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Riordan SM, Aladdad AM, McLoughlin KJ, Kador KE. Purification of Retinal Ganglion Cells from Differentiation Through Adult via Immunopanning and Low-Pressure Flow Cytometry. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2708:11-24. [PMID: 37558955 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3409-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
The isolation and culturing of rodent retinal ganglion cells (RGC) is a key step in studying the function and cellular response of this crucial cell type. Typical methods used for isolation of RGCs include immunopanning or magnetic bead separation with antibodies targeting RGC specific protein markers. However, in developmental research, many of the most common markers, such as Thy-1, are not expressed in early stages of development. To help study these crucial early stage RGCs, we have developed a novel method that utilizes a transgenic mouse with a GFP tag on the protein BRN3 and a low-pressure fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Riordan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Afnan M Aladdad
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Kiran J McLoughlin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
- Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Karl E Kador
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA.
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O'Neill KM, Campbell DC, Edgar KS, Gill EK, Moez A, McLoughlin KJ, O'Neill CL, Dellett M, Hargey CJ, Abudalo RA, O'Hare M, Doyle P, Toh T, Khoo J, Wong J, McCrudden CM, Meloni M, Brunssen C, Morawietz H, Yoder MC, McDonald DM, Watson CJ, Stitt AW, Margariti A, Medina RJ, Grieve DJ. NOX4 is a major regulator of cord blood-derived endothelial colony-forming cells which promotes post-ischaemic revascularization. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 116:393-405. [PMID: 30937452 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Cord blood-derived endothelial colony-forming cells (CB-ECFCs) are a defined progenitor population with established roles in vascular homeostasis and angiogenesis, which possess low immunogenicity and high potential for allogeneic therapy and are highly sensitive to regulation by reactive oxygen species (ROS). The aim of this study was to define the precise role of the major ROS-producing enzyme, NOX4 NADPH oxidase, in CB-ECFC vasoreparative function. METHODS AND RESULTS In vitro CB-ECFC migration (scratch-wound assay) and tubulogenesis (tube length, branch number) was enhanced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced superoxide in a NOX-dependent manner. CB-ECFCs highly-expressed NOX4, which was further induced by PMA, whilst NOX4 siRNA and plasmid overexpression reduced and potentiated in vitro function, respectively. Increased ROS generation in NOX4-overexpressing CB-ECFCs (DCF fluorescence, flow cytometry) was specifically reduced by superoxide dismutase, highlighting induction of ROS-specific signalling. Laser Doppler imaging of mouse ischaemic hindlimbs at 7 days indicated that NOX4-knockdown CB-ECFCs inhibited blood flow recovery, which was enhanced by NOX4-overexpressing CB-ECFCs. Tissue analysis at 14 days revealed consistent alterations in vascular density (lectin expression) and eNOS protein despite clearance of injected CB-ECFCs, suggesting NOX4-mediated modulation of host tissue. Indeed, proteome array analysis indicated that NOX4-knockdown CB-ECFCs largely suppressed tissue angiogenesis, whilst NOX4-overexpressing CB-ECFCs up-regulated a number of pro-angiogenic factors specifically-linked with eNOS signalling, in parallel with equivalent modulation of NOX-dependent ROS generation, suggesting that CB-ECFC NOX4 signalling may promote host vascular repair. CONCLUSION Taken together, these findings indicate a key role for NOX4 in CB-ECFCs, thereby highlighting its potential as a target for enhancing their reparative function through therapeutic priming to support creation of a pro-reparative microenvironment and effective post-ischaemic revascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla M O'Neill
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
| | - David C Campbell
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Kevin S Edgar
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Eleanor K Gill
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Arya Moez
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Kiran J McLoughlin
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Christina L O'Neill
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Margaret Dellett
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Ciarán J Hargey
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Rawan A Abudalo
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Michael O'Hare
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Philip Doyle
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Tinrui Toh
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Joshua Khoo
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
| | - June Wong
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Cian M McCrudden
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | | | - Coy Brunssen
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, Medical Faculty and University Clinics Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Henning Morawietz
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, Medical Faculty and University Clinics Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Mervin C Yoder
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Denise M McDonald
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Chris J Watson
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Alan W Stitt
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Andriana Margariti
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Reinhold J Medina
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
| | - David J Grieve
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
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McLoughlin KJ, Pedrini E, MacMahon M, Guduric-Fuchs J, Medina RJ. Selection of a Real-Time PCR Housekeeping Gene Panel in Human Endothelial Colony Forming Cells for Cellular Senescence Studies. Front Med (Lausanne) 2019; 6:33. [PMID: 30915334 PMCID: PMC6421261 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial Colony Forming Cells (ECFCs) represent a subset of endothelial progenitors with well-documented vasoreparative capacity. However, cellular senescence, which occurs due to aging, diabetes, smoking, or tissue inflammation, renders these cells dysfunctional. Therefore, there is growing interest in studying expression of senescence markers in ECFCs. RT-qPCR is the most commonly used technique to quantify gene expression and the proper choice of reference genes used for data normalization is critical for accurate quantification. It has been reported that the expression of commonly used housekeeping genes is often unstable in senescence. To identify the most suitable reference genes for ECFC senescence studies, we analyzed a microarray dataset, which compared the gene expression between proliferating and senescent ECFCs. In addition to replicative senescence, the data included X-ray-induced and Etoposide-induced senescence. We used the geNorm algorithm to identify the most stable genes across all studied conditions. Gene Ontology analysis found that the most stable genes belonged to the KEGG category of Genetic Information Processing. The optimal combination of housekeeping genes for ECFC senescence was found to include four ribosomal protein genes; RPL13, RPL31, RPL37, and RPL30. The RT-qPCR validation confirmed that normalization with our novel panel was more sensitive in identifying senescence markers compared to commonly used genes such as ACTB, UBC, and GAPDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran J McLoughlin
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Edoardo Pedrini
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Meabh MacMahon
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Jasenka Guduric-Fuchs
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Reinhold J Medina
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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O'Neill CL, McLoughlin KJ, Chambers SEJ, Guduric-Fuchs J, Stitt AW, Medina RJ. The Vasoreparative Potential of Endothelial Colony Forming Cells: A Journey Through Pre-clinical Studies. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:273. [PMID: 30460233 PMCID: PMC6232760 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
For over a decade various cell populations have been investigated for their vasoreparative potential. Cells with the capacity to promote blood vessel regeneration are commonly known as endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs); although such a definition is currently considered too simple for the complexity of cell populations involved in the reparative angiogenic process. A subset of EPCs called endothelial colony forming cells (ECFCs) have emerged as a suitable candidate for cytotherapy, primarily due to their clonogenic progenitor characteristics, unequivocal endothelial phenotype, and inherent ability to promote vasculogenesis. ECFCs can be readily isolated from human peripheral and cord blood, expanded ex vivo and used to revascularize ischemic tissues. These cells have demonstrated efficacy in several in vivo preclinical models such as the ischemic heart, retina, brain, limb, lung and kidney. This review will summarize the current pre-clinical evidence for ECFC cytotherapy and discuss their potential for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L O'Neill
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Kiran J McLoughlin
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E J Chambers
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Jasenka Guduric-Fuchs
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Alan W Stitt
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Reinhold J Medina
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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Chambers SEJ, O'Neill CL, Guduric-Fuchs J, McLoughlin KJ, Liew A, Egan AM, O'Brien T, Stitt AW, Medina RJ. The Vasoreparative Function of Myeloid Angiogenic Cells Is Impaired in Diabetes Through the Induction of IL1β. Stem Cells 2018; 36:834-843. [PMID: 29484768 PMCID: PMC6001623 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid angiogenic cells (MACs) promote revascularization through the paracrine release of angiogenic factors and have been harnessed as therapeutic cells for many ischemic diseases. However, their proangiogenic properties have been suggested to be diminished in diabetes. This study investigates how the diabetic milieu affects the immunophenotype and function of MACs. Both MACs isolated from diabetic conditions and healthy cells exposed to a diabetic environment were used to determine the potential of MACs as a cell therapy for diabetic‐related ischemia. MACs were isolated from human peripheral blood and characterized alongside proinflammatory macrophages M (LPS + IFNγ) and proangiogenic macrophages M (IL4). Functional changes in MACs in response to high‐d‐glucose were assessed using an in vitro 3D‐tubulogenesis assay. Phenotypic changes were determined by gene and protein expression analysis. Additionally, MACs from type 1 diabetic (T1D) patients and corresponding controls were isolated and characterized. Our evidence demonstrates MACs identity as a distinct macrophage subtype that shares M2 proangiogenic characteristics, but can be distinguished by CD163hi expression. High‐d‐glucose treatment significantly reduced MACs proangiogenic capacity, which was associated with a significant increase in IL1β mRNA and protein expression. Inhibition of IL1β abrogated the antiangiogenic effect induced by high‐d‐glucose. IL1β was also significantly upregulated in MACs isolated from T1D patients with microvascular complications compared to T1D patients without microvascular complications or nondiabetic volunteers. This study demonstrates that Type 1 diabetes and diabetic‐like conditions impair the proangiogenic and regenerative capacity of MACs, and this response is mediated by IL‐1β. Stem Cells2018;36:834–843
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E J Chambers
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Christina L O'Neill
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Jasenka Guduric-Fuchs
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Kiran J McLoughlin
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron Liew
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science
| | - Aoife M Egan
- Galway Diabetes Research Centre, Department of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.,Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Timothy O'Brien
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science
| | - Alan W Stitt
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Reinhold J Medina
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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