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Johnston KJA, Signer R, Huckins LM. Chronic Overlapping Pain Conditions and Nociplastic Pain. medRxiv 2024:2023.06.27.23291959. [PMID: 38766033 PMCID: PMC11100847 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.27.23291959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Chronic Overlapping Pain Conditions (COPCs) are a subset of chronic pain conditions commonly comorbid with one another and more prevalent in women and assigned female at birth (AFAB) individuals. Pain experience in these conditions may better fit with a new mechanistic pain descriptor, nociplastic pain, and nociplastic type pain may represent a shared underlying factor among COPCs. We applied GenomicSEM common-factor genome wide association study (GWAS) and multivariate transcriptome-wide association (TWAS) analyses to existing GWAS output for six COPCs in order to find genetic variation associated with nociplastic type pain, followed by genetic correlation (linkage-disequilibrium score regression), gene-set and tissue enrichment analyses. We found 24 independent single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and 127 unique genes significantly associated with nociplastic type pain, and showed nociplastic type pain to be a polygenic trait with significant SNP-heritability. We found significant genetic overlap between multisite chronic pain and nociplastic type pain, and to a smaller extent with rheumatoid arthritis and a neuropathic pain phenotype. Tissue enrichment analyses highlighted cardiac and thyroid tissue, and gene set enrichment analyses emphasized potential shared mechanisms in cognitive, personality, and metabolic traits and nociplastic type pain along with distinct pathology in migraine and headache. We use a well-powered network approach to investigate nociplastic type pain using existing COPC GWAS output, and show nociplastic type pain to be a complex, heritable trait, in addition to contributing to understanding of potential mechanisms in development of nociplastic pain.
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Johnston KJA, Cote AC, Hicks E, Johnson J, Huckins LM. Genetically Regulated Gene Expression in the Brain Associated With Chronic Pain: Relationships With Clinical Traits and Potential for Drug Repurposing. Biol Psychiatry 2024; 95:745-761. [PMID: 37678542 PMCID: PMC10924073 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic pain is a common, poorly understood condition. Genetic studies including genome-wide association studies have identified many relevant variants, which have yet to be translated into full understanding of chronic pain. Transcriptome-wide association studies using transcriptomic imputation methods such as S-PrediXcan can help bridge this genotype-phenotype gap. METHODS We carried out transcriptomic imputation using S-PrediXcan to identify genetically regulated gene expression associated with multisite chronic pain in 13 brain tissues and whole blood. Then, we imputed genetically regulated gene expression for over 31,000 Mount Sinai BioMe participants and performed a phenome-wide association study to investigate clinical relationships in chronic pain-associated gene expression changes. RESULTS We identified 95 experiment-wide significant gene-tissue associations (p < 7.97 × 10-7), including 36 unique genes and an additional 134 gene-tissue associations reaching within-tissue significance, including 53 additional unique genes. Of the 89 unique genes in total, 59 were novel for multisite chronic pain and 18 are established drug targets. Chronic pain genetically regulated gene expression for 10 unique genes was significantly associated with cardiac dysrhythmia, metabolic syndrome, disc disorders/dorsopathies, joint/ligament sprain, anemias, and neurologic disorder phecodes. Phenome-wide association study analyses adjusting for mean pain score showed that associations were not driven by mean pain score. CONCLUSIONS We carried out the largest transcriptomic imputation study of any chronic pain trait to date. Results highlight potential causal genes in chronic pain development and tissue and direction of effect. Several gene results were also drug targets. Phenome-wide association study results showed significant associations for phecodes including cardiac dysrhythmia and metabolic syndrome, thereby indicating potential shared mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keira J A Johnston
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
| | - Alanna C Cote
- Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genetics, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Emily Hicks
- Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genetics, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Jessica Johnson
- School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Laura M Huckins
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
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Zhou H, Kember RL, Deak JD, Xu H, Toikumo S, Yuan K, Lind PA, Farajzadeh L, Wang L, Hatoum AS, Johnson J, Lee H, Mallard TT, Xu J, Johnston KJA, Johnson EC, Nielsen TT, Galimberti M, Dao C, Levey DF, Overstreet C, Byrne EM, Gillespie NA, Gordon S, Hickie IB, Whitfield JB, Xu K, Zhao H, Huckins LM, Davis LK, Sanchez-Roige S, Madden PAF, Heath AC, Medland SE, Martin NG, Ge T, Smoller JW, Hougaard DM, Børglum AD, Demontis D, Krystal JH, Gaziano JM, Edenberg HJ, Agrawal A, Justice AC, Stein MB, Kranzler HR, Gelernter J. Multi-ancestry study of the genetics of problematic alcohol use in over 1 million individuals. Nat Med 2023; 29:3184-3192. [PMID: 38062264 PMCID: PMC10719093 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02653-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Problematic alcohol use (PAU), a trait that combines alcohol use disorder and alcohol-related problems assessed with a questionnaire, is a leading cause of death and morbidity worldwide. Here we conducted a large cross-ancestry meta-analysis of PAU in 1,079,947 individuals (European, N = 903,147; African, N = 122,571; Latin American, N = 38,962; East Asian, N = 13,551; and South Asian, N = 1,716 ancestries). We observed a high degree of cross-ancestral similarity in the genetic architecture of PAU and identified 110 independent risk variants in within- and cross-ancestry analyses. Cross-ancestry fine mapping improved the identification of likely causal variants. Prioritizing genes through gene expression and chromatin interaction in brain tissues identified multiple genes associated with PAU. We identified existing medications for potential pharmacological studies by a computational drug repurposing analysis. Cross-ancestry polygenic risk scores showed better performance of association in independent samples than single-ancestry polygenic risk scores. Genetic correlations between PAU and other traits were observed in multiple ancestries, with other substance use traits having the highest correlations. This study advances our knowledge of the genetic etiology of PAU, and these findings may bring possible clinical applicability of genetics insights-together with neuroscience, biology and data science-closer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA.
- Section of Biomedical Informatics and Data Science, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Rachel L Kember
- Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joseph D Deak
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Heng Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sylvanus Toikumo
- Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kai Yuan
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Penelope A Lind
- Psychiatric Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Leila Farajzadeh
- Department of Biomedicine - Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alexander S Hatoum
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jessica Johnson
- Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hyunjoon Lee
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Travis T Mallard
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jiayi Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Emma C Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Trine Tollerup Nielsen
- Department of Biomedicine - Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marco Galimberti
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Cecilia Dao
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Daniel F Levey
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Cassie Overstreet
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Enda M Byrne
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nathan A Gillespie
- Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Scott Gordon
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ian B Hickie
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John B Whitfield
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Laura M Huckins
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lea K Davis
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sandra Sanchez-Roige
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Pamela A F Madden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Andrew C Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sarah E Medland
- Psychiatric Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tian Ge
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Precision Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jordan W Smoller
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Precision Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David M Hougaard
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders D Børglum
- Department of Biomedicine - Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ditte Demontis
- Department of Biomedicine - Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Genomic Mechanisms of Disease, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - John H Krystal
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- National Center for PTSD, US Department of Veterans Affairs, West Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Health Services, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - J Michael Gaziano
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology and Research Information Center (MAVERIC), Boston Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Aging and Preventative Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Howard J Edenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Arpana Agrawal
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Amy C Justice
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Murray B Stein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Psychiatry Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Henry R Kranzler
- Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Rajan Babu A, Ghazzal S, Alrowaiei AH, Johnston KJA, Alansari B. Labour epidural in a patient with neurofibromatosis type 1 or von Recklinghausen's disease: a shift in recommendations? Int J Obstet Anesth 2023; 53:103616. [PMID: 36529573 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijoa.2022.103616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Rajan Babu
- King Hamad University Hospital, Busaiteen, Bahrain.
| | - S Ghazzal
- King Hamad University Hospital, Busaiteen, Bahrain
| | | | | | - B Alansari
- King Hamad University Hospital, Busaiteen, Bahrain
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Johnston KJA, Ward J, Ray PR, Adams MJ, McIntosh AM, Smith BH, Strawbridge RJ, Price TJ, Smith DJ, Nicholl BI, Bailey MES. Sex-stratified genome-wide association study of multisite chronic pain in UK Biobank. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009428. [PMID: 33830993 PMCID: PMC8031124 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is highly prevalent worldwide and imparts a significant socioeconomic and public health burden. Factors influencing susceptibility to, and mechanisms of, chronic pain development, are not fully understood, but sex is thought to play a significant role, and chronic pain is more prevalent in women than in men. To investigate sex differences in chronic pain, we carried out a sex-stratified genome-wide association study of Multisite Chronic Pain (MCP), a derived chronic pain phenotype, in UK Biobank on 178,556 men and 209,093 women, as well as investigating sex-specific genetic correlations with a range of psychiatric, autoimmune and anthropometric phenotypes and the relationship between sex-specific polygenic risk scores for MCP and chronic widespread pain. We also assessed whether MCP-associated genes showed expression pattern enrichment across tissues. A total of 123 SNPs at five independent loci were significantly associated with MCP in men. In women, a total of 286 genome-wide significant SNPs at ten independent loci were discovered. Meta-analysis of sex-stratified GWAS outputs revealed a further 87 independent associated SNPs. Gene-level analyses revealed sex-specific MCP associations, with 31 genes significantly associated in females, 37 genes associated in males, and a single gene, DCC, associated in both sexes. We found evidence for sex-specific pleiotropy and risk for MCP was found to be associated with chronic widespread pain in a sex-differential manner. Male and female MCP were highly genetically correlated, but at an rg of significantly less than 1 (0.92). All 37 male MCP-associated genes and all but one of 31 female MCP-associated genes were found to be expressed in the dorsal root ganglion, and there was a degree of enrichment for expression in sex-specific tissues. Overall, the findings indicate that sex differences in chronic pain exist at the SNP, gene and transcript abundance level, and highlight possible sex-specific pleiotropy for MCP. Results support the proposition of a strong central nervous-system component to chronic pain in both sexes, additionally highlighting a potential role for the DRG and nociception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keira J. A. Johnston
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Joey Ward
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Pradipta R. Ray
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, United States of America
| | - Mark J. Adams
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M. McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Blair H. Smith
- Division of Population Health Sciences, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Rona J. Strawbridge
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Theodore J. Price
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Smith
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara I. Nicholl
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Mark E. S. Bailey
- School of Life Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Strawbridge RJ, Johnston KJA, Bailey MES, Baldassarre D, Cullen B, Eriksson P, deFaire U, Ferguson A, Gigante B, Giral P, Graham N, Hamsten A, Humphries SE, Kurl S, Lyall DM, Lyall LM, Pell JP, Pirro M, Savonen K, Smit AJ, Tremoli E, Tomainen TP, Veglia F, Ward J, Sennblad B, Smith DJ. The overlap of genetic susceptibility to schizophrenia and cardiometabolic disease can be used to identify metabolically different groups of individuals. Sci Rep 2021; 11:632. [PMID: 33436761 PMCID: PMC7804422 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79964-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding why individuals with severe mental illness (Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder) have increased risk of cardiometabolic disease (including obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease), and identifying those at highest risk of cardiometabolic disease are important priority areas for researchers. For individuals with European ancestry we explored whether genetic variation could identify sub-groups with different metabolic profiles. Loci associated with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder from previous genome-wide association studies and loci that were also implicated in cardiometabolic processes and diseases were selected. In the IMPROVE study (a high cardiovascular risk sample) and UK Biobank (general population sample) multidimensional scaling was applied to genetic variants implicated in both psychiatric and cardiometabolic disorders. Visual inspection of the resulting plots used to identify distinct clusters. Differences between these clusters were assessed using chi-squared and Kruskall-Wallis tests. In IMPROVE, genetic loci associated with both schizophrenia and cardiometabolic disease (but not bipolar disorder or major depressive disorder) identified three groups of individuals with distinct metabolic profiles. This grouping was replicated within UK Biobank, with somewhat less distinction between metabolic profiles. This work focused on individuals of European ancestry and is unlikely to apply to more genetically diverse populations. Overall, this study provides proof of concept that common biology underlying mental and physical illness may help to stratify subsets of individuals with different cardiometabolic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rona J Strawbridge
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Room 111, Public Health, 1 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow, G12 8RZ, UK. .,Health Data Research, London, UK. .,Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Keira J A Johnston
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Room 111, Public Health, 1 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow, G12 8RZ, UK.,Deanery of Molecular, Genetic and Population Health Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.,School of Life Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Mark E S Bailey
- School of Life Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Damiano Baldassarre
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Breda Cullen
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Room 111, Public Health, 1 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow, G12 8RZ, UK
| | - Per Eriksson
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulf deFaire
- Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Amy Ferguson
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Room 111, Public Health, 1 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow, G12 8RZ, UK.,Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Bruna Gigante
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Philippe Giral
- Service Endocrinologie-Metabolisme, Groupe Hôpitalier Pitie-Salpetriere, Unités de Prévention Cardiovasculaire, Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Nicholas Graham
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Room 111, Public Health, 1 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow, G12 8RZ, UK
| | - Anders Hamsten
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Steve E Humphries
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sudhir Kurl
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Donald M Lyall
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Room 111, Public Health, 1 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow, G12 8RZ, UK
| | - Laura M Lyall
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Room 111, Public Health, 1 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow, G12 8RZ, UK
| | - Jill P Pell
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Room 111, Public Health, 1 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow, G12 8RZ, UK
| | - Matteo Pirro
- Internal Medicine, Angiology and Arteriosclerosis Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Kai Savonen
- Foundation for Research in Health Exercise and Nutrition, Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Andries J Smit
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Tomi-Pekka Tomainen
- Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kupiou, Finland
| | | | - Joey Ward
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Room 111, Public Health, 1 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow, G12 8RZ, UK
| | - Bengt Sennblad
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Daniel J Smith
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Room 111, Public Health, 1 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow, G12 8RZ, UK
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Campbell DD, Green M, Davies N, Demou E, Ward J, Howe LD, Harrison S, Johnston KJA, Strawbridge RJ, Popham F, Smith DJ, Munafò MR, Katikireddi SV. Effects of increased body mass index on employment status: a Mendelian randomisation study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2021; 45:1790-1801. [PMID: 34158612 PMCID: PMC8310793 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-00846-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The obesity epidemic may have substantial implications for the global workforce, including causal effects on employment, but clear evidence is lacking. Obesity may prevent people from being in paid work through poor health or through social discrimination. We studied genetic variants robustly associated with body mass index (BMI) to investigate its causal effects on employment. DATASET/METHODS White UK ethnicity participants of working age (men 40-64 years, women 40-59 years), with suitable genetic data were selected in the UK Biobank study (N = 230,791). Employment status was categorised in two ways: first, contrasting being in paid employment with any other status; and second, contrasting being in paid employment with sickness/disability, unemployment, early retirement and caring for home/family. Socioeconomic indicators also investigated were hours worked, household income, educational attainment and Townsend deprivation index (TDI). We conducted observational and two-sample Mendelian randomisation (MR) analyses to investigate the effect of increased BMI on employment-related outcomes. RESULTS Regressions showed BMI associated with all the employment-related outcomes investigated. MR analyses provided evidence for higher BMI causing increased risk of sickness/disability (OR 1.08, 95% CI 1.04, 1.11, per 1 Kg/m2 BMI increase) and decreased caring for home/family (OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.93, 0.99), higher TDI (Beta 0.038, 95% CI 0.018, 0.059), and lower household income (OR 0.98, 95% CI 0.96, 0.99). In contrast, MR provided evidence for no causal effect of BMI on unemployment, early retirement, non-employment, hours worked or educational attainment. There was little evidence for causal effects differing by sex or age. Robustness tests yielded consistent results. DISCUSSION BMI appears to exert a causal effect on employment status, largely by affecting an individual's health rather than through increased unemployment arising from social discrimination. The obesity epidemic may be contributing to increased worklessness and therefore could impose a substantial societal burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desmond D. Campbell
- grid.8756.c0000 0001 2193 314XMRC/CSO Social & Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Michael Green
- grid.8756.c0000 0001 2193 314XMRC/CSO Social & Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Neil Davies
- grid.5337.20000 0004 1936 7603MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK ,grid.5947.f0000 0001 1516 2393K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Evangelia Demou
- grid.8756.c0000 0001 2193 314XMRC/CSO Social & Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Joey Ward
- grid.8756.c0000 0001 2193 314XMental Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Laura D. Howe
- grid.5337.20000 0004 1936 7603MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Sean Harrison
- grid.5337.20000 0004 1936 7603MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Keira J. A. Johnston
- grid.8756.c0000 0001 2193 314XMental Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Rona J. Strawbridge
- grid.8756.c0000 0001 2193 314XMental Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK ,Health Data Research, Glasgow, UK ,grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Frank Popham
- grid.8756.c0000 0001 2193 314XMRC/CSO Social & Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Daniel J. Smith
- grid.8756.c0000 0001 2193 314XMental Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Marcus R. Munafò
- grid.5337.20000 0004 1936 7603MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK ,grid.5337.20000 0004 1936 7603School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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8
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Morris J, Leung SSY, Bailey ME, Cullen B, Ferguson A, Graham N, Johnston KJA, Lyall DM, Lyall LM, Ward J, Smith DJ, Strawbridge RJ. Exploring the Role of Contactins across Psychological, Psychiatric and Cardiometabolic Traits within UK Biobank. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E1326. [PMID: 33182605 PMCID: PMC7697406 DOI: 10.3390/genes11111326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with severe mental illness have an increased risk of cardiometabolic diseases compared to the general population. Shared risk factors and medication effects explain part of this excess risk; however, there is growing evidence to suggest that shared biology (including genetic variation) is likely to contribute to comorbidity between mental and physical illness. Contactins are a family of genes involved in development of the nervous system and implicated, though genome-wide association studies, in a wide range of psychological, psychiatric and cardiometabolic conditions. Contactins are plausible candidates for shared pathology between mental and physical health. We used data from UK Biobank to systematically assess how genetic variation in contactin genes was associated with a wide range of psychological, psychiatric and cardiometabolic conditions. We also investigated whether associations for cardiometabolic and psychological traits represented the same or distinct signals and how the genetic variation might influence the measured traits. We identified: A novel genetic association between variation in CNTN1 and current smoking; two independent signals in CNTN4 for BMI; and demonstrated that associations between CNTN5 and neuroticism were distinct from those between CNTN5 and blood pressure/HbA1c. There was no evidence that the contactin genes contributed to shared aetiology between physical and mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Morris
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8RZ, UK; (J.M.); (S.S.Y.L.); (B.C.); (A.F.); (N.G.); (K.J.A.J.); (D.M.L.); (L.M.L.); (J.W.); (D.J.S.)
| | - Soddy Sau Yu Leung
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8RZ, UK; (J.M.); (S.S.Y.L.); (B.C.); (A.F.); (N.G.); (K.J.A.J.); (D.M.L.); (L.M.L.); (J.W.); (D.J.S.)
| | - Mark E.S. Bailey
- School of Life Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK;
| | - Breda Cullen
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8RZ, UK; (J.M.); (S.S.Y.L.); (B.C.); (A.F.); (N.G.); (K.J.A.J.); (D.M.L.); (L.M.L.); (J.W.); (D.J.S.)
| | - Amy Ferguson
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8RZ, UK; (J.M.); (S.S.Y.L.); (B.C.); (A.F.); (N.G.); (K.J.A.J.); (D.M.L.); (L.M.L.); (J.W.); (D.J.S.)
| | - Nicholas Graham
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8RZ, UK; (J.M.); (S.S.Y.L.); (B.C.); (A.F.); (N.G.); (K.J.A.J.); (D.M.L.); (L.M.L.); (J.W.); (D.J.S.)
| | - Keira J. A. Johnston
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8RZ, UK; (J.M.); (S.S.Y.L.); (B.C.); (A.F.); (N.G.); (K.J.A.J.); (D.M.L.); (L.M.L.); (J.W.); (D.J.S.)
- School of Life Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK;
- Deanery of Molecular, Genetic and Population Health Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK
| | - Donald M. Lyall
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8RZ, UK; (J.M.); (S.S.Y.L.); (B.C.); (A.F.); (N.G.); (K.J.A.J.); (D.M.L.); (L.M.L.); (J.W.); (D.J.S.)
| | - Laura M. Lyall
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8RZ, UK; (J.M.); (S.S.Y.L.); (B.C.); (A.F.); (N.G.); (K.J.A.J.); (D.M.L.); (L.M.L.); (J.W.); (D.J.S.)
| | - Joey Ward
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8RZ, UK; (J.M.); (S.S.Y.L.); (B.C.); (A.F.); (N.G.); (K.J.A.J.); (D.M.L.); (L.M.L.); (J.W.); (D.J.S.)
| | - Daniel J. Smith
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8RZ, UK; (J.M.); (S.S.Y.L.); (B.C.); (A.F.); (N.G.); (K.J.A.J.); (D.M.L.); (L.M.L.); (J.W.); (D.J.S.)
| | - Rona J. Strawbridge
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8RZ, UK; (J.M.); (S.S.Y.L.); (B.C.); (A.F.); (N.G.); (K.J.A.J.); (D.M.L.); (L.M.L.); (J.W.); (D.J.S.)
- Health Data Research UK, Glasgow G12 8RZ, UK
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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Strawbridge RJ, Ward J, Bailey MES, Cullen B, Ferguson A, Graham N, Johnston KJA, Lyall LM, Pearsall R, Pell J, Shaw RJ, Tank R, Lyall DM, Smith DJ. Carotid Intima-Media Thickness: Novel Loci, Sex-Specific Effects, and Genetic Correlations With Obesity and Glucometabolic Traits in UK Biobank. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 40:446-461. [PMID: 31801372 PMCID: PMC6975521 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.313226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Objective: Atherosclerosis is the underlying cause of most cardiovascular disease, but mechanisms underlying atherosclerosis are incompletely understood. Ultrasound measurement of the carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) can be used to measure vascular remodeling, which is indicative of atherosclerosis. Genome-wide association studies have identified many genetic loci associated with cIMT, but heterogeneity of measurements collected by many small cohorts have been a major limitation in these efforts. Here, we conducted genome-wide association analyses in UKB (UK Biobank; N=22 179), the largest single study with consistent cIMT measurements. Approach and Results: We used BOLT-LMM software to run linear regression of cIMT in UKB, adjusted for age, sex, and genotyping chip. In white British participants, we identified 5 novel loci associated with cIMT and replicated most previously reported loci. In the first sex-specific analyses of cIMT, we identified a locus on chromosome 5, associated with cIMT in women only and highlight VCAN as a good candidate gene at this locus. Genetic correlations with body mass index and glucometabolic traits were also observed. Two loci influenced risk of ischemic heart disease. ConclusionS: These findings replicate previously reported associations, highlight novel biology, and provide new directions for investigating the sex differences observed in cardiovascular disease presentation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rona J Strawbridge
- From the Institute of Health and Wellbeing (R.J.S., J.W., B.C., A.F., N.G., K.J.A.J., L.M.L., R.P., J.P., R.J.S., R.T., D.M.L., D.J.S.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Joey Ward
- From the Institute of Health and Wellbeing (R.J.S., J.W., B.C., A.F., N.G., K.J.A.J., L.M.L., R.P., J.P., R.J.S., R.T., D.M.L., D.J.S.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Mark E S Bailey
- School of Life Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences (M.E.S.B., K.J.A.J.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Breda Cullen
- From the Institute of Health and Wellbeing (R.J.S., J.W., B.C., A.F., N.G., K.J.A.J., L.M.L., R.P., J.P., R.J.S., R.T., D.M.L., D.J.S.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Ferguson
- From the Institute of Health and Wellbeing (R.J.S., J.W., B.C., A.F., N.G., K.J.A.J., L.M.L., R.P., J.P., R.J.S., R.T., D.M.L., D.J.S.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Graham
- From the Institute of Health and Wellbeing (R.J.S., J.W., B.C., A.F., N.G., K.J.A.J., L.M.L., R.P., J.P., R.J.S., R.T., D.M.L., D.J.S.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Keira J A Johnston
- From the Institute of Health and Wellbeing (R.J.S., J.W., B.C., A.F., N.G., K.J.A.J., L.M.L., R.P., J.P., R.J.S., R.T., D.M.L., D.J.S.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom.,School of Life Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences (M.E.S.B., K.J.A.J.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Division of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (K.J.A.J.)
| | - Laura M Lyall
- From the Institute of Health and Wellbeing (R.J.S., J.W., B.C., A.F., N.G., K.J.A.J., L.M.L., R.P., J.P., R.J.S., R.T., D.M.L., D.J.S.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Pearsall
- From the Institute of Health and Wellbeing (R.J.S., J.W., B.C., A.F., N.G., K.J.A.J., L.M.L., R.P., J.P., R.J.S., R.T., D.M.L., D.J.S.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jill Pell
- From the Institute of Health and Wellbeing (R.J.S., J.W., B.C., A.F., N.G., K.J.A.J., L.M.L., R.P., J.P., R.J.S., R.T., D.M.L., D.J.S.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Shaw
- From the Institute of Health and Wellbeing (R.J.S., J.W., B.C., A.F., N.G., K.J.A.J., L.M.L., R.P., J.P., R.J.S., R.T., D.M.L., D.J.S.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Health Data Research United Kingdom (R.J.S.).,Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (R.J.S.)
| | - Rachana Tank
- From the Institute of Health and Wellbeing (R.J.S., J.W., B.C., A.F., N.G., K.J.A.J., L.M.L., R.P., J.P., R.J.S., R.T., D.M.L., D.J.S.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Donald M Lyall
- From the Institute of Health and Wellbeing (R.J.S., J.W., B.C., A.F., N.G., K.J.A.J., L.M.L., R.P., J.P., R.J.S., R.T., D.M.L., D.J.S.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J Smith
- From the Institute of Health and Wellbeing (R.J.S., J.W., B.C., A.F., N.G., K.J.A.J., L.M.L., R.P., J.P., R.J.S., R.T., D.M.L., D.J.S.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
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10
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Ward J, Lyall LM, Bethlehem RAI, Ferguson A, Strawbridge RJ, Lyall DM, Cullen B, Graham N, Johnston KJA, Bailey MES, Murray GK, Smith DJ. Novel genome-wide associations for anhedonia, genetic correlation with psychiatric disorders, and polygenic association with brain structure. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:327. [PMID: 31797917 PMCID: PMC6892870 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0635-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Anhedonia is a core symptom of several psychiatric disorders but its biological underpinnings are poorly understood. We performed a genome-wide association study of state anhedonia in 375,275 UK Biobank participants and assessed for genetic correlation between anhedonia and neuropsychiatric conditions (major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder and Parkinson's Disease). We then used a polygenic risk score approach to test for association between genetic loading for anhedonia and both brain structure and brain function. This included: magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) assessments of total grey matter volume, white matter volume, cerebrospinal fluid volume, and 15 cortical/subcortical regions of interest; diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) measures of white matter tract integrity; and functional MRI activity during an emotion processing task. We identified 11 novel loci associated at genome-wide significance with anhedonia, with a SNP heritability estimate (h2SNP) of 5.6%. Strong positive genetic correlations were found between anhedonia and major depressive disorder, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder; but not with obsessive compulsive disorder or Parkinson's Disease. Polygenic risk for anhedonia was associated with poorer brain white matter integrity, smaller total grey matter volume, and smaller volumes of brain regions linked to reward and pleasure processing, including orbito-frontal cortex. In summary, the identification of novel anhedonia-associated loci substantially expands our current understanding of the biological basis of state anhedonia and genetic correlations with several psychiatric disorders confirm the utility of this phenotype as a transdiagnostic marker of vulnerability to mental illness. We also provide the first evidence that genetic risk for state anhedonia influences brain structure, including in regions associated with reward and pleasure processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joey Ward
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Laura M Lyall
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Amy Ferguson
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Rona J Strawbridge
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Donald M Lyall
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Breda Cullen
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Nicholas Graham
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Mark E S Bailey
- School of Life Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Graham K Murray
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel J Smith
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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11
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Johnston KJA, Adams MJ, Nicholl BI, Ward J, Strawbridge RJ, McIntosh AM, Smith DJ, Bailey MES. Identification of novel common variants associated with chronic pain using conditional false discovery rate analysis with major depressive disorder and assessment of pleiotropic effects of LRFN5. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:310. [PMID: 31748543 PMCID: PMC6868167 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0613-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is a complex trait that is moderately heritable and genetically, as well as phenotypically, correlated with major depressive disorder (MDD). Use of the conditional false discovery rate (cFDR) approach, which leverages pleiotropy identified from existing GWAS outputs, has been successful in discovering novel associated variants in related phenotypes. Here, genome-wide association study outputs for both von Korff chronic pain grade and for MDD were used to identify variants meeting a cFDR threshold for each outcome phenotype separately, as well as a conjunctional cFDR (ccFDR) threshold for both phenotypes together. Using a moderately conservative threshold, we identified a total of 11 novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), six of which were associated with chronic pain grade and nine of which were associated with MDD. Four SNPs on chromosome 14 were associated with both chronic pain grade and MDD. SNPs associated only with chronic pain grade were located within SLC16A7 on chromosome 12. SNPs associated only with MDD were located either in a gene-dense region on chromosome 1 harbouring LINC01360, LRRIQ3, FPGT and FPGT-TNNI3K, or within/close to LRFN5 on chromosome 14. The SNPs associated with both outcomes were also located within LRFN5. Several of the SNPs on chromosomes 1 and 14 were identified as being associated with expression levels of nearby genes in the brain and central nervous system. Overall, using the cFDR approach, we identified several novel genetic loci associated with chronic pain and we describe likely pleiotropic effects of a recently identified MDD locus on chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keira J A Johnston
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
- Deanery of Molecular, Genetic and Population Health Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
- School of Life Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
| | - Mark J Adams
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Barbara I Nicholl
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Joey Ward
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Rona J Strawbridge
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Daniel J Smith
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Mark E S Bailey
- School of Life Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
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12
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Johnston KJA, Adams MJ, Nicholl BI, Ward J, Strawbridge RJ, Ferguson A, McIntosh AM, Bailey MES, Smith DJ. Genome-wide association study of multisite chronic pain in UK Biobank. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008164. [PMID: 31194737 PMCID: PMC6592570 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is highly prevalent worldwide and represents a significant socioeconomic and public health burden. Several aspects of chronic pain, for example back pain and a severity-related phenotype ‘chronic pain grade’, have been shown previously to be complex heritable traits with a polygenic component. Additional pain-related phenotypes capturing aspects of an individual’s overall sensitivity to experiencing and reporting chronic pain have also been suggested as a focus for investigation. We made use of a measure of the number of sites of chronic pain in individuals within the UK general population. This measure, termed Multisite Chronic Pain (MCP), is a complex trait and its genetic architecture has not previously been investigated. To address this, we carried out a large-scale genome-wide association study (GWAS) of MCP in ~380,000 UK Biobank participants. Our findings were consistent with MCP having a significant polygenic component, with a Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) heritability of 10.2%. In total 76 independent lead SNPs at 39 risk loci were associated with MCP. Additional gene-level association analyses identified neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity, nervous system development, cell-cycle progression and apoptosis genes as enriched for genetic association with MCP. Genetic correlations were observed between MCP and a range of psychiatric, autoimmune and anthropometric traits, including major depressive disorder (MDD), asthma and Body Mass Index (BMI). Furthermore, in Mendelian randomisation (MR) analyses a causal effect of MCP on MDD was observed. Additionally, a polygenic risk score (PRS) for MCP was found to significantly predict chronic widespread pain (pain all over the body), indicating the existence of genetic variants contributing to both of these pain phenotypes. Overall, our findings support the proposition that chronic pain involves a strong nervous system component with implications for our understanding of the physiology of chronic pain. These discoveries may also inform the future development of novel treatment approaches. Chronic pain is common worldwide and imposes a significant burden from a public health and socioeconomic perspective. The reasons why some individuals develop chronic pain and others do not are not fully understood. In this study we searched for genetic variants associated with chronic pain in a large general-population cohort. We also assessed how this genetic variation was correlated with a range of other diseases and traits, such as depression and BMI, and we tested for causal relationships between depression and chronic pain. We found that chronic pain was associated with several genes involved in brain function and development and was correlated with mental health and autoimmune traits (including depression, PTSD and asthma). We also found evidence for causal relationships between chronic pain and major depressive disorder. This work provides new insights into the genetics and underlying biology of chronic pain and may help to inform new treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keira J. A. Johnston
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Deanery of Molecular, Genetic and Population Health Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Mark J. Adams
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara I. Nicholl
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Joey Ward
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Rona J. Strawbridge
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Amy Ferguson
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M. McIntosh
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Mark E. S. Bailey
- School of Life Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J. Smith
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Strawbridge RJ, Ward J, Ferguson A, Graham N, Shaw RJ, Cullen B, Pearsall R, Lyall LM, Johnston KJA, Niedzwiedz CL, Pell JP, Mackay D, Martin JL, Lyall DM, Bailey MES, Smith DJ. Identification of novel genome-wide associations for suicidality in UK Biobank, genetic correlation with psychiatric disorders and polygenic association with completed suicide. EBioMedicine 2019; 41:517-525. [PMID: 30745170 PMCID: PMC6442001 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suicide is a major issue for global public health. Suicidality describes a broad spectrum of thoughts and behaviours, some of which are common in the general population. Although suicide results from a complex interaction of multiple social and psychological factors, predisposition to suicidality is at least partly genetic. METHODS Ordinal genome-wide association study of suicidality in the UK Biobank cohort comparing: 'no suicidality' controls (N = 83,557); 'thoughts that life was not worth living' (N = 21,063); 'ever contemplated self-harm' (N = 13,038); 'act of deliberate self-harm in the past' (N = 2498); and 'previous suicide attempt' (N = 2666). OUTCOMES We identified three novel genome-wide significant loci for suicidality (on chromosomes nine, 11 and 13) and moderate-to-strong genetic correlations between suicidality and a range of psychiatric disorders, most notably depression (rg 0·81). INTERPRETATION These findings provide new information about genetic variants relating to increased risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviours. Future work should assess the extent to which polygenic risk scores for suicidality, in combination with non-genetic risk factors, may be useful for stratified approaches to suicide prevention at a population level. FUND: UKRI Innovation-HDR-UK Fellowship (MR/S003061/1). MRC Mental Health Data Pathfinder Award (MC_PC_17217). MRC Doctoral Training Programme Studentship at the University of Glasgow (MR/K501335/1). MRC Doctoral Training Programme Studentship at the Universities of Glasgow and Edinburgh. UKRI Innovation Fellowship (MR/R024774/1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rona J Strawbridge
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joey Ward
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Amy Ferguson
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Nicholas Graham
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Richard J Shaw
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Breda Cullen
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Robert Pearsall
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Laura M Lyall
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Keira J A Johnston
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Division of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Edinburgh, UK; School of Life Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Jill P Pell
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Daniel Mackay
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Donald M Lyall
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Mark E S Bailey
- School of Life Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Daniel J Smith
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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14
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Strawbridge RJ, Ward J, Lyall LM, Tunbridge EM, Cullen B, Graham N, Ferguson A, Johnston KJA, Lyall DM, Mackay D, Cavanagh J, Howard DM, Adams MJ, Deary I, Escott-Price V, O'Donovan M, McIntosh AM, Bailey MES, Pell JP, Harrison PJ, Smith DJ. Genetics of self-reported risk-taking behaviour, trans-ethnic consistency and relevance to brain gene expression. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:178. [PMID: 30181555 PMCID: PMC6123450 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0236-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Risk-taking behaviour is an important component of several psychiatric disorders, including attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Previously, two genetic loci have been associated with self-reported risk taking and significant genetic overlap with psychiatric disorders was identified within a subsample of UK Biobank. Using the white British participants of the full UK Biobank cohort (n = 83,677 risk takers versus 244,662 controls) for our primary analysis, we conducted a genome-wide association study of self-reported risk-taking behaviour. In secondary analyses, we assessed sex-specific effects, trans-ethnic heterogeneity and genetic overlap with psychiatric traits. We also investigated the impact of risk-taking-associated SNPs on both gene expression and structural brain imaging. We identified 10 independent loci for risk-taking behaviour, of which eight were novel and two replicated previous findings. In addition, we found two further sex-specific risk-taking loci. There were strong positive genetic correlations between risk-taking and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Index genetic variants demonstrated effects generally consistent with the discovery analysis in individuals of non-British White, South Asian, African-Caribbean or mixed ethnicity. Polygenic risk scores comprising alleles associated with increased risk taking were associated with lower white matter integrity. Genotype-specific expression pattern analyses highlighted DPYSL5, CGREF1 and C15orf59 as plausible candidate genes. Overall, our findings substantially advance our understanding of the biology of risk-taking behaviour, including the possibility of sex-specific contributions, and reveal consistency across ethnicities. We further highlight several putative novel candidate genes, which may mediate these genetic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rona J Strawbridge
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Joey Ward
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Laura M Lyall
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Elizabeth M Tunbridge
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Breda Cullen
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Nicholas Graham
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Amy Ferguson
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Keira J A Johnston
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- School of Life Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Division of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Donald M Lyall
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Daniel Mackay
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jonathan Cavanagh
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - David M Howard
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF, UK
| | - Mark J Adams
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF, UK
| | - Ian Deary
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9YL, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9YL, UK
| | | | - Michael O'Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Andrew M McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF, UK
| | - Mark E S Bailey
- School of Life Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jill P Pell
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Paul J Harrison
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniel J Smith
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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15
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Ferguson A, Lyall LM, Ward J, Strawbridge RJ, Cullen B, Graham N, Niedzwiedz CL, Johnston KJA, MacKay D, Biello SM, Pell JP, Cavanagh J, McIntosh AM, Doherty A, Bailey MES, Lyall DM, Wyse CA, Smith DJ. Genome-Wide Association Study of Circadian Rhythmicity in 71,500 UK Biobank Participants and Polygenic Association with Mood Instability. EBioMedicine 2018; 35:279-287. [PMID: 30120083 PMCID: PMC6154782 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circadian rhythms are fundamental to health and are particularly important for mental wellbeing. Disrupted rhythms of rest and activity are recognised as risk factors for major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder. METHODS We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of low relative amplitude (RA), an objective measure of rest-activity cycles derived from the accelerometer data of 71,500 UK Biobank participants. Polygenic risk scores (PRS) for low RA were used to investigate potential associations with psychiatric phenotypes. OUTCOMES Two independent genetic loci were associated with low RA, within genomic regions for Neurofascin (NFASC) and Solute Carrier Family 25 Member 17 (SLC25A17). A secondary GWAS of RA as a continuous measure identified a locus within Meis Homeobox 1 (MEIS1). There were no significant genetic correlations between low RA and any of the psychiatric phenotypes assessed. However, PRS for low RA was significantly associated with mood instability across multiple PRS thresholds (at PRS threshold 0·05: OR = 1·02, 95% CI = 1·01-1·02, p = 9·6 × 10-5), and with major depressive disorder (at PRS threshold 0·1: OR = 1·03, 95% CI = 1·01-1·05, p = 0·025) and neuroticism (at PRS threshold 0·5: Beta = 0·02, 95% CI = 0·007-0·04, p = 0·021). INTERPRETATION Overall, our findings contribute new knowledge on the complex genetic architecture of circadian rhythmicity and suggest a putative biological link between disrupted circadian function and mood disorder phenotypes, particularly mood instability, but also major depressive disorder and neuroticism. FUNDING Medical Research Council (MR/K501335/1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Ferguson
- Institute of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
| | - Laura M Lyall
- Institute of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Joey Ward
- Institute of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Rona J Strawbridge
- Institute of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK; Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Breda Cullen
- Institute of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Nicholas Graham
- Institute of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | | | | | - Daniel MacKay
- Institute of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Stephany M Biello
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Jill P Pell
- Institute of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Jonathan Cavanagh
- Institute of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Andrew M McIntosh
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Aiden Doherty
- Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Population Health, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mark E S Bailey
- School of Life Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Donald M Lyall
- Institute of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Cathy A Wyse
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniel J Smith
- Institute of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
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16
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Campos JL, Johnston KJA, Charlesworth B. The Effects of Sex-Biased Gene Expression and X-Linkage on Rates of Sequence Evolution in Drosophila. Mol Biol Evol 2017; 35:655-665. [DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msx317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Campos
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Keira J A Johnston
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Charlesworth
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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