Use of DNA barcode in the identification of fish eggs in tributaries of the Paranapanema River basin

Fish eggs are often excluded from identification analysis since at this stage of development there are few morphological characters. The correct identification of eggs can provide important information about spawning areas of species. The current work aimed to identify fish eggs in the Tibagi and Cinzas Rivers using the DNA barcode to obtain information on richness and diversity, adding to the existing data in the area. Of the 928 sequences analyzed using the BOLD Systems database, 99.78% were able to be identified at a specific level, demonstrating a high success rate for egg identification. The samples resulted in 25 species, 11 families, and 2 orders. Of the 25 species found, more than half (60%) present reproductive migration behavior, indicating that the tributaries of the Capivara reservoir are being used as a migratory route by these species. Eggs of rare and endangered species were found, indicating these tributaries as spawning grounds for these species. The results demonstrate the importance of identifying fish eggs in reservoir-influenced environments to recognize breeding areas of native and endangered species, as well as the importance of the Tibagi and Cinzas Rivers for the maintenance of native fish species in the Paranapanema River.

CCL5 protein level: influence on breast cancer staging and lymph nodes commitment

Many tumor cells express chemokines and chemokine receptors, and these molecules can contribute to distinct modes of metastasis processes. It is known that they play a crucial role in breast cancer (BC) tumorigenesis and progression. Considering this, it was investigated a possible role for C-Chemokine receptor type 5(CCR5) polymorphism (rs333/delta32) by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and CCL5 (C-C motif chemokine ligand 5) protein level by immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 47 BC patients (resulting in 47 tumoral tissue samples and 47 adjacent normal tissue samples). There was a significant difference between CCL5 level in tumoral and adjacent normal tissues for the same BC patients (p < 0.0001). A significant association was also found for CCL5 level in relation to lymph nodes commitment (p = 0.03). Likewise, there was a significant difference in CCL5 level from tumor tissue of stage III in relation to stage I (p < 0.02). On the other hand, it was verified that CCR5-delta32 polymorphism presented no significant association in relation to CCL5 protein level. Considering the present findings, we suggest that CCL5 may be involved in BC staging and metastasis process.

Observation of two types of charge-density-wave orders in superconducting La2-xSrxCuO4

The discovery of charge- and spin-density-wave (CDW/SDW) orders in superconducting cuprates has altered our perspective on the nature of high-temperature superconductivity (SC). However, it has proven difficult to fully elucidate the relationship between the density wave orders and SC. Here, using resonant soft X-ray scattering, we study the archetypal cuprate La_2-xSr_xCuO₄ (LSCO) over a broad doping range. We reveal the existence of two types of CDW orders in LSCO, namely CDW stripe order and CDW short-range order (SRO). While the CDW-SRO is suppressed by SC, it is partially transformed into the CDW stripe order with developing SDW stripe order near the superconducting T_c. These findings indicate that the stripe orders and SC are inhomogeneously distributed in the superconducting CuO₂ planes of LSCO. This further suggests a new perspective on the putative pair-density-wave order that coexists with SC, SDW, and CDW orders.

To fully elucidate the relationship between density wave orders and superconductivity in high-T_c cuprates remains difficult. Here, the authors reveal two types of charge-density-wave orders and their intertwined relationship with spin-density-wave order and superconductivity in La_2-xSr_xCuO_4.

HER2 Ile655Val polymorphism is negatively associated with breast cancer susceptibility

BACKGROUND

The HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor-2) Ile655Val (rs1136201) genetic polymorphism can alter the receptor structure and its auto-activation, which can modify the signal transduction and, consequently, the cell cycle regulation. For this reason, this polymorphism has been extensively investigated as a candidate marker for breast cancer (BC). In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the possible influence of HER2 Ile655Val in BC susceptibility and prognostic factors in a Brazilian population.

METHODS

Polymorphism genotype was assessed through RFLP-PCR in 107 BC patients with clinicopathological data available and in 150 women with no evidence of neoplasia and with no familial history of BC as control group. Association between this polymorphism and BC susceptibility and clinical parameters was evaluated through odds ratio (OR) and chi-squared or Fisher's exact test, respectively.

RESULTS

A significant negative association between valine allele and BC susceptibility in dominant model was found (OR 0.5; 95% CI 0.27-0.93, P = .036). No significant association was found in relation to BC clinicopathological features (tumor size, lymph nodes commitment, histological grade, HER2 overexpression, hormonal receptors, p53, and Ki-67).

CONCLUSION

Although this polymorphism did not demonstrate potential as a prognostic marker, it may be a suitable susceptibility marker for BC.

Secretion of tetrain, a Tetrahymena cysteine protease, as a mature enzyme and its identification as a member of the cathepsin L subfamily

A protease in the culture medium of Tetrahymena pyriformis was purified to homogeneity. The purified protease had an apparent molecular mass of 28 kDa on SDS/PAGE. The amino acid sequences of the N-terminal and internal peptides of the protease showed complete identity with those of tetrain, an enzyme previously reported as a Tetrahymena cysteine protease but not characterized in detail. Two overlapping cDNA clones for tetrain were sequenced, and the nucleotide sequence predicts that these clones encode a 330-amino acid protein composed of a 16-residue N-terminal signal sequence followed by a 103-residue propeptide and a 211-residue mature protease. The primary structure and enzymatic properties support the conclusion that tetrain belongs to the cathepsin L subfamily. Immunoblotting analyses showed that mature tetrain was found exclusively in the culture medium. Immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrated that tetrain was concentrated in or around the food vacuoles of cells in the late logarithmic phase, but the staining of food vacuoles was not obvious in the stationary phase. These results suggest that tetrain is synthesized at the logarithmic phase and is secreted into the culture medium as a mature form.

Release of a newly-identified cysteine protease, tetrain, from Tetrahymena into culture medium during the cell growth

Protease activity in the culture medium of Tetrahymena pyriformis markedly increased during the growth of the ciliate. The protease activity in the culture medium was purified by sequential column chromatographies. The purified protease had an apparent molecular mass of 28 kDa. N-terminal amino acid sequencing analysis suggested that the protease is a mature form of cysteine protease. Requirements of free sulfhydryl groups for activity and sensitivity to N-tosyl-L-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone and Na-p-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone also indicated that the protease is a member of the papain family of cysteine proteases. The protease was designated as tetrain. Immunoblotting analyses showed that tetrain was present in higher amount in the culture medium in the stationary phase than in the logarithmic phase. Tetrain has high activities at neutral to alkaline pH values. This suggests that tetrain has functional roles in the culture medium in the stationary phase, because the pH of the culture medium became alkaline with the progress of Tetrahymena growth.