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Salinas KZ, Saran S, Saulnier K, Hoglen B, Houser KR, Krebs NM, Kaynak Ö, Bordner CR, Yingst JM, Foulds J, Allen SI, Hobkirk AL. A Comparison of Mental Health Symptoms among Adults Who Vape Nicotine, Cannabis, or Both. Subst Use Misuse 2024; 59:601-607. [PMID: 38115560 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2023.2294956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dual use of combustible cannabis and nicotine is related to worse mental health symptoms (MHS); however, little is known about MHS among those who vape cannabis and nicotine. The current study aimed to determine if dual use of cannabis and nicotine vapes is associated with worse MHS compared to single use and to identify correlates of MHS for dual users. METHODS We used Amazon Mechanical Turk to survey adults (N = 492) who used nicotine or cannabis vapes in the past 30 days on stress, anxiety, depression, vape use behaviors and sociodemographic information. We conducted hierarchical linear regressions to compare MHS between dual vs. single substance vape use and to identify correlates of MHS, including sociodemographic variables and vape use characteristics. RESULTS The final sample was 37.6% female, 87.6% White, and 11% Hispanic/Latinx with a mean age of 34.15 years. After controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and combustible product use, dual users had significantly higher mean MHS severity than single users. For dual users, younger age and being married were associated with higher symptoms of depression and stress. Holding a medical cannabis card was associated with higher anxiety symptoms. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that dual use of cannabis and nicotine vapes is associated with worse MHS severity compared to single substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalin Z Salinas
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Savreen Saran
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kevin Saulnier
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brianna Hoglen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kenneth R Houser
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nicolle M Krebs
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Övgϋ Kaynak
- School of Behavioral Sciences & Education, Penn State Harrisburg, Middletown, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Candace R Bordner
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jessica M Yingst
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jonathan Foulds
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sophia I Allen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrea L Hobkirk
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
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2
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Hobkirk AL, Houser KR, Hoglen B, Bitzer ZT, Fendrich A, Bordner CR, Foulds J, Wang J, Mukherjee D, Yingst JM, Karunanayaka P, Goel R, Richie JP, Elias RJ, Yang QX. Evidence from an fMRI study that dessert-flavored e-cigarettes engage taste-related, but not smoking-related, brain circuitry for female daily smokers. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2022; 30:947-958. [PMID: 34110883 PMCID: PMC8660928 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Regulations limiting the sale of flavored e-cigarette products are controversial for their potential to interfere with e-cigarette use as a cessation aid in addition to curbing youth use. Limited research suggests that flavor might enhance the addictive potential of e-cigarettes; however, the acute effects of flavored aerosols on brain function among humans have not been assessed. The present study aimed to isolate and compare the neural substrates of flavored and unflavored e-cigarette aerosols on brain function among nine female daily smokers. Participants inhaled aerosolized e-liquid with 36 mg/mL of nicotine with and without a strawberry-vanilla flavor while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging. We used general linear modeling to compare whole-brain mean neural activation and seed-to-voxel task-based functional connectivity between the flavored and unflavored inhalation runs. Contrary to our hypothesis, the flavored aerosol was associated with weaker activation than the unflavored aerosol in the brain stem and bilateral parietal-temporal-occipital region of the cortex. Instead, the flavor engaged taste-related brain regions while suppressing activation of the neural circuits typically engaged during smoking and nicotine administration. Alternatively, functional connectivity between subcortical dopaminergic brain seeds and cortical brain regions involved in motivation and reward salience were stronger during the flavored compared to unflavored aerosol run. The findings suggest that fruity and dessert-flavored e-cigarettes may dampen the reward experience of aerosol inhalation for smokers who initiate e-cigarette use by inhibiting activation of dopaminergic brain circuits. These preliminary findings may have implications for understanding how regulations on flavored e-cigarettes might impact their use as cessation aids. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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3
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Saran SK, Salinas KZ, Foulds J, Kaynak Ö, Hoglen B, Houser KR, Krebs NM, Yingst JM, Allen SI, Bordner CR, Hobkirk AL. A Comparison of Vaping Behavior, Perceptions, and Dependence among Individuals Who Vape Nicotine, Cannabis, or Both. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:10392. [PMID: 36012024 PMCID: PMC9408799 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191610392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Background: Electronic delivery systems (e.g., vapes, e-cigarettes) are now popular modes of cannabis and nicotine administration that are often used by the same individuals; however, we still know little about dual nicotine and cannabis vaping. Materials & Methods: An online convenience sample of adult nicotine and/or cannabis vape users residing in the United States completed a 60 min survey on sociodemographic characteristics, cannabis and/or nicotine vape use behaviors and dependence, reasons for vape use, and perceptions of benefits and harms. After data cleaning, we compared dual vs. nicotine-only and cannabis-only vape users with univariate statistics and step-wise hierarchical linear regression analyses. Additionally, we assessed the factor structure, internal consistency, and criterion and convergent validity of the Penn State Cannabis Vaping Dependence Index (PSCVDI). Results: The final sample included 357 dual, 40 cannabis, and 106 nicotine vape users. Compared to nicotine- and cannabis-only vapers, dual vapers started using their nicotine and cannabis vapes at a younger age (p < 0.001), used them for more years (p < 0.001), and were less likely to use their nicotine vape to replace combustible cigarettes (p = 0.047). Dual users vs. single-substance users did not have significantly higher nicotine or cannabis vape dependence scores after controlling for sociodemographic and use behaviors. The PSCVDI showed adequate validity for measuring cannabis vape dependence. Conclusions: This survey is the first to highlight important differences in vape use behaviors and reasons for use between dual vs. cannabis- and nicotine-only vape users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savreen K. Saran
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Kalin Z. Salinas
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Jonathan Foulds
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences & Penn State Center for Research on Tobacco and Health, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Övgϋ Kaynak
- School of Behavioral Sciences & Education, Penn State Harrisburg, 777 West Harrisburg Pike, Middletown, PA 17057, USA
| | - Brianna Hoglen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Kenneth R. Houser
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Nicolle M. Krebs
- Department of Public Health Sciences & Penn State Center for Research on Tobacco and Health, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Jessica M. Yingst
- Department of Public Health Sciences & Penn State Center for Research on Tobacco and Health, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Sophia I. Allen
- Department of Public Health Sciences & Penn State Center for Research on Tobacco and Health, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Candace R. Bordner
- Department of Public Health Sciences & Penn State Center for Research on Tobacco and Health, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Andrea L. Hobkirk
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences & Penn State Center for Research on Tobacco and Health, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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4
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Hobkirk AL, Hoglen B, Sheng T, Kristich A, Yingst JM, Houser KR, Krebs NM, Allen SI, Bordner CR, Livelsberger C, Foulds J. Intentions and Attempts to Quit JUUL E-Cigarette Use: The Role of Perceived Harm and Addiction. Prev Chronic Dis 2022; 19:E06. [PMID: 35113784 PMCID: PMC8880109 DOI: 10.5888/pcd19.210255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Research on electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) quit intentions and attempts is limited despite the potential health benefits of quitting, especially for long-term users. The current study aimed to investigate perceptions of harm and addictiveness and tobacco use characteristics associated with quit variables among users of a popular e-cigarette brand, JUUL. Methods We surveyed 301 US adult JUUL users on their tobacco use characteristics, perceptions of JUUL harm and addictiveness, and quit variables at 3 time points, from July 2019 to April 2020. We used logistic regression models to assess demographic characteristics, smoking characteristics, and perceptions of JUUL harm and addictiveness as correlates of e-cigarette quit intentions, attempts, importance, and confidence. Results Twenty-three percent of the sample had intentions to quit using JUUL within the year, and 22.6% reported making a lifetime quit attempt. The average rating of quit importance was 4.1 and quit confidence was 5.8 on a Likert scale of 1 to 10. More than 90% of the sample indicated that JUUL was at least moderately addictive, whereas less than one-quarter indicated that JUUL was as harmful or more harmful than smoking. Higher levels of perceived JUUL addictiveness were associated with more quit intentions, attempts, and importance. Higher levels of perceived JUUL harm compared with smoking were associated with more quit importance. Conclusion Our findings suggest that a small proportion of adult JUUL users are interested in quitting. Self-reported perceptions of JUUL’s addiction potential may be related to more quit attempts. Findings highlight the need for evidence-based information on e-cigarette addictiveness and effective strategies for cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa L Hobkirk
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania.,Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania.,Center for Research on Tobacco and Health, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania.,Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Dr, Mail Code CH69, Hershey, PA 17033.
| | - Brianna Hoglen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania.,Center for Research on Tobacco and Health, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Tianhong Sheng
- Department of Statistics, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania
| | - Ava Kristich
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Jessica M Yingst
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania.,Center for Research on Tobacco and Health, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Kenneth R Houser
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania.,Center for Research on Tobacco and Health, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicolle M Krebs
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania.,Center for Research on Tobacco and Health, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Sophia I Allen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania.,Center for Research on Tobacco and Health, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Candace R Bordner
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania.,Center for Research on Tobacco and Health, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Craig Livelsberger
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania.,Center for Research on Tobacco and Health, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Jonathan Foulds
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania.,Center for Research on Tobacco and Health, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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5
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Yingst JM, Bordner CR, Hobkirk AL, Hoglen B, Allen SI, Krebs NM, Houser KR, Livelsberger C, Foulds J. Response to Flavored Cartridge/Pod-Based Product Ban among Adult JUUL Users: "You Get Nicotine However You Can Get It". Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 18:ijerph18010207. [PMID: 33396598 PMCID: PMC7795757 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18010207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In order to curb increasing youth electronic cigarette (e-cig) use, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) banned the sale of flavored cartridge/pod-based products in February 2020. This mixed-methods study aimed to evaluate the impact of the FDA ban on adult JUUL users. The samples of current adult JUUL users were surveyed via Amazon Mechanical Turk at three time-points n = 76 (Sample 1); n = 128 (Sample 2); n = 86 (Sample 3) before and after the FDA flavored/pod ban. The participants were asked to report the JUUL flavored pod used most often and answer questions on purchasing generic pods or refilling (Quantitative). JUUL users were then interviewed in order to explore their perceptions and behaviors related to the FDA ban of flavored cartridge/pod-based products (Qualitative; n = 16). Quantitative data analysis evaluated the differences in variables by time-point. Qualitative data were coded into themes while using the constant comparative method. We found a significant decrease in the use of mint pods (43.4%, 22.7%, 16.3%) (p < 0.01), while there was a significant increase in the use of menthol pods (6.6%, 26.6%, 37.2%) (p < 0.01). Themes that emerged from the qualitative data included switching from mint to menthol pods, refilling pods, and switching to other products that are available in the desired flavors, such as generic pods or disposable e-cigs. Future research is needed in order to evaluate the impact of these behaviors on public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M. Yingst
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (J.M.Y.); (S.I.A.); (N.M.K.); (C.L.); (J.F.)
| | - Candace R. Bordner
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (J.M.Y.); (S.I.A.); (N.M.K.); (C.L.); (J.F.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (A.L.H.); (B.H.); (K.R.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Andréa L. Hobkirk
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (A.L.H.); (B.H.); (K.R.H.)
| | - Brianna Hoglen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (A.L.H.); (B.H.); (K.R.H.)
| | - Sophia I. Allen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (J.M.Y.); (S.I.A.); (N.M.K.); (C.L.); (J.F.)
| | - Nicolle M. Krebs
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (J.M.Y.); (S.I.A.); (N.M.K.); (C.L.); (J.F.)
| | - Kenneth R. Houser
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (A.L.H.); (B.H.); (K.R.H.)
| | - Craig Livelsberger
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (J.M.Y.); (S.I.A.); (N.M.K.); (C.L.); (J.F.)
| | - Jonathan Foulds
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (J.M.Y.); (S.I.A.); (N.M.K.); (C.L.); (J.F.)
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6
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Russo M, Newell JM, Budurlean L, Houser KR, Sheldon K, Kesterson J, Phaeton R, Hossler C, Rosenberg J, DeGraff D, Shuman L, Broach JR, Warrick JI. Mutational profile of endometrial hyperplasia and risk of progression to endometrioid adenocarcinoma. Cancer 2020; 126:2775-2783. [PMID: 32187665 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.32822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endometrial hyperplasia is a precursor to endometrioid adenocarcinoma (EMC), the most common uterine cancer. The likelihood of progression to carcinoma may be evaluated by histologic subclassification of endometrial hyperplasia, although these subclasses are subjective and only modestly reproducible among pathologists. Patient care would be improved by a more objective test to predict the risk of cancer progression. METHODS Next-generation sequencing was performed on archived endometrial biopsy specimens from a retrospective cohort of women with endometrial hyperplasia. Cases were considered to be either progressing if the patient subsequently developed EMC or resolving if the patient had a subsequent negative tissue sampling or no cancer during medium-term follow-up (32 patients: 15 progressing and 17 resolving). Somatic mutations in endometrial hyperplasia were assessed for enrichment in progressing cases versus resolving cases, with an emphasis on genes commonly mutated in EMC. RESULTS Several mutations were more common in progressing hyperplasia than resolving hyperplasia, although significant overlap was observed between progressing and resolving cases. Mutations included those in PTEN, PIK3CA, and FGFR2, genes commonly mutated in EMC. Mutations in ARID1A and MYC were seen only in progressing hyperplasia, although these were uncommon; this limited diagnostic sensitivity. Progressing hyperplasia demonstrated an accumulation of mutations in oncogenic signaling pathways similarly to endometrial carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS Because of mutational differences between progressing and nonprogressing hyperplasia, mutational analysis may predict the risk of progression from endometrial hyperplasia to EMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Russo
- Department of Biochemistry, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Health, Hershey, Pennsylvania.,Institute for Personalized Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Health, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Jordan M Newell
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Health, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Laura Budurlean
- Department of Biochemistry, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Health, Hershey, Pennsylvania.,Institute for Personalized Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Health, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Kenneth R Houser
- Department of Biochemistry, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Health, Hershey, Pennsylvania.,Institute for Personalized Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Health, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Kathryn Sheldon
- Department of Biochemistry, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Health, Hershey, Pennsylvania.,Institute for Personalized Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Health, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Joshua Kesterson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Health, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Rebecca Phaeton
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Health, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Carrie Hossler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Health, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Jennifer Rosenberg
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Health, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - David DeGraff
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Health, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Lauren Shuman
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Health, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - James R Broach
- Department of Biochemistry, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Health, Hershey, Pennsylvania.,Institute for Personalized Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Health, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Joshua I Warrick
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Health, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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7
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Hobkirk AL, Bitzer Z, Goel R, Sica CT, Livelsberger C, Yingst J, Houser KR, Rupprecht S, Trushin N, Karunanayaka P, Foulds J, Richie JP, Spreen L, Hoglen B, Wang J, Elias RJ, Yang QX. An Electronic Aerosol Delivery System for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Subst Abuse 2020; 14:1178221820904140. [PMID: 32095075 PMCID: PMC7013112 DOI: 10.1177/1178221820904140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Public health concerns over the addictive potential of electronic cigarettes
(e-cigs) have heightened in recent years. Brain function during e-cig use
could provide an objective measure of the addictive potential of new vaping
products to facilitate research; however, there are limited methods for
delivering e-cig aerosols during functional magnetic resonance imaging
(fMRI). The current study describes the development and feasibility testing
of a prototype to deliver up to four different e-cig aerosols during
fMRI. Methods: Standardized methods were used to test the devices’ air flow variability,
nicotine yield, and free radical production. MRI scans were run with and
without the device present to assess its safety and effects on MRI data
quality. Five daily smokers were recruited to assess plasma nicotine
absorption from e-liquids containing nicotine concentrations of 8, 11, 16,
24, and 36 mg/ml. Feedback was collected from participants through a
semi-structured interview and computerized questionnaire to assess comfort
and subjective experiences of inhaling aerosol from the device. Results: Nicotine yield captured from the aerosol produced by the device was highly
correlated with the nicotine concentration of the e-liquids used
(R2 = 0.965). Nicotine yield was reduced by a mean of 48% and
free radical production by 17% after traveling through the device. The
e-liquid containing the highest nicotine concentration tested (36 mg/ml)
resulted in the highest plasma nicotine boost (6.6 ng/ml). Overall,
participants reported that the device was comfortable to use and inhaling
the e-cig aerosols was tolerable. The device was determined to be safe for
use during fMRI and had insignificant effects on scan quality. Conclusions: With the current project, we were able to design a working prototype that
safely and effectively delivers e-cig aerosols during fMRI. The device has
the potential to be used to assess brain activation during e-cig use and to
compare brain reactivity to varying flavors, nicotine concentrations, and
other e-cig characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa L Hobkirk
- Department of Psychiatry, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.,Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Zachary Bitzer
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Reema Goel
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Christopher T Sica
- Department of Radiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Craig Livelsberger
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Jessica Yingst
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Kenneth R Houser
- Department of Psychiatry, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Sebastian Rupprecht
- Department of Radiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Neil Trushin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Prasanna Karunanayaka
- Department of Radiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan Foulds
- Department of Psychiatry, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.,Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - John P Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Lauren Spreen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Brianna Hoglen
- Department of Psychiatry, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Jianli Wang
- Department of Radiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Ryan J Elias
- Department of Food Science, Pennsylvania State University College of Agricultural Sciences, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Qing X Yang
- Department of Radiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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8
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Bann DV, Jin Q, Sheldon KE, Houser KR, Nguyen L, Warrick JI, Baker MJ, Broach JR, Gerhard GS, Goldenberg D. Genetic Variants Implicate Dual Oxidase-2 in Familial and Sporadic Nonmedullary Thyroid Cancer. Cancer Res 2019; 79:5490-5499. [PMID: 31501191 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-0721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Highly penetrant hereditary thyroid cancer manifests as familial nonmedullary thyroid cancer (FNMTC), whereas low-penetrance hereditary thyroid cancer manifests as sporadic disease and is associated with common polymorphisms, including rs965513[A]. Whole-exome sequencing of an FNMTC kindred identified a novel Y1203H germline dual oxidase-2 (DUOX2) mutation. DUOX2Y1203H is enzymatically active, with increased production of reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, patients with sporadic thyroid cancer homozygous for rs965513[A] demonstrated higher DUOX2 expression than heterozygous rs965513[A/G] or homozygous rs965513[A]-negative patients. These data suggest that dysregulated hydrogen peroxide metabolism is a common mechanism by which high- and low-penetrance genetic factors increase thyroid cancer risk. SIGNIFICANCE: This study provides novel insights into the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying familial and sporadic thyroid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrin V Bann
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania.,Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Qunyan Jin
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kathryn E Sheldon
- Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Kenneth R Houser
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Lan Nguyen
- Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Joshua I Warrick
- Department of Pathology, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Maria J Baker
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - James R Broach
- Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Glenn S Gerhard
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David Goldenberg
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania.
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Russo M, Broach J, Sheldon K, Houser KR, Liu DJ, Kesterson J, Phaeton R, Hossler C, Hempel N, Baker M, Newell JM, Zaino R, Warrick JI. Clonal evolution in paired endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia/atypical hyperplasia and endometrioid adenocarcinoma. Hum Pathol 2017; 67:69-77. [PMID: 28712776 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia (EIN) and atypical endometrial hyperplasia (AH) are histomorphologically defined precursors to endometrioid adenocarcinoma, which are unified as EIN/AH by the World Health Organization. EIN/AH harbors a constellation of molecular alterations similar to those found in endometrioid adenocarcinoma. However, the process of clonal evolution from EIN/AH to carcinoma is poorly characterized. To investigate, we performed next-generation sequencing, copy number alteration (CNA) analysis, and immunohistochemistry for mismatch repair protein expression on EIN/AH and endometrioid adenocarcinoma samples from 6 hysterectomy cases with spatially distinct EIN/AH and carcinoma. In evaluating all samples, EIN/AH and carcinoma did not differ in mutational burden, CNA burden, or specific genes mutated (all P>.1). All paired EIN/AH and carcinoma samples shared at least one identical somatic mutation, frequently in PI(3)K pathway members. Large CNAs (>10 genes in length) were identified in 83% of cases; paired EIN/AH and carcinoma samples shared at least one identical CNA in these cases. Mismatch repair protein expression matched in all paired EIN/AH and carcinoma samples. All paired EIN/AH and carcinoma samples had identical The Cancer Genome Atlas subtype, with 3 classified as "copy number low endometrioid" and 3 classified as "microsatellite instability hypermutated." Although paired EIN/AH and carcinoma samples were clonal, private mutations (ie, present in only one sample) were identified in EIN/AH and carcinoma in all cases, frequently in established cancer-driving genes. These findings indicate that EIN/AH gives rise to endometrioid adenocarcinoma by a complex process of subclone evolution, not a linear accumulation of molecular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Russo
- Department of Biochemistry, Penn State College of Medicine and Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033; Institute for Personalized Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine and Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - James Broach
- Department of Biochemistry, Penn State College of Medicine and Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033; Institute for Personalized Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine and Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Kathryn Sheldon
- Department of Biochemistry, Penn State College of Medicine and Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033; Institute for Personalized Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine and Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Kenneth R Houser
- Department of Biochemistry, Penn State College of Medicine and Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033; Institute for Personalized Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine and Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Dajiang J Liu
- Institute for Personalized Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine and Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033; Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Joshua Kesterson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Penn State College of Medicine and Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Rebecca Phaeton
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Penn State College of Medicine and Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Carrie Hossler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Penn State College of Medicine and Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Nadine Hempel
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine and Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Maria Baker
- Department of Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine and Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Jordan M Newell
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine and Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Richard Zaino
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine and Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Joshua I Warrick
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine and Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033.
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Houser KR, Johnson DK, Ishmael FT. Anti-inflammatory effects of methoxyphenolic compounds on human airway cells. J Inflamm (Lond) 2012; 9:6. [PMID: 22414048 PMCID: PMC3325161 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-9-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background The respiratory epithelium plays a central role in the inflammatory response in asthma and other diseases. Methoxyphenolic compounds are purported to be effective anti-inflammatory agents, but their effects on the airway epithelium have not been well characterized. Methods Human airway cells were stimulated with TNF-α in the presence or absence of 4-substituted methoxyphenols and resveratrol. The expression of various cytokines was measured by qPCR, ELISAs, and protein arrays. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was measured with a reactive fluorescent probe (3',6'-diacetate-2',7'-dichlorofluorescein). Activation of NF-κB was measured by nuclear translocation and phosphorylation. Ribonuclear protein association with mRNA was assessed with a biotin-RNA affinity isolation assay. Results Multiple inflammatory mediators were inhibited by methoxyphenols, including: CCL2, CCL5, IL-6, IL-8, ICAM-1, MIF, CXCL1, CXCL10, and Serpin E1. IC50 values were obtained for each compound that showed significant anti-inflammatory activity: diapocynin (20.3 μM), resveratrol (42.7 μM), 2-methoxyhydroquinone (64.3 μM), apocynin (146.6 μM), and 4-amino-2-methoxyphenol (410 μM). The anti-inflammatory activity did not correlate with inhibition of reactive oxygen species production or NF-κB activation. However, methoxyphenols inhibited binding of the RNA-binding protein HuR to mRNA, indicating that they may act post-transcriptionally. Conclusions Methoxyphenols demonstrate anti-inflammatory activity in human airway cells. More potent compounds that act via similar mechanisms may have therapeutic potential as novel anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R Houser
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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Ishmael FT, Fang X, Houser KR, Pearce K, Abdelmohsen K, Zhan M, Gorospe M, Stellato C. The human glucocorticoid receptor as an RNA-binding protein: global analysis of glucocorticoid receptor-associated transcripts and identification of a target RNA motif. J Immunol 2010; 186:1189-98. [PMID: 21148795 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Posttranscriptional regulation is emerging as a key factor in glucocorticoid (GC)-mediated gene regulation. We investigated the role of the human GC receptor (GR) as an RNA-binding protein and its effect on mRNA turnover in human airway epithelial cells. Cell treatment with the potent GC budesonide accelerated the decay of CCL2 mRNA (t(1/2) = 8 ± 1 min versus 62 ± 17 min in DMSO-treated cells) and CCL7 mRNA (t(1/2) = 15 ± 4 min versus 114 ± 37 min), but not that of CCL5 mRNA (t(1/2)=231 ± 8 min versus 266 ± 5 min) in the BEAS-2B cell line. This effect was inhibited by preincubation with an anti-GR Ab, indicating that GR itself plays a role in the turnover of these transcripts. Coimmunoprecipitation and biotin pulldown experiments showed that GR associates with CCL2 and CCL7 mRNAs, but not CCL5 mRNA. These methods confirmed CCL2 mRNA targeting by GR in human primary airway epithelial cells. Association of the GR was localized to the 5' untranslated region of CCL2 mRNA and further mapped to nt 44-60. The collection of transcripts associated with GR, identified by immunoprecipitation of GR-mRNA complexes followed by microarray analysis, revealed 479 transcripts that associated with GR. Computational analysis of the primary sequence and secondary structures of these transcripts yielded a GC-rich motif, which was shown to bind to GR in vitro. This motif was used to predict binding of GR to an additional 7889 transcripts. These results indicate that cytoplasmic GR interacts with a subset of mRNA through specific sequences and can regulate turnover rates, suggesting a novel posttranscriptional role for GR as an RNA-binding protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faoud T Ishmael
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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