Livestock Research Centre, Southern Regional Station of ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Adugodi, Bengaluru, 560030, India.
- Dairy Production Section, Southern Regional Station of ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Adugodi, Bengaluru, 560030, India.
| | - K Ananda Rao
- Buffalo Research Station, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Venkataramannagudem, 534101, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Arumugam Kumaresan
- Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Theriogenology Lab, Southern Regional Station of ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Adugodi, Bengaluru, 560030, India
| | - K P Ramesha
- Dairy Production Section, Southern Regional Station of ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Adugodi, Bengaluru, 560030, India
| | - Narayanan Krishnaswamy
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Hebbal Campus, Bengaluru, 560024, Karnataka, India
| | - C Gowtham Varma
- Veterinary Assistant Surgeon, Department of Animal Husbandry, S.V. Veterinary University, Tirupati, DAH, Government of Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada, India
| | - M Sivaram
- Dairy Economics and Statistics Section, Southern Regional Station of ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Adugodi, Bengaluru, 560030, India
| | - Maharajan Lavanya
- Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Livestock Research Centre, Southern Regional Station of ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Adugodi, Bengaluru, 560030, India
| | - Vedamurthy Gowdar Veerappa
- Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Livestock Research Centre, Southern Regional Station of ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Adugodi, Bengaluru, 560030, India
| | - Mukund A Kataktalware
- Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Livestock Research Centre, Southern Regional Station of ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Adugodi, Bengaluru, 560030, India
- Dairy Production Section, Southern Regional Station of ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Adugodi, Bengaluru, 560030, India
| | - D N Das
- Dairy Production Section, Southern Regional Station of ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Adugodi, Bengaluru, 560030, India
| | - Kaushik Majumder
- Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Livestock Research Centre, Southern Regional Station of ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Adugodi, Bengaluru, 560030, India
| | - Niribili Rajbangshi
- Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Livestock Research Centre, Southern Regional Station of ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Adugodi, Bengaluru, 560030, India
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Ramesha KP, Jeyakumar S, Mall S, Vedamurthy GV, Kumaresan A, Devadasn MJ, Kataktalware MA, Arul D, Das DN, Manimaran A. Anti-Müllerian hormone as an endocrine biomarker of reproductive longevity and assessment of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in AMH gene of Bos indicus breeds of cattle. Reprod Domest Anim 2022; 57:1450-1464. [PMID: 35916244 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is a member of the TGF-β superfamily produced by follicular granulosa cells (GCs) in women and cattle and is considered an endocrine biomarker of ovarian follicular reserve. The study examined how age and parity influence serum AMH concentration and investigated the presence of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in AMH gene in Bos indicus breeds viz Malnad Gidda Amritmahal and Hallikar. All five exons of AMH gene amplified by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) were subjected to Sanger sequencing and identified important SNP and its effects. We observed a highly significant relationship between parity and AMH concentration in Amritmahal cattle, whereas Malnad Gidda and Hallikar breeds did not show a significant difference. We identified one SNP located in exon 5 (rs21402788) with base change A>G, a non-synonymous mutation resulting in a change in amino acid Q>R and the protein product. It is concluded that AMH level could be considered as an indicator of the ovarian reserve and productive herd life (longevity) irrespective of age/parity, especially in Bos indicus breeds of cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Ramesha
- Protegenomics Laboratory, Dairy Production Section, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute, Southern Regional Station, Adugodi, Bengaluru, India
| | - S Jeyakumar
- Protegenomics Laboratory, Dairy Production Section, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute, Southern Regional Station, Adugodi, Bengaluru, India
| | - Shweta Mall
- Protegenomics Laboratory, Dairy Production Section, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute, Southern Regional Station, Adugodi, Bengaluru, India
| | - G V Vedamurthy
- Protegenomics Laboratory, Dairy Production Section, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute, Southern Regional Station, Adugodi, Bengaluru, India
| | - A Kumaresan
- Protegenomics Laboratory, Dairy Production Section, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute, Southern Regional Station, Adugodi, Bengaluru, India
| | - M Joel Devadasn
- Protegenomics Laboratory, Dairy Production Section, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute, Southern Regional Station, Adugodi, Bengaluru, India
| | - Mukund A Kataktalware
- Protegenomics Laboratory, Dairy Production Section, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute, Southern Regional Station, Adugodi, Bengaluru, India
| | - D Arul
- Protegenomics Laboratory, Dairy Production Section, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute, Southern Regional Station, Adugodi, Bengaluru, India
| | - D N Das
- Protegenomics Laboratory, Dairy Production Section, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute, Southern Regional Station, Adugodi, Bengaluru, India
| | - A Manimaran
- Protegenomics Laboratory, Dairy Production Section, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute, Southern Regional Station, Adugodi, Bengaluru, India
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Deepa N, Chennappa G, Deepthi BV, Naik MK, Ramesha KP, Amaresh YS, Satish S, Sreenivasa MY. Antifungal potential of Azotobacter species and its metabolites against Fusarium verticillioides and biodegradation of fumonisin. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:2430-2444. [PMID: 35809236 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS In the study, seven Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) Azotobacter species were screened against three strains of Fusarium verticillioides to test its antifungal activity. Azotobacter strains were tested for the degradation of fumonisin produced by F. verticillioides. Secondary metabolites were isolated and characterized from the Azotobacter strains for the first time. METHODS AND RESULTS Potential seven Azotobacter species antifungal activity was tested following the dual culture assay against three starins of Fusarium verticillioides namely FVM-42, FVM-86, MTCC156 estimating the substantial zone of inhibition. Azotobacter species AZT-31 and AZT-50 strains significantly inhibited the growth of F. verticillioides recording drastic growth enhancement of maize under in-vitro conditions by calculating the infection incidence, vigour index and germination percentage. As confirmation, dereplication studies were conducted for the reconfirmation of Azotobacter strains by isolating from rhizoplane. Azotobacter strains played a key role in degradation of fumonisin produced by F. verticillioides reporting 98% degradation at 2hr of incubation with the pathogen. Furthermore, in the study first time we have tried to isolate and characterize the secondary metabolites from the Azotobacter strains exhibiting six compounds from the species AZT-31 (2) and AZT-50 (4). Preliminary in-vitro experiments were carriedout using the compounds extracted to check the reduction of infection incidence (90%) and increase in germination percentage upto 50 to 70% when compared to test pathogen. CONCLUSION Azotobacter strains referred as PGPR on influencing the growth of plant by producing certain substances that acts as stimulators on inhibiting the growth of pathogen. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Future perspective would be the production of active combination of carboxamide compound and Azotobacter species for preventively controlling the phytopathogenic fungi of plants and crops and also towards the treatment of seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Deepa
- Department of Studies in Microbiology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - G Chennappa
- Department of Studies in Microbiology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, Karnataka, India.,Department of Food Technology, Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.,Department of Plant pathology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Karnataka, India
| | - B V Deepthi
- Department of Studies in Microbiology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, Karnataka, India.,Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, Jain University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - M K Naik
- Department of Plant pathology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Karnataka, India
| | - K P Ramesha
- Department of Studies in Microbiology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - Y S Amaresh
- Department of Plant pathology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Karnataka, India
| | - S Satish
- Department of Studies in Microbiology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - M Y Sreenivasa
- Department of Studies in Microbiology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, Karnataka, India
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Krishnaswamy N, Jeyakumar S, Selvan RPT, Gowane GR, Mahadappa P, Vijayapillai U, Dechamma HJ, Patel BHM, Saravanan P, Ramesha KP, Sanyal A. Short-term effect of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccination on the milk yield in the Deoni and crossbred cows. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:217. [PMID: 33745013 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02653-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Biannual vaccination of the cattle with inactivated foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccine is the control strategy in endemic countries. Reduction in the milk yield is one of the main reasons for poor compliance of the cattle owners to FMD vaccination. As it can adversely affect the herd immunity, the present study aimed to quantify the losses in the milk yield post-FMD vaccination. Retrospective data on the milk yield (kg) recordings, days in milk, parity, and age at vaccination of the Deoni and crossbred cows were collected from 10 days before (-10) to 10 days after (+10) FMD vaccination (dpv). Days in milk were categorized into three stages of lactation for Deoni and crossbred cows. Age (month) was categorized into four classes. Least squares means of the milk yield were generated after adjusting for year, age, parity, and stage of lactation. Based on exploratory data analysis, the corrected milk yield records from -2 to +2 dpv for 5 years comprising 614 data points on Deoni cows (n=54) and 488 data points on crossbred cows (n=55) were used for the final analysis. Because of the correlated errors on the corrected milk yield, linear mixed model ANOVA was done by fitting dpv as fixed effect and cow as random effect, and the results revealed the effect of dpv was non-significant (P>0.05) in either breed. With respect to dpv 0, a marginal reduction of 90 g in the corrected milk yield in the Deoni cow was recorded on dpv 1, while the reduction was about 360 g on dpv 0 as compared dpv -1 in the crossbred cow. It was concluded that FMD vaccination caused a transient non-significant reduction in the milk yield in the Deoni and crossbred cows.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - G R Gowane
- ICAR-NDRI, Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | - K P Ramesha
- ICAR-NDRI-SRS, Adugoudi, Bengaluru, 560030, India
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Alex R, Ramesha KP, Singh U, Kumar S, Alyethodi RR, Deb R, Sharma S, Sengar GS, Kumar A, Prakash B. Promoter variants of OAS1 gene are associated with reproductive performance and incidence of normal calving in cattle. Theriogenology 2018; 108:255-261. [PMID: 29258042 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS) are important components of an interferon-mediated antiviral pathway. But no polymorphisms have yet been identified and associated with reproduction and reproduction traits in the bovine OAS1 gene. The objective of this study was to detect and evaluate the effects of mutations in the promoter region of bovine OAS1 gene with production and reproduction traits in cattle. Two single nuclear polymorphisms were identified, including A to T transversion (rs715937117:A>T) and A to G transition (rs480985443:A>G) and subsequently genotyped in Sahiwal and Frieswal populations. Three haplotypes were constructed including H1 (A-A), H2 (T-A) and H3 (T-G), among them H2 was the most abundant in the Sahiwal (0.677) and Frieswal (0.838) population. The analysis revealed that genotypes of promoter region had significant effect (P ≤ 0.05) on age at first breeding, age at first calving, service period and pregnancy rate. The animals with H1H2 diplotype had higher age at first breeding and age at first calving compared to H2H2 genotyped animals. Further logistic regression analysis also revealed that the probability of normal calving was found more in H2H2 diplotype, as the odds ratios of H1H2 and H2H3 in comparison to H2H2 were 0.516 and 0.486, respectively. H2H2 diplotyped animals also exhibited higher milk production also in terms of total milk yield, 300 day milk yield and peak yield. These results outlined that the bovine OAS1 gene can be used as candidate genes for simultaneous improvement of both production and reproductive performance of cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rani Alex
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Section, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cattle, Grass Farm Road, P. O. Box 17, Meerut Cantt., Meerut 250 001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - K P Ramesha
- Dairy Production, SRS, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Bangalore, 560030, Karnataka, India
| | - Umesh Singh
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Section, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cattle, Grass Farm Road, P. O. Box 17, Meerut Cantt., Meerut 250 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sushil Kumar
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Section, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cattle, Grass Farm Road, P. O. Box 17, Meerut Cantt., Meerut 250 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rafeeque R Alyethodi
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Section, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cattle, Grass Farm Road, P. O. Box 17, Meerut Cantt., Meerut 250 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajib Deb
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Section, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cattle, Grass Farm Road, P. O. Box 17, Meerut Cantt., Meerut 250 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sheetal Sharma
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Section, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cattle, Grass Farm Road, P. O. Box 17, Meerut Cantt., Meerut 250 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gyanendra Singh Sengar
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Section, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cattle, Grass Farm Road, P. O. Box 17, Meerut Cantt., Meerut 250 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Section, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cattle, Grass Farm Road, P. O. Box 17, Meerut Cantt., Meerut 250 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - B Prakash
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Section, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cattle, Grass Farm Road, P. O. Box 17, Meerut Cantt., Meerut 250 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Alex R, Ramesha KP, Singh U, Kumar S, Alyethodi RR, Deb R, Rai S, Sharma S, Sengar GS, Kumar A, Prakash B. Association analysis of novel polymorphisms in 2', 5'-oligoadenylate synthetase gene with reproductive traits in indigenous and cross-bred cattle of Indian Origin. Reprod Domest Anim 2017; 53:442-449. [PMID: 29277982 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
2', 5'-Oligoadenylate synthetases (OAS) are important components of an interferon-mediated antiviral pathway. No polymorphisms in exonic regions of bovine OAS1 gene have been identified and associated with reproduction traits. The objective of the study was to detect and evaluate the effects of mutations in exonic region of bovine OAS1 gene with reproduction traits in cattle. DNA samples collected from 250 individual cows of two Indian dairy breeds (Sahiwal and Frieswal) of cattle were used in the study. The genetic variants of the OAS1 gene were identified with polymerase chain reaction-single-strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) and sequence analysis using seven set of primer pairs. The PCR-SSCP analysis revealed polymorphism in the fragments comprising of exon 2, exon 5 and first fragment of exon 6 while the fragments of exons 1, 3, 4 and second fragment of exon 6 were monomorphic in Sahiwal and Frieswal cattle. The mutations in the amplified region comprising of exon 2 were found to have significant association with age at first breeding and calving, service period, dry period and pregnancy rate. Significant associations were found between SNPs in the exon 5 and service and dry periods of the animal, whereas the genetic variants in the first fragment of the exon 6 showed significant association with age at first breeding and calving. To our knowledge, this study demonstrated for the first time that the polymorphisms in OAS1 gene were associated with reproductive traits and it can be chosen as a candidate gene for improvement of reproductive performance of cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Alex
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Section, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cattle, Meerut, UP, India
| | - K P Ramesha
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Section, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cattle, Meerut, UP, India.,Dairy Production, SRS, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Banglore, India
| | - U Singh
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Section, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cattle, Meerut, UP, India
| | - S Kumar
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Section, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cattle, Meerut, UP, India
| | - R R Alyethodi
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Section, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cattle, Meerut, UP, India
| | - R Deb
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Section, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cattle, Meerut, UP, India
| | - S Rai
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Section, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cattle, Meerut, UP, India.,ERS, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Kalyani, West Bengal, India
| | - S Sharma
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Section, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cattle, Meerut, UP, India
| | - G S Sengar
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Section, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cattle, Meerut, UP, India
| | - A Kumar
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Section, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cattle, Meerut, UP, India
| | - B Prakash
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Section, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cattle, Meerut, UP, India
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10
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Wankhade PR, Manimaran A, Kumaresan A, Jeyakumar S, Ramesha KP, Sejian V, Rajendran D, Varghese MR. Metabolic and immunological changes in transition dairy cows: A review. Vet World 2017; 10:1367-1377. [PMID: 29263601 PMCID: PMC5732345 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.1367-1377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Smooth transition from pregnancy to lactation is important for high productive and reproductive performance during later postpartum period in dairy animals. On the other hand, the poor transition often leads to huge economic loss to dairy farmers due to compromised production and reproduction. Therefore, understanding the causes and consequence of metabolic changes during the transition period is very important for postpartum health management. In this review, metabolic changes with reference to negative energy balance in transition cow and its effect on health and reproduction during the later postpartum period in dairy animals are discussed besides the role of metabolic inflammation in postpartum performance in dairy animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Ramesh Wankhade
- Livestock Research Centre, Southern Regional Station, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Adugodi, Bengaluru - 560 030, Karnataka, India
| | - A Manimaran
- Livestock Research Centre, Southern Regional Station, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Adugodi, Bengaluru - 560 030, Karnataka, India
| | - A Kumaresan
- Livestock Research Centre, Southern Regional Station, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Adugodi, Bengaluru - 560 030, Karnataka, India
| | - S Jeyakumar
- Livestock Research Centre, Southern Regional Station, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Adugodi, Bengaluru - 560 030, Karnataka, India
| | - K P Ramesha
- Southern Regional Station, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Adugodi, Bengaluru - 560 030, Karnataka, India
| | - V Sejian
- Division of Animal Physiology, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Bengaluru - 560 030, Karnataka, India
| | - D Rajendran
- Division of Animal Nutrition, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Bengaluru - 560 030, Karnataka, India
| | - Minu Rachel Varghese
- Dairy Production Section, Southern Regional Station, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Adugodi, Bengaluru - 560 030, Karnataka, India
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11
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Sathiyabarathi M, Jeyakumar S, Manimaran A, Pushpadass HA, Sivaram M, Ramesha KP, Das DN, Kataktalware MA, Jayaprakash G, Patbandha TK. Investigation of body and udder skin surface temperature differentials as an early indicator of mastitis in Holstein Friesian crossbred cows using digital infrared thermography technique. Vet World 2016; 9:1386-1391. [PMID: 28096610 PMCID: PMC5234052 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.1386-1391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The objective of this study was to investigate the ability of infrared thermography (IRT) technique and its interrelationship with conventional mastitis indicators for the early detection of mastitis in Holstein Friesian (HF) crossbred cows. Materials and Methods: A total of 76 quarters of lactating HF crossbred (Bos indicus × Bos taurus) cows (n=19) were monitored for body temperature (i.e., eye temperature) and udder skin surface temperature (USST) before milking using forward-looking infrared (FLIR) i5 camera. Milk samples were collected from each quarter and screened for mastitis using Somatic Cell Count (SCC), Electrical Conductivity (EC), and California mastitis test. Thermographic images were analyzed using FLIR Quick Report 1.2 image analysis software. Data on body and USST were compiled and analyzed statistically using SPSS 16.0 and Sigmaplot 11. Results: The mean±standard deviation (SD) body (37.23±0.08°C) and USST (37.22±0.04°C) of non-mastitic cow did not differ significantly; however, the mean USST of the mastitis-affected quarters were significantly higher than the body temperature and USST of unaffected quarters (p<0.001). The mean±SD USST of the subclinical mastitis (SCM) and clinical mastitis-affected quarters were 38.08±0.17 °C and 38.25±0.33 °C, respectively, which is 0.72 and 1.05 °C higher than the USST temperature of unaffected quarters. The USST was positively correlated with EC (r=0.95) and SCC (r=0.93). The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed a higher sensitivity for USST in early prediction of SCM with a cut-off value of >37.61°C. Conclusion: It is concluded that infrared thermal imaging technique could be used as a potential noninvasive, quick cow-side diagnostic technique for screening and early detection of SCM and clinical mastitis in crossbred cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sathiyabarathi
- Livestock Research Centre, Southern Regional Station, Indian Council of Agricultural Research - National Dairy Research Institute, Adugodi, Bengaluru - 560 030, Karnataka, India
| | - S Jeyakumar
- Livestock Research Centre, Southern Regional Station, Indian Council of Agricultural Research - National Dairy Research Institute, Adugodi, Bengaluru - 560 030, Karnataka, India
| | - A Manimaran
- Livestock Research Centre, Southern Regional Station, Indian Council of Agricultural Research - National Dairy Research Institute, Adugodi, Bengaluru - 560 030, Karnataka, India
| | - Heartwin A Pushpadass
- Dairy Engineering Section, Southern Regional Station, Indian Council of Agricultural Research - National Dairy Research Institute, Adugodi, Bengaluru - 560 030, Karnataka, India
| | - M Sivaram
- Dairy Economics and Statistics, Southern Regional Station, Indian Council of Agricultural Research - National Dairy Research Institute, Adugodi, Bengaluru - 560 030, Karnataka, India
| | - K P Ramesha
- Dairy Production Section, Southern Regional Station, Indian Council of Agricultural Research - National Dairy Research Institute, Adugodi, Bengaluru - 560 030, Karnataka, India
| | - D N Das
- Dairy Production Section, Southern Regional Station, Indian Council of Agricultural Research - National Dairy Research Institute, Adugodi, Bengaluru - 560 030, Karnataka, India
| | - Mukund A Kataktalware
- Dairy Production Section, Southern Regional Station, Indian Council of Agricultural Research - National Dairy Research Institute, Adugodi, Bengaluru - 560 030, Karnataka, India
| | - G Jayaprakash
- Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy - 680 651, Kerala, India
| | - Tapas Kumar Patbandha
- Livestock Production and Management Section, Indian Council of Agricultural Research - National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal - 132 001, Haryana, India
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12
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Sathiyabarathi M, Jeyakumar S, Manimaran A, Jayaprakash G, Pushpadass HA, Sivaram M, Ramesha KP, Das DN, Kataktalware MA, Prakash MA, Kumar RD. Infrared thermography: A potential noninvasive tool to monitor udder health status in dairy cows. Vet World 2016; 9:1075-1081. [PMID: 27847416 PMCID: PMC5104715 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.1075-1081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The animal husbandry and livestock sectors play a major role in the rural economy, especially for the small and marginal farmers. India has the largest livestock population in the world and ranks first in the milk production. Mastitis is the most common and expensive infectious disease in dairy cattle. The global economic losses per year due to mastitis amounts to USD 35 billion and for Indian dairy industry ₹6000 crores per year. Early detection of mastitis is very important to reduce the economic loss to the dairy farmers and dairy industry. Automated methods for early and reliable detection of mastitis are currently in focus under precision dairying. Skin surface temperature is an important indicator for the diagnosis of cow’s illnesses and for the estimation of their physiological status. Infrared thermography (IRT) is a simple, effective, on-site, and noninvasive method that detects surface heat, which is emitted as infrared radiation and generates pictorial images without causing radiation exposure. In human and bovine medicine, IRT is used as a diagnostic tool for assessment of normal and physiological status.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sathiyabarathi
- Department of Livestock Production and Management, Livestock Research Centre, Southern Regional Station, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute, Bengaluru - 560 030, Karnataka, India
| | - S Jeyakumar
- Department of Livestock Production and Management, Livestock Research Centre, Southern Regional Station, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute, Bengaluru - 560 030, Karnataka, India
| | - A Manimaran
- Department of Livestock Production and Management, Livestock Research Centre, Southern Regional Station, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute, Bengaluru - 560 030, Karnataka, India
| | - G Jayaprakash
- Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Mannuthy - 680 651, Kerala, India
| | - Heartwin A Pushpadass
- Dairy Engineering Section, Southern Regional Station, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute, Bengaluru - 560 030, Karnataka, India
| | - M Sivaram
- Dairy Economics and Statistics Section, Southern Regional Station, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute, Bengaluru - 560 030, Karnataka, India
| | - K P Ramesha
- Dairy Production Section, Southern Regional Station, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute, Bengaluru - 560 030, Karnataka, India
| | - D N Das
- Dairy Production Section, Southern Regional Station, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute, Bengaluru - 560 030, Karnataka, India
| | - Mukund A Kataktalware
- Dairy Production Section, Southern Regional Station, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute, Bengaluru - 560 030, Karnataka, India
| | - M Arul Prakash
- Department of livestock Production and Management, University Research Farm, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai - 600 051, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Dhinesh Kumar
- Dairy Production Section, Southern Regional Station, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute, Bengaluru - 560 030, Karnataka, India
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Ramesha KP, Rao A, Basavaraju M, Geetha GR, Kataktalware MA, Jeyakumar S. Genetic variability of bovine GHR, IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 genes in Indian cattle and buffalo. S AFR J ANIM SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.4314/sajas.v45i5.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Saravanan BC, Das S, Siju SJ, Tewari AK, Sankar M, Kataktalware MA, Ramesha KP. Babesia bigemina infection in yak (Poephagus grunniens L.): molecular detection and characterization. Vet Parasitol 2012; 194:58-64. [PMID: 23298564 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Yaks contribute significantly in the Himalayan high land economy. Specific information on prevalence of babesiosis in yaks is lacking. A fast and reliable PCR assay targeting Babesia bigemina small subunit ribosomal RNA sequence (SS rRNA) was laboratory standardized for molecular detection of B. bigemina in yaks. Restriction digestion of the PCR amplified 675 bp target sequence with Vsp I confirmed the prevalent species of Babesia as B. bigemina. Nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of PCR amplified 675 bp SS rRNA sequence revealed a close genetic relationship with other bovine isolates of B. bigemina. A PCR based survey involving 94 blood samples of yak from the National Research Centre on Yak, Dirang, Arunachal Pradesh detected infection in 5.32% of yak blood samples, which was significantly higher in comparison to microscope based detection of infection in 2.13% blood smears. This is the first report on sensitive PCR based detection of B. bigemina infection in yaks and PCR-RFLP and nucleotide sequence analysis based molecular characterization of the B. bigemina isolated from yaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Saravanan
- National Research Centre on Yak, Dirang, Arunachal Pradesh 790 101, India.
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Gupta PSP, Ravindra JP, Nandi S, Raghu HM, Ramesha KP. Isolation of an Oocyte Stimulatory Peptide from the Ovarian Follicular Fluid of Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Asian Australas J Anim Sci 2005. [DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2005.1557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Khosravinia H, Murthy HNN, Ramesha KP, Govindaiah MG. Multi Trait Selection with Restriction for Cutup Carcass Value in Broiler Chicken: Genetic Relatedness of Lines Involved Based on Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA. Asian Australas J Anim Sci 2005. [DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2005.1535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Appannavar MM, Govindaiah MG, Ramesha KP. Genetic Distance Study among Deoni Breed of Cattle Using Random Amplified DNA Markers. Asian Australas J Anim Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2003.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Ramesha KP, Saravanan T, Rao MK, Appannavar MM, Obi Reddy A. Genetic Distance among South Indian Breeds of Zebu Cattle Using Random Amplified DNA Markers. Asian Australas J Anim Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2002.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Ramesha KP, Goswami SL. Chromosome analysis of Murrah buffalo () spermatozoa using zona-free hamster oocytes. Theriogenology 1994; 42:297-305. [PMID: 16727537 DOI: 10.1016/0093-691x(94)90274-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/1992] [Accepted: 05/25/1994] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
An interspectific in vitro fertilization system was adopted to analyse sperm chromosomes of Murrah buffalo (Bubalus bubalis ). Superovulation was induced in mature female golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus ) to obtain a large number of oocytes. The zona pellucidae were digested by trypsin treatment. Zona free hamster oocytes were penetrated by buffalo spermatozoa capacitated with calcium ionophore A23187. Fertilized ova were cultured in TC 199 medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (FCS). Podophyllotoxin and vinblastine were used to interrupt karyogamy and tubulin polymerization, respectively. Oocytes were fixed by modified gradual fixation air drying method. Slides were stained with 2% Giemsa for 45 min. Analyzable metaphase chromosome spreads were obtained from 22.4+/-3.8% of the penetrated oocytes. Of the 70 sexed spermatozoa, 38 were X-bearing and 32 were Y-bearing spematozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Ramesha
- Southern Regional Station National Dairy Research Institute Adugodi, Bangalore-560030, India
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