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Brobak KM, Halvorsen LV, Aass HCD, Søraas CL, Aune A, Olsen E, Bergland OU, Rognstad S, Blom KB, Birkeland JAK, Høieggen A, Larstorp ACK, Solbu MD. Novel biomarkers in patients with uncontrolled hypertension with and without kidney damage. Blood Press 2024; 33:2323980. [PMID: 38606688 DOI: 10.1080/08037051.2024.2323980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and urine albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) are insensitive biomarkers for early detection of hypertension-mediated organ damage (HMOD). In this nationwide cross-sectional study, we assessed potential biomarkers for early HMOD in healthy persons and patients with hypertension. We hypothesised that plasma levels of biomarkers: (1) are different between healthy controls and patients with hypertension, (2): can classify patients with hypertension according to the degree of hypertension severity. DESIGN AND METHODS Patients with hypertension prescribed ≥2 antihypertensive agents were selected from a multicentre study. Healthy controls were selected from an ongoing study of living kidney donor candidates. Uncontrolled hypertension was defined as systolic daytime ambulatory blood pressure ≥135 mmHg. Kidney HMOD was defined by ACR > 3.0 mg/mmol or eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Patients with hypertension were categorised into three groups: (1) controlled hypertension; (2) uncontrolled hypertension without kidney HMOD; (3) uncontrolled hypertension with kidney HMOD. Fifteen biomarkers were analysed using a Luminex bead-based immunoassay, and nine fell within the specified analytical range. RESULTS Plasma levels of Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and uromodulin were significantly different between healthy controls (n = 39) and patients with hypertension (n = 176). In regression models, with controlled hypertension (n = 55) as the reference category, none of the biomarkers were associated with uncontrolled hypertension without (n = 59) and with (n = 62) kidney HMOD. In models adjusted for cardiovascular risk factors and eGFR, osteopontin (OPN) was associated with uncontrolled hypertension without kidney HMOD (odds ratio (OR) 1.77 (1.05-2.98), p = 0.03), and regulated upon activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) with uncontrolled hypertension with kidney HMOD (OR 0.57 (0.34-0.95), p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS None of the biomarkers could differentiate our hypertension groups when established risk factors were considered. Plasma OPN may identify patients with uncontrolled hypertension at risk for kidney HMOD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Marius Brobak
- Section of Nephrology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Metabolic and Renal Research Group, UiT The Artic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Lene V Halvorsen
- Department of Nephrology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Section for Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Camilla L Søraas
- Section for Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- Section for Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arleen Aune
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Eirik Olsen
- Clinic of Emergency Medicine and Prehospital Care, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, University of Trondheim, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ola Undrum Bergland
- Section for Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stine Rognstad
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Section for Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pharmacology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjersti B Blom
- Department of Nephrology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, and KG Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Aud Høieggen
- Department of Nephrology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Section for Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Cecilie K Larstorp
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Section for Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marit D Solbu
- Section of Nephrology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Metabolic and Renal Research Group, UiT The Artic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Halvorsen LV, Søraas CL, Larstorp ACK, Hjørnholm U, Kjær VN, Liestøl K, Aune A, Olsen E, Brobak KM, Bergland OU, Rognstad S, Aarskog NR, Heimark S, Fadl Elmula FEM, Gerdts E, Mo R, Solbu MD, Opdal MS, Kjeldsen SE, Rostrup M, Høieggen A. Effect of Drug Monitoring on Adherence and Blood Pressure: A Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial. Am J Hypertens 2024:hpae059. [PMID: 38713475 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpae059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug concentration in blood or urine is an acknowledged method to detect non-adherence. Observational studies suggest that informing patients about low or absent serum drug levels improves blood pressure (BP). We performed a multicenter randomized clinical trial to test the hypothesis that therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) could improve drug adherence and BP in patients with uncontrolled hypertension and reduced adherence to antihypertensive drugs. METHODS Patients were ≥18 years on stable treatment with at least two antihypertensive agents. We planned to randomize 80 non-adherent patients with a systolic daytime ambulatory BP (ABPM) ≥135 mmHg to TDM-intervention or not. The control group and the study-personnel who measured BP remained uninformed about serum drug measurements throughout. All patients and physicians were blinded for BPs. Lifestyle advice and detailed information on disease process and importance of BP treatment were given to both groups. RESULTS From 2017 to 2022, we randomized 46 diagnosed non-adherent from a total of 606 patients with uncontrolled hypertension. The TDM-group had a 6.7 (±14.5) mmHg reduction from 147.9 (±10.3) to 141.1 (±14.1) mmHg, and the control group experienced a 7.3 (±13.2) mmHg reduction from 147.1 (±9.2) to 139.1 (±17.4) mmHg, p=0.9 between groups. Adherence improved in both groups, 73% in the TDM group and 59% in the control group became adherent at three months, p=0.51. CONCLUSIONS In our prospective multicenter clinical trial of uncontrolled and non-adherent hypertensive patients, we found no additional effect of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) on blood pressure and drug adherence compared with standard care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lene V Halvorsen
- Department of Nephrology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- Section for Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Camilla L Søraas
- Section for Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- Section for Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Cecilie K Larstorp
- Section for Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ulla Hjørnholm
- Section for Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vibeke N Kjær
- Section for Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Liestøl
- Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arleen Aune
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Eirik Olsen
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Emergency Medicine, St. Olav`s University Hospital; Trondheim, Norway
| | - Karl Marius Brobak
- Metabolic and Renal Research Group, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Section of Nephrology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ola U Bergland
- Section for Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stine Rognstad
- Section for Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pharmacology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nikolai R Aarskog
- Section for Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Acute Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sondre Heimark
- Department of Nephrology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- Section for Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Eva Gerdts
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rune Mo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, St. Olav`s University Hospital; Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Cardiology, Trondheim University Hospital, Norway
| | - Marit D Solbu
- Metabolic and Renal Research Group, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Section of Nephrology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Mimi S Opdal
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pharmacology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sverre E Kjeldsen
- Department of Nephrology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- Section for Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Morten Rostrup
- Section for Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Acute Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Aud Høieggen
- Department of Nephrology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- Section for Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Aune A, Ohldieck A, Halvorsen LV, Brobak KM, Olsen E, Rognstad S, Larstorp ACK, Søraas CL, Rossebø AB, Rösner A, Grytaas MA, Gerdts E. Gender Differences in Cardiac Organ Damage in Arterial Hypertension: Assessing the Role of Drug Nonadherence. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 2024; 31:157-166. [PMID: 38530572 PMCID: PMC11043164 DOI: 10.1007/s40292-024-00632-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cardiac organ damage like left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy and left atrial (LA) enlargement is more prevalent in women than men with hypertension, but the mechanisms underlying this gender difference remain unclear. METHODS We tested the association of drug nonadherence with the presence of LV hypertrophy and LA enlargement by echocardiography in 186 women and 337 men with uncontrolled hypertension defined as daytime systolic blood pressure (BP) ≥ 135mmHg despite the prescription of at least two antihypertensive drugs. Drug adherence was assessed by measurements of serum drug concentrations interpreted by an experienced pharmacologist. Aldosterone-renin-ratio (ARR) was measured on actual medication. RESULTS Women had a higher prevalence of LV hypertrophy (46% vs. 33%) and LA enlargement (79% vs 65%, both p < 0.05) than men, while drug nonadherence (8% vs. 9%, p > 0.514) did not differ. Women were older and had lower serum renin concentration and higher ARR than men, while 24-h systolic BP (141 ± 9 mmHg vs. 142 ± 9 mmHg), and the prevalences of obesity (43% vs. 50%) did not differ (all p > 0.10). In multivariable analyses, female gender was independently associated with a two-fold increased risk of LV hypertrophy (OR 2.01[95% CI 1.30-3.10], p = 0.002) and LA enlargement (OR 1.90 [95% CI 1.17-3.10], p = 0.010), while no association with drug nonadherence was found. Higher ARR was independently associated with LV hypertrophy in men only (OR 2.12 [95% CI 1.12-4.00] p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Among patients with uncontrolled hypertension, the higher prevalence of LV hypertrophy and LA enlargement in women was not explained by differences in drug nonadherence. REGISTRATION URL: https://www. CLINICALTRIALS gov ; Unique identifier: NCT03209154.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arleen Aune
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Bergen, P.P. box 7804, 5020, Bergen, Norway.
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Annabel Ohldieck
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Bergen, P.P. box 7804, 5020, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lene V Halvorsen
- Section for Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Nephrology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Karl Marius Brobak
- Section of Nephrology, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Renal Research Group, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Eirik Olsen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Stine Rognstad
- Section for Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pharmacology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Cecilie K Larstorp
- Section for Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Camilla L Søraas
- Section for Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Section for Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne B Rossebø
- Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Assami Rösner
- Department of Clinical Medicine, UIT, The Arctic University, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Eva Gerdts
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Bergen, P.P. box 7804, 5020, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Brobak KM, Melsom T, Eriksen BO, Høieggen A, Norvik JV, Solbu MD. The Association between Urinary Sodium-Potassium Ratio, Kidney Function, and Blood Pressure in a Cohort from the General Population. Kidney Blood Press Res 2024; 49:184-195. [PMID: 38382490 DOI: 10.1159/000535977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Subclinical kidney dysfunction may contribute to salt-sensitive hypertension. We assessed the association between the urinary sodium-potassium ratio (Na/K ratio) and blood pressure (BP) in a general population cohort without diabetes, chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, or treated hypertension. We investigated whether any such association was mediated by the kidney function markers measured glomerular filtration rate (mGFR), urinary albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR), and urinary epidermal growth factor-creatinine ratio (EGF-Cr). METHODS The Tromsø Study is a population-based study of inhabitants of the municipality of Tromsø, Northern Norway. Participants aged 50-62 years, without diabetes, chronic kidney disease, or cardiovascular disease, were invited to the substudy Renal Iohexol Clearance Survey in Tromsø 6 (RENIS-T6; 2007-09). For the present study, we excluded participants reporting the use of 1 or more antihypertensive agents, leaving 1,311 RENIS-T6 participants for a cross-sectional analysis. We measured office BP, 24-h ambulatory blood pressure (ABP), and mGFR using iohexol clearance. Na/K ratio, ACR, and EGF-Cr were measured in morning urine samples. RESULTS Urinary Na/K ratio was significantly associated with systolic office BP and ABP independently of cardiovascular risk factors and kidney function markers. A one-standard deviation unit increase in the Na/K ratio was associated with increased systolic ABP by 1.0 (0.3-1.6) mm Hg. Urinary Na/K ratio showed a stronger association with office BP than ABP. EGF-Cr, ACR, and mGFR did not mediate the relationship between urinary Na/K ratio and systolic BP. CONCLUSIONS In a representative sample of the middle-aged North-European population without diabetes, chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, or treated hypertension, there was a consistent association between urinary Na/K ratio and BP. The association with BP was not mediated through kidney function measures, suggesting a relationship between a diet with high sodium and low potassium and higher BP regardless of kidney function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Marius Brobak
- Section of Nephrology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Metabolic and Renal Research Group, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Toralf Melsom
- Section of Nephrology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Metabolic and Renal Research Group, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Bjørn Odvar Eriksen
- Section of Nephrology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Metabolic and Renal Research Group, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Aud Høieggen
- Department of Nephrology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jon Viljar Norvik
- Section of Nephrology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Metabolic and Renal Research Group, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Marit Dahl Solbu
- Section of Nephrology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Metabolic and Renal Research Group, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Bergland OU, Halvorsen LV, Søraas CL, Hjørnholm U, Kjær VN, Rognstad S, Brobak KM, Aune A, Olsen E, Fauchald YM, Heimark S, Thorstensen CW, Liestøl K, Solbu MD, Gerdts E, Mo R, Rostrup M, Kjeldsen SE, Høieggen A, Opdal MS, Larstorp ACK, Fadl Elmula FEM. Detection of Nonadherence to Antihypertensive Treatment by Measurements of Serum Drug Concentrations. Hypertension 2021; 78:617-628. [PMID: 34275336 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.121.17514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Undrum Bergland
- From the Section for Cardiovascular and Renal Research (O.U.B., L.V.H., C.L.S., U.H., V.N.K., S.R., Y.M.F., S.H., M.R., S.E.K., A.H., A.C.K.L., F.E.M.F.E.).,Oslo University Hospital Ullevål; Institute of Clinical Medicine (O.U.B., L.V.H., S.R., S.H., S.E.K., A.H., A.C.K.L.), University of Oslo
| | - Lene V Halvorsen
- From the Section for Cardiovascular and Renal Research (O.U.B., L.V.H., C.L.S., U.H., V.N.K., S.R., Y.M.F., S.H., M.R., S.E.K., A.H., A.C.K.L., F.E.M.F.E.).,Department of Nephrology (L.V.H., S.H., A.H.).,Oslo University Hospital Ullevål; Institute of Clinical Medicine (O.U.B., L.V.H., S.R., S.H., S.E.K., A.H., A.C.K.L.), University of Oslo
| | - Camilla L Søraas
- From the Section for Cardiovascular and Renal Research (O.U.B., L.V.H., C.L.S., U.H., V.N.K., S.R., Y.M.F., S.H., M.R., S.E.K., A.H., A.C.K.L., F.E.M.F.E.).,Section for Environmental and Occupational Medicine (C.L.S.)
| | - Ulla Hjørnholm
- From the Section for Cardiovascular and Renal Research (O.U.B., L.V.H., C.L.S., U.H., V.N.K., S.R., Y.M.F., S.H., M.R., S.E.K., A.H., A.C.K.L., F.E.M.F.E.)
| | - Vibeke N Kjær
- From the Section for Cardiovascular and Renal Research (O.U.B., L.V.H., C.L.S., U.H., V.N.K., S.R., Y.M.F., S.H., M.R., S.E.K., A.H., A.C.K.L., F.E.M.F.E.)
| | - Stine Rognstad
- From the Section for Cardiovascular and Renal Research (O.U.B., L.V.H., C.L.S., U.H., V.N.K., S.R., Y.M.F., S.H., M.R., S.E.K., A.H., A.C.K.L., F.E.M.F.E.).,Department of Pharmacology (S.R., C.W.T., M.S.O.).,Oslo University Hospital Ullevål; Institute of Clinical Medicine (O.U.B., L.V.H., S.R., S.H., S.E.K., A.H., A.C.K.L.), University of Oslo
| | - Karl Marius Brobak
- Metabolic and Renal Research Group (K.M.B., M.D.S.), University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø.,UiT The Arctic University of Norway, and Section of Nephrology (K.M.B., M.D.S.), University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø
| | - Arleen Aune
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen (A.A., E.G.).,Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen (A.A., E.G.)
| | - Eirik Olsen
- Department of Cardiology, Trondheim University Hospital, University of Trondheim (E.O., R.M.)
| | - Ylva M Fauchald
- From the Section for Cardiovascular and Renal Research (O.U.B., L.V.H., C.L.S., U.H., V.N.K., S.R., Y.M.F., S.H., M.R., S.E.K., A.H., A.C.K.L., F.E.M.F.E.)
| | - Sondre Heimark
- From the Section for Cardiovascular and Renal Research (O.U.B., L.V.H., C.L.S., U.H., V.N.K., S.R., Y.M.F., S.H., M.R., S.E.K., A.H., A.C.K.L., F.E.M.F.E.).,Department of Nephrology (L.V.H., S.H., A.H.).,Oslo University Hospital Ullevål; Institute of Clinical Medicine (O.U.B., L.V.H., S.R., S.H., S.E.K., A.H., A.C.K.L.), University of Oslo
| | | | - Knut Liestøl
- Department of Informatics (K.L.), University of Oslo
| | - Marit D Solbu
- Metabolic and Renal Research Group (K.M.B., M.D.S.), University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø.,UiT The Arctic University of Norway, and Section of Nephrology (K.M.B., M.D.S.), University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø
| | - Eva Gerdts
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen (A.A., E.G.).,Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen (A.A., E.G.)
| | - Rune Mo
- Department of Cardiology, Trondheim University Hospital, University of Trondheim (E.O., R.M.)
| | - Morten Rostrup
- From the Section for Cardiovascular and Renal Research (O.U.B., L.V.H., C.L.S., U.H., V.N.K., S.R., Y.M.F., S.H., M.R., S.E.K., A.H., A.C.K.L., F.E.M.F.E.).,Department of Acute Medicine (M.R., F.E.M.F.E.).,Department of Behavioral Sciences, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences (M.R.), University of Oslo
| | - Sverre E Kjeldsen
- From the Section for Cardiovascular and Renal Research (O.U.B., L.V.H., C.L.S., U.H., V.N.K., S.R., Y.M.F., S.H., M.R., S.E.K., A.H., A.C.K.L., F.E.M.F.E.).,Department of Cardiology (S.E.K.).,Oslo University Hospital Ullevål; Institute of Clinical Medicine (O.U.B., L.V.H., S.R., S.H., S.E.K., A.H., A.C.K.L.), University of Oslo
| | - Aud Høieggen
- From the Section for Cardiovascular and Renal Research (O.U.B., L.V.H., C.L.S., U.H., V.N.K., S.R., Y.M.F., S.H., M.R., S.E.K., A.H., A.C.K.L., F.E.M.F.E.).,Department of Nephrology (L.V.H., S.H., A.H.).,Oslo University Hospital Ullevål; Institute of Clinical Medicine (O.U.B., L.V.H., S.R., S.H., S.E.K., A.H., A.C.K.L.), University of Oslo
| | - Mimi S Opdal
- Department of Pharmacology (S.R., C.W.T., M.S.O.)
| | - Anne Cecilie K Larstorp
- From the Section for Cardiovascular and Renal Research (O.U.B., L.V.H., C.L.S., U.H., V.N.K., S.R., Y.M.F., S.H., M.R., S.E.K., A.H., A.C.K.L., F.E.M.F.E.).,Department of Medical Biochemistry (A.C.K.L.).,Oslo University Hospital Ullevål; Institute of Clinical Medicine (O.U.B., L.V.H., S.R., S.H., S.E.K., A.H., A.C.K.L.), University of Oslo
| | - Fadl Elmula M Fadl Elmula
- From the Section for Cardiovascular and Renal Research (O.U.B., L.V.H., C.L.S., U.H., V.N.K., S.R., Y.M.F., S.H., M.R., S.E.K., A.H., A.C.K.L., F.E.M.F.E.).,Department of Acute Medicine (M.R., F.E.M.F.E.)
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