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Urbanowicz T, Skotak K, Filipiak KJ, Olasińska-Wiśniewska A, Szczepański K, Wyrwa M, Sikora J, Tykarski A, Jemielity M. Long-Term Exposure of Nitrogen Oxides Air Pollution (NO 2) Impact for Coronary Artery Lesion Progression-Pilot Study. J Pers Med 2023; 13:1376. [PMID: 37763144 PMCID: PMC10532770 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13091376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The potentially harmful effects of air pollution on the human health have been already presented in epidemiological studies, suggesting a strong association with increased morbidity and mortality. The aim of the study was to evaluate a possible relationship between coronary artery lesion progression related to habitation place (cities vs. villages) and air pollution. METHODS There were 148 (101 men and 47 women) patients with a median age of 70 (63-74) years enrolled into retrospective analysis based on the coronary angiography results and their habitation place. Patients with stable coronary syndrome, who underwent repeated percutaneous coronary interventions were enrolled into the analysis based on demographical and clinical characteristics combined with annual exposure to air pollution (PM2.5, PM10, and NO2). RESULTS The results of multivariable regression analysis showed a significant relationship between coronary artery lesion progression requiring percutaneous intervention and NO2 chronic exposure in patients living in cities of Poland (OR 2.00, 95% CI: 0.41-9.62, p < 0.001). The predictive value of air pollution exposure at habitation place for coronary artery lesion progression requiring percutaneous intervention was evaluated by receiver-operator curve analysis, which revealed an area under the curve of 0.939, yielding a sensitivity of 87.1% and specificity of 90.7%. CONCLUSIONS Coronary artery lesion progression can be related to chronic exposure to NO2 air pollution in patients living in cities in Poland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Urbanowicz
- Cardiac Surgery and Transplantology Department, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland; (A.O.-W.); (M.J.)
| | - Krzysztof Skotak
- Institute of Environmental Protection, National Research Institute, 01-045 Warsaw, Poland; (K.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Krzysztof J. Filipiak
- Institute of Clinical Science, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Medical Academy, 00-136 Warsaw, Poland;
- Department of Hypertensiology, Angiology and Internal Medicine, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland; (M.W.); (A.T.)
| | - Anna Olasińska-Wiśniewska
- Cardiac Surgery and Transplantology Department, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland; (A.O.-W.); (M.J.)
| | - Krystian Szczepański
- Institute of Environmental Protection, National Research Institute, 01-045 Warsaw, Poland; (K.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Michał Wyrwa
- Department of Hypertensiology, Angiology and Internal Medicine, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland; (M.W.); (A.T.)
| | - Jędrzej Sikora
- Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Tykarski
- Department of Hypertensiology, Angiology and Internal Medicine, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland; (M.W.); (A.T.)
| | - Marek Jemielity
- Cardiac Surgery and Transplantology Department, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland; (A.O.-W.); (M.J.)
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Buczyłowska D, Baumbach C, Bratkowski J, Mysak Y, Wierzba-Łukaszyk M, Skotak K, Sitnik-Warchulska K, Lipowska M, Izydorczyk B, Szwed M, Markevych I. Does exposure to nature make children more intelligent? Analysis in Polish children with and without ADHD. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2023; 253:114239. [PMID: 37562123 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2023.114239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that exposure to nature and physical activity (PA) may be associated with higher intelligence in children. We examined whether there is an association between lifelong exposure to greenspace and bluespace and intelligence in children aged 10-13 with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and whether PA mediates this association. The sample (N = 714) was collected within the NeuroSmog case-control study, where children with (N = 206) and without ADHD (N = 508) were recruited from 18 towns in Southern Poland. Nature exposure was estimated as the sum of the z-scores of the objective and perceived measures. Objective greenspace exposure was defined as the percentage of grass and tree cover in 500 m and 1 km buffers around lifelong residential addresses, respectively. Objective bluespace exposure was defined as the percentage of water cover in 500 m and 1 km buffers. Perceived greenspace/bluespace was measured as the parent-rated availability, quality, and use of greenspace/bluespace. Intelligence was assessed using the Polish version of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, 5th edition (SB5). SB5 Full Scale Intelligence Quotient (IQ), Nonverbal IQ, Verbal IQ, five factor and ten subtest scores were analysed as outcomes. The associations between nature and IQ scores were assessed by linear regressions separately for cases and controls, adjusting the models for sex, parental education, and urbanicity. Structural equation modeling was implemented to test whether PA mediated the association between nature and intelligence. None of the greenspace or bluespace measures were consistently associated with intelligence. PA was not found to be a mediator. We did not find evidence that higher lifelong nature exposure is associated with higher intelligence in Polish schoolchildren with or without ADHD. This casts doubts on whether exposure to nature has relevant influence on IQ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clemens Baumbach
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jakub Bratkowski
- Institute of Environmental Protection-National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Yarema Mysak
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Krzysztof Skotak
- Institute of Environmental Protection-National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Sitnik-Warchulska
- Faculty of Management and Social Communication, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Lipowska
- Faculty of Management and Social Communication, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Institute of Psychology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Marcin Szwed
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Iana Markevych
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Health and Quality of Life in a Green and Sustainable Environment, SRIPD, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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Compa M, Baumbach C, Kaczmarek-Majer K, Buczyłowska D, Gradys GO, Skotak K, Degórska A, Bratkowski J, Wierzba-Łukaszyk M, Mysak Y, Sitnik-Warchulska K, Lipowska M, Izydorczyk B, Grellier J, Asanowicz D, Markevych I, Szwed M. Air pollution and attention in Polish schoolchildren with and without ADHD. Sci Total Environ 2023:164759. [PMID: 37302611 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development and functioning of attention-a key component of human cognition-can be affected by environmental factors. We investigated whether long- and short-term exposure to particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter < 10 μm (PM10) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) are related to attention in 10- to 13- year-old children living in Polish towns and cities recruited in the NeuroSmog case-control study. METHODS We investigated associations between air pollution and attention separately in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD, n = 187), a sensitive, at-risk population with impaired attention and population-based typically developing children (TD, n = 465). Alerting, orienting, and executive aspects of attention were measured using the Attention Network Test (ANT), while inhibitory control was measured with the Continuous Performance Test (CPT). We assessed long-term exposure to NO2 and PM10 using novel hybrid land use regression (LUR) models. Short-term exposures to NO2 and PM10 were assigned to each subject using measurements taken at the air pollution monitoring station nearest to their home address. We tested associations for each exposure-outcome pair using adjusted linear and negative binomial regressions. RESULTS We found that long-term exposures to both NO2 and PM10 were associated with worse visual attention in children with ADHD. Short-term exposure to NO2 was associated with less efficient executive attention in TD children and higher error rates in children with ADHD. It was also associated with shorter CPT response times in TD children; however, this effect was accompanied by a trend towards more CPT commission errors, suggestive of more impulsive performance in these subjects. Finally, we found that short-term PM10 exposure was associated with fewer omission errors in CPT in TD children. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to air pollution, especially short-term exposure to NO2, may have a negative impact on attention in children. In sensitive populations, this impact might be different than in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikołaj Compa
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Jagiellonian University, Doctoral School of Social Sciences, Poland
| | - Clemens Baumbach
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kaczmarek-Majer
- Institute of Environmental Protection, National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland; Systems Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Krzysztof Skotak
- Institute of Environmental Protection, National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Degórska
- Institute of Environmental Protection, National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Bratkowski
- Institute of Environmental Protection, National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Yarema Mysak
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Sitnik-Warchulska
- Faculty of Management and Social Communication, , Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Lipowska
- University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Faculty of Management and Social Communication, , Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - James Grellier
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter, Truro, United Kingdom
| | | | - Iana Markevych
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Health and quality of life in a green and sustainable environment", SRIPD, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
| | - Marcin Szwed
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
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Porwisiak P, Werner M, Kryza M, Vieno M, Holland M, ApSimon H, Drzeniecka-Osiadacz A, Skotak K, Gawuc L, Szymankiewicz K. Modelling benzo(a)pyrene concentrations for different meteorological conditions - Analysis of lung cancer cases and associated economic costs. Environ Int 2023; 173:107863. [PMID: 36898174 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution originating from the household presents a significant burden to public health, especially during the wintertime in countries, such as Poland, where coal substantially contributes to the energy market. One of the most hazardous components of particulate matter is benzo(a)pyrene (BaP). This study focusses on the impact of different meteorological conditions on BaP concentrations in Poland and associated impacts on human health and economic burdens. For this study, we used the EMEP MSC-W atmospheric chemistry transport model with meteorological data from the Weather Research and Forecasting model to analyze the spatial and temporal distribution of BaP over Central Europe. The model setup has two nested domains, with the inner domain at 4 km × 4 km over Poland, which is a hotspot for BaP concentrations. The outer domain covers countries surrounding Poland in coarser resolution (12 × 812 km), to ensure that transboundary pollution is properly characterized in the modelling. We investigated the sensitivity to variability in winter meteorological conditions on BaP levels and impacts using data from 3 years: 1) 2018, which represents average meteorological conditions during the winter season (BASE run), 2) 2010 with a cold winter (COLD), and 3) 2020 with a warm winter (WARM). The ALPHA-RiskPoll model was used to analyze the lung cancer cases and associated economic costs. The results show that the majority of Poland exceeds the target level of benzo(a)pyrene (1 ng m-3) mainly due to high concentrations during the cold months. High concentrations of BaP have serious health implications and the number of lung cancers in Poland due to BaP exposure varies from 57 to 77 cases for the WARM and COLD years, respectively. It is reflected in the economic costs, which ranged from 136, through 174 to 185 million euros/year for the WARM, BASE and COLD model runs, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Porwisiak
- Faculty of Earth Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Wrocław, Kosiby 8, 51-621 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Werner
- Faculty of Earth Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Wrocław, Kosiby 8, 51-621 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Kryza
- Faculty of Earth Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Wrocław, Kosiby 8, 51-621 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Massimo Vieno
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Edinburgh Research Station, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Mike Holland
- Ecometrics Research and Consulting, Reading RG8 7PW, UK
| | - Helen ApSimon
- Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, London SW7 1NE, UK
| | - Anetta Drzeniecka-Osiadacz
- Faculty of Earth Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Wrocław, Kosiby 8, 51-621 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Skotak
- Institute of Environmental Protection-National Research Institute, Krucza 5/11D, 00-548 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lech Gawuc
- Institute of Environmental Protection-National Research Institute, Krucza 5/11D, 00-548 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karol Szymankiewicz
- Institute of Environmental Protection-National Research Institute, Krucza 5/11D, 00-548 Warsaw, Poland
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Singh N, Baumbach C, Buczyłowska D, Bratkowski J, Mysak Y, Wierzba-Łukaszyk M, Sitnik-Warchulska K, Skotak K, Lipowska M, Izydorczyk B, Szwed M, Markevych I. Association of residential and school green- and bluespace with academic performance in 10-13-year-old Polish schoolchildren with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Sci Total Environ 2023; 859:160123. [PMID: 36370794 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies, mostly based on the USA data, have reported that school greenspace was associated with better academic performance. However, nearly all of them were conducted on aggregated data. We are among the first individual data-based studies worldwide to examine whether exposure to school and residential green- and bluespace can boost academic performance. METHODS NeuroSmog is an ongoing case-control study investigating the impact of air pollution on brain development in children with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). 658 children aged 10 to 13 years from 18 large and small towns in southern Poland constituted the analytical sample. Information about latest end-of-year school grades in Polish and maths was collected by the parent report while perceived academic performance in these subjects was collected by the Youth Self-Report. Tree, grass, and water cover, as well as overall vegetation, were abstracted in Euclidean buffers of 500 and 1000 m around concurrent school and residential addresses. Perceived green- and bluespace data were also collected. Adjusted for age, sex, parent education, financial situation, and urbanicity, logistic models were fitted to assess the associations between each exposure-outcome pair. RESULT We found no consistent associations between academic performance and school or residential green- and bluespace. This held true for children with and without ADHD. CONCLUSIONS Higher residential and school green- and bluespace do not seem to be sufficient for better academic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitika Singh
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 6, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Clemens Baumbach
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 6, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Dorota Buczyłowska
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 6, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jakub Bratkowski
- Institute of Environmental Protection-National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Yarema Mysak
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 6, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Maja Wierzba-Łukaszyk
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 6, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Sitnik-Warchulska
- Faculty of Management and Social Communication, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Skotak
- Institute of Environmental Protection-National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Lipowska
- Faculty of Management and Social Communication, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Institute of Psychology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Bernadetta Izydorczyk
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 6, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcin Szwed
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 6, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Iana Markevych
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 6, 30-060 Krakow, Poland.
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Rudziński KJ, Sarang K, Nestorowicz K, Asztemborska M, Żyfka-Zagrodzińska E, Skotak K, Szmigielski R. Winter sources of PM 2.5 pollution in Podkowa Leśna, a Central-European garden town (Mazovia, Poland). Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:84504-84520. [PMID: 35788483 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21673-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The paper analyzes PM2.5 aerosol samples collected in Podkowa Leśna, a garden town in Mazovia, Central Poland, for 15 days in winter 2019. We determined the mass concentrations in the air of PM2.5 and PM2.5-bound organic carbon, elemental carbon, levoglucosan, and nine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PM2.5 ranged from 11 to 51 μg m-3 (mean 31 μg m-3) and contained less than 32% organic carbon, 4% elemental carbon, 1% levoglucosan, and 0.12% total PAHs. The analysis based on positive matrix factorization (PMF) indicated two sources of PM2.5 of similar strength - burning vehicle fuels and biomass burning for residential heating. Levoglucosan originated exclusively from biomass burning, while 90% of elemental carbon was from vehicle emissions. About 62% of organic carbon, 85% of benzo(a)anthracene and 55-65% of the remaining PAHs originated from biomass burning. Compared to many worldwide locations, PM2.5, organic carbon, elemental carbon, and levoglucosan in Podkowa were among the lowest. The benzo(a)pyrene concentrations were the highest, while other PAHs were intermediate. However, the mass fractions of PAHs in Podkowa PM2.5 were the highest among the four locations available for comparison. That may indicate the low quality of fuel-burning processes. PAH-related inhalation cancer risk based on PAH carcinogenic potency in Podkowa appeared marginal. This work aims to induce local administrative actions to improve air quality in garden towns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof J Rudziński
- Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka str. 44/52, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Kumar Sarang
- Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka str. 44/52, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Klara Nestorowicz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka str. 44/52, Warsaw, Poland
- Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka str. 44/52, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Asztemborska
- Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka str. 44/52, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Krzysztof Skotak
- Institute of Environmental Protection, Krucza str. 5/11D, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Szmigielski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka str. 44/52, Warsaw, Poland
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7
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Markevych I, Orlov N, Grellier J, Kaczmarek-Majer K, Lipowska M, Sitnik-Warchulska K, Mysak Y, Baumbach C, Wierzba-Łukaszyk M, Soomro MH, Compa M, Izydorczyk B, Skotak K, Degórska A, Bratkowski J, Kossowski B, Domagalik A, Szwed M. NeuroSmog: Determining the Impact of Air Pollution on the Developing Brain: Project Protocol. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 19:310. [PMID: 35010570 PMCID: PMC8744611 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to airborne particulate matter (PM) may affect neurodevelopmental outcomes in children. The mechanisms underlying these relationships are not currently known. We aim to assess whether PM affects the developing brains of schoolchildren in Poland, a country characterized by high levels of PM pollution. Children aged from 10 to 13 years (n = 800) are recruited to participate in this case-control study. Cases (children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)) are being recruited by field psychologists. Population-based controls are being sampled from schools. The study area comprises 18 towns in southern Poland characterized by wide-ranging levels of PM. Comprehensive psychological assessments are conducted to assess cognitive and social functioning. Participants undergo structural, diffusion-weighted, task, and resting-state magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). PM concentrations are estimated using land use regression models, incorporating information from air monitoring networks, dispersion models, and characteristics of roads and other land cover types. The estimated concentrations will be assigned to the prenatal and postnatal residential and preschool/school addresses of the study participants. We will assess whether long-term exposure to PM affects brain function, structure, and connectivity in healthy children and in those diagnosed with ADHD. This study will provide novel, in-depth understanding of the neurodevelopmental effects of PM pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iana Markevych
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 6, 30-060 Krakow, Poland; (I.M.); (N.O.); (J.G.); (Y.M.); (C.B.); (M.W.-Ł.); (M.H.S.); (M.C.); (B.I.)
| | - Natasza Orlov
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 6, 30-060 Krakow, Poland; (I.M.); (N.O.); (J.G.); (Y.M.); (C.B.); (M.W.-Ł.); (M.H.S.); (M.C.); (B.I.)
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - James Grellier
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 6, 30-060 Krakow, Poland; (I.M.); (N.O.); (J.G.); (Y.M.); (C.B.); (M.W.-Ł.); (M.H.S.); (M.C.); (B.I.)
- European Centre of Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, Cornwall TR1 3HD, UK
| | - Katarzyna Kaczmarek-Majer
- Institute of Environmental Protection-National Research Institute, Krucza 5/11d, 00-548 Warsaw, Poland; (K.K.-M.); (K.S.); (A.D.); (J.B.)
- Systems Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Newelska 6, 01-447 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Lipowska
- Faculty of Management and Social Communication, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 4, 30-348 Krakow, Poland; (M.L.); (K.S.-W.)
- Institute of Psychology, University of Gdansk, Bażyńskiego 4, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Sitnik-Warchulska
- Faculty of Management and Social Communication, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 4, 30-348 Krakow, Poland; (M.L.); (K.S.-W.)
| | - Yarema Mysak
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 6, 30-060 Krakow, Poland; (I.M.); (N.O.); (J.G.); (Y.M.); (C.B.); (M.W.-Ł.); (M.H.S.); (M.C.); (B.I.)
| | - Clemens Baumbach
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 6, 30-060 Krakow, Poland; (I.M.); (N.O.); (J.G.); (Y.M.); (C.B.); (M.W.-Ł.); (M.H.S.); (M.C.); (B.I.)
- ENIANO GmbH, Schwanthalerstraße 73, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Maja Wierzba-Łukaszyk
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 6, 30-060 Krakow, Poland; (I.M.); (N.O.); (J.G.); (Y.M.); (C.B.); (M.W.-Ł.); (M.H.S.); (M.C.); (B.I.)
| | - Munawar Hussain Soomro
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 6, 30-060 Krakow, Poland; (I.M.); (N.O.); (J.G.); (Y.M.); (C.B.); (M.W.-Ł.); (M.H.S.); (M.C.); (B.I.)
| | - Mikołaj Compa
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 6, 30-060 Krakow, Poland; (I.M.); (N.O.); (J.G.); (Y.M.); (C.B.); (M.W.-Ł.); (M.H.S.); (M.C.); (B.I.)
| | - Bernadetta Izydorczyk
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 6, 30-060 Krakow, Poland; (I.M.); (N.O.); (J.G.); (Y.M.); (C.B.); (M.W.-Ł.); (M.H.S.); (M.C.); (B.I.)
- Faculty of Management and Social Communication, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 4, 30-348 Krakow, Poland; (M.L.); (K.S.-W.)
| | - Krzysztof Skotak
- Institute of Environmental Protection-National Research Institute, Krucza 5/11d, 00-548 Warsaw, Poland; (K.K.-M.); (K.S.); (A.D.); (J.B.)
| | - Anna Degórska
- Institute of Environmental Protection-National Research Institute, Krucza 5/11d, 00-548 Warsaw, Poland; (K.K.-M.); (K.S.); (A.D.); (J.B.)
| | - Jakub Bratkowski
- Institute of Environmental Protection-National Research Institute, Krucza 5/11d, 00-548 Warsaw, Poland; (K.K.-M.); (K.S.); (A.D.); (J.B.)
| | - Bartosz Kossowski
- Laboratory of Brain Imaging, Nencki Institute for Experimental Biology, Pasteur 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Domagalik
- Brain Imaging Core Facility, Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Marcin Szwed
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 6, 30-060 Krakow, Poland; (I.M.); (N.O.); (J.G.); (Y.M.); (C.B.); (M.W.-Ł.); (M.H.S.); (M.C.); (B.I.)
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8
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Forsius M, Posch M, Holmberg M, Vuorenmaa J, Kleemola S, Augustaitis A, Beudert B, Bochenek W, Clarke N, de Wit HA, Dirnböck T, Frey J, Grandin U, Hakola H, Kobler J, Krám P, Lindroos AJ, Löfgren S, Pecka T, Rönnback P, Skotak K, Szpikowski J, Ukonmaanaho L, Valinia S, Váňa M. Assessing critical load exceedances and ecosystem impacts of anthropogenic nitrogen and sulphur deposition at unmanaged forested catchments in Europe. Sci Total Environ 2021; 753:141791. [PMID: 32890870 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic emissions of nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) compounds and their long-range transport have caused widespread negative impacts on different ecosystems. Critical loads (CLs) are deposition thresholds used to describe the sensitivity of ecosystems to atmospheric deposition. The CL methodology has been a key science-based tool for assessing the environmental consequences of air pollution. We computed CLs for eutrophication and acidification using a European long-term dataset of intensively studied forested ecosystem sites (n = 17) in northern and central Europe. The sites belong to the ICP IM and eLTER networks. The link between the site-specific calculations and time-series of CL exceedances and measured site data was evaluated using long-term measurements (1990-2017) for bulk deposition, throughfall and runoff water chemistry. Novel techniques for presenting exceedances of CLs and their temporal development were also developed. Concentrations and fluxes of sulphate, total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) and acidity in deposition substantially decreased at the sites. Decreases in S deposition resulted in statistically significant decreased concentrations and fluxes of sulphate in runoff and decreasing trends of TIN in runoff were more common than increasing trends. The temporal developments of the exceedance of the CLs indicated the more effective reductions of S deposition compared to N at the sites. There was a relation between calculated exceedance of the CLs and measured runoff water concentrations and fluxes, and most sites with higher CL exceedances showed larger decreases in both TIN and H+ concentrations and fluxes. Sites with higher cumulative exceedance of eutrophication CLs (averaged over 3 and 30 years) generally showed higher TIN concentrations in runoff. The results provided evidence on the link between CL exceedances and empirical impacts, increasing confidence in the methodology used for the European-scale CL calculations. The results also confirm that emission abatement actions are having their intended effects on CL exceedances and ecosystem impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Forsius
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Latokartanonkaari 11, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Maximilian Posch
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Maria Holmberg
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Latokartanonkaari 11, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jussi Vuorenmaa
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Latokartanonkaari 11, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sirpa Kleemola
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Latokartanonkaari 11, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Algirdas Augustaitis
- Forest Monitoring Laboratory, Vytautas Magnus University, Studentu 13, Kaunas distr. LT-53362, Lithuania
| | - Burkhard Beudert
- Bavarian Forest National Park, Freyunger Str. 2, D-94481 Grafenau, Germany
| | - Witold Bochenek
- Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization, Polish Academy of Sciences, Szymbark 430, 38-311 Szymbark, Poland
| | - Nicholas Clarke
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, PO Box 115, NO-1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Heleen A de Wit
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Dirnböck
- Environment Agency Austria, Department for Ecosystem Research and Data Information Management, Spittelauer Lände 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jane Frey
- Tartu University, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Vanemuise St. 46, EE-51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ulf Grandin
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hannele Hakola
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, PO Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johannes Kobler
- Environment Agency Austria, Department for Ecosystem Research and Data Information Management, Spittelauer Lände 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Pavel Krám
- Czech Geological Survey, Department of Geochemistry, Klárov 3, CZ-118 21 Prague 1, Czech Republic
| | - Antti-Jussi Lindroos
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stefan Löfgren
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tomasz Pecka
- Institute of Environmental Protection - National Research Institute, ul. Kolektorska 4, 01-692 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pernilla Rönnback
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Krzysztof Skotak
- Institute of Environmental Protection - National Research Institute, ul. Kolektorska 4, 01-692 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Józef Szpikowski
- Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Storkowo 32, 78-450 Grzmiąca, Poland
| | - Liisa Ukonmaanaho
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Salar Valinia
- Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Climate Department- Air Unit, SE-106 48 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Milan Váňa
- Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Observatory Košetice, CZ-394 22 Košetice, Czech Republic
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Wach P, Spólnik G, Rudziński KJ, Skotak K, Claeys M, Danikiewicz W, Szmigielski R. Radical oxidation of methyl vinyl ketone and methacrolein in aqueous droplets: Characterization of organosulfates and atmospheric implications. Chemosphere 2019; 214:1-9. [PMID: 30248553 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In-cloud processing of volatile organic compounds is one of the significant routes leading to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in the lower troposphere. In this study, we demonstrate that two atmospherically relevant α,β-unsaturated carbonyls, i.e., but-3-en-2-on (methyl vinyl ketone, MVK) and 2-methylopropenal (methacrolein, MACR), undergo sulfate radical-induced transformations in dilute aqueous systems under photochemical conditions to form organosulfates previously identified in ambient aerosols and SOA generated in smog chambers. The photooxidation was performed under sun irradiation in unbuffered aqueous solutions containing carbonyl precursors at a concentration of 0.2 mmol and peroxydisulfate as a source of sulfate radicals (SO4-) at a concentration of 0.95 mmol. UV-vis analysis of solutions showed the fast decay of unsaturated carbonyl precursors in the presence of sulfate radicals. The observation confirms the capacity of sulfate radicals to transform the organic compounds into SOA components in atmospheric waters. Detailed interpretation of high-resolution negative ion electrospray ionization tandem mass spectra allowed to assign molecular structures to multiple aqueous organosulfate products, including an abundant isoprene-derived organosulfate C4H8SO7 detected at m/z 199. The results highlight the solar aqueous-phase reactions as a potentially significant route for biogenic SOA production in clouds at locations where isoprene oxidation occurs. A recent modelling study suggests that such processes could likely contribute to 20-30 Tg year-1 production of SOA, referred to as aqSOA, which is a non-negligible addition to the still underestimated budget of atmospheric aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Wach
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Grzegorz Spólnik
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof J Rudziński
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Skotak
- Institute of Environmental Protection-National Research Institute, ul. Krucza 5/11D, 00-548 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Magda Claeys
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, BE 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Witold Danikiewicz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Szmigielski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
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10
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Vuorenmaa J, Augustaitis A, Beudert B, Bochenek W, Clarke N, de Wit HA, Dirnböck T, Frey J, Hakola H, Kleemola S, Kobler J, Krám P, Lindroos AJ, Lundin L, Löfgren S, Marchetto A, Pecka T, Schulte-Bisping H, Skotak K, Srybny A, Szpikowski J, Ukonmaanaho L, Váňa M, Åkerblom S, Forsius M. Long-term changes (1990-2015) in the atmospheric deposition and runoff water chemistry of sulphate, inorganic nitrogen and acidity for forested catchments in Europe in relation to changes in emissions and hydrometeorological conditions. Sci Total Environ 2018; 625:1129-1145. [PMID: 29996410 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The international Long-Term Ecological Research Network (ILTER) encompasses hundreds of long-term research/monitoring sites located in a wide array of ecosystems that can help us understand environmental change across the globe. We evaluated long-term trends (1990-2015) for bulk deposition, throughfall and runoff water chemistry and fluxes, and climatic variables in 25 forested catchments in Europe belonging to the UNECE International Cooperative Programme on Integrated Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Ecosystems (ICP IM). Many of the IM sites form part of the monitoring infrastructures of this larger ILTER network. Trends were evaluated for monthly concentrations of non-marine (anthropogenic fraction, denoted as x) sulphate (xSO4) and base cations x(Ca+Mg), hydrogen ion (H+), inorganic N (NO3 and NH4) and ANC (Acid Neutralising Capacity) and their respective fluxes into and out of the catchments and for monthly precipitation, runoff and air temperature. A significant decrease of xSO4 deposition resulted in decreases in concentrations and fluxes of xSO4 in runoff, being significant at 90% and 60% of the sites, respectively. Bulk deposition of NO3 and NH4 decreased significantly at 60-80% (concentrations) and 40-60% (fluxes) of the sites. Concentrations and fluxes of NO3 in runoff decreased at 73% and 63% of the sites, respectively, and NO3 concentrations decreased significantly at 50% of the sites. Thus, the LTER/ICP IM network confirms the positive effects of the emission reductions in Europe. Air temperature increased significantly at 61% of the sites, while trends for precipitation and runoff were rarely significant. The site-specific variation of xSO4 concentrations in runoff was most strongly explained by deposition. Climatic variables and deposition explained the variation of inorganic N concentrations in runoff at single sites poorly, and as yet there are no clear signs of a consistent deposition-driven or climate-driven increase in inorganic N exports in the catchments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussi Vuorenmaa
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), PO Box 140, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Algirdas Augustaitis
- Forest Monitoring Laboratory, Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Studentu 13, Kaunas distr. LT-53362, Lithuania
| | - Burkhard Beudert
- Bavarian Forest National Park, Freyunger Str. 2, D-94481 Grafenau, Germany
| | - Witold Bochenek
- Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences, Szymbark 430, 38-311 Szymbark, Poland
| | - Nicholas Clarke
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, PO Box 115, NO-1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Heleen A de Wit
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Dirnböck
- Environment Agency Austria, Department for Ecosystem Research and Data Information Management, Spittelauer Lände 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jane Frey
- Tartu University, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Vanemuise St. 46, EE-51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Hannele Hakola
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, PO Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sirpa Kleemola
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), PO Box 140, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johannes Kobler
- Environment Agency Austria, Department for Ecosystem Research and Data Information Management, Spittelauer Lände 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Pavel Krám
- Czech Geological Survey, Department of Geochemistry, Klárov 3, CZ-118 21 Prague 1, Czech Republic
| | - Antti-Jussi Lindroos
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lars Lundin
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stefan Löfgren
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aldo Marchetto
- CNR Istituto per lo Studio degli Ecosistemi, Largo Tonolli 5-28922, Verbania Pallanza VB, Italy
| | - Tomasz Pecka
- Institute of Environmental Protection - National Research Institute, ul. Kolektorska 4, 01-692 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hubert Schulte-Bisping
- Georg-August University of Göttingen, Soil Science of Temperate and Boreal Ecosystems, Büsgenweg 2, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Skotak
- Institute of Environmental Protection - National Research Institute, ul. Kolektorska 4, 01-692 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anatoly Srybny
- Berezinsky Biosphere Reserve, P.O. Domzheritzy, Lepel District, Vitebskaya Oblast 211188, Belarus
| | - Józef Szpikowski
- Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Storkowo 32, 78-450 Grzmiąca, Poland
| | - Liisa Ukonmaanaho
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Milan Váňa
- Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Observatory Košetice, CZ-394 22 Košetice, Czech Republic
| | - Staffan Åkerblom
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Forsius
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), PO Box 140, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland
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11
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Spolnik G, Wach P, Rudzinski KJ, Skotak K, Danikiewicz W, Szmigielski R. Improved UHPLC-MS/MS Methods for Analysis of Isoprene-Derived Organosulfates. Anal Chem 2018; 90:3416-3423. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b05060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Spolnik
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 01-224, Poland
| | - Paulina Wach
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 01-224, Poland
| | | | - Krzysztof Skotak
- Institute of Environmental Protection, National Research Institute, Warsaw 00-548, Poland
| | - Witold Danikiewicz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 01-224, Poland
| | - Rafal Szmigielski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 01-224, Poland
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12
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Skotak K, Bratkowski J, Maziarka D, Jamsheer-Bratkowska M. [New rules of the bathing water quality management]. Przegl Epidemiol 2012; 66:357-365. [PMID: 23101231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Directive 2006/7/EC concerning the management of bathing water quality and repealing directive 76/160/ EEC, adopted in 2006, resulted in changes polish laws and regulations of this topic, which were necessary to comply with the new Directive. These included Water Act and three regulations: on bathing water quality surveillance, on bathing waters register and on bathing water profile. The main changes in the sanitary surveillance on bathing waters quality and their consequences for bathers has been discussed in the article. According to new regulations conducting bathing water quality monitoring was handed over to organizers of bathing sites and local government. Bathing water supervision and water quality assessment is in Polish Sanitary Inspection competence. Unique solution of polish law is division of bathing places into two categories: bathing sites and places used for bathing. In a consequence regulations "create" another category of such objects like places used according to custom for bathing by neighbourhood people, which will be left without any supervision. There is significant threat that new formal aspects combined with organisers burdened with supervision and finance responsibilities, will lead to decrease number of bathing sites in favour of growing number of places used for bathing. This can in consequence diminish bathers health safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Skotak
- Zakład Higieny Srodowiska, Narodowy Instytut Zdrowia Publicznego - Państwowy Zakład Higieny w Warszawie.
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13
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Skotak K, Swiatczak J. [Potential human health effects of PM10 exposure in Poland]. Przegl Lek 2008; 65 Suppl 2:18-25. [PMID: 19621650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Short and long-term exposure to people of the fine particulate matter concentrations (PM10) cause ill-health endpoints such as increased hospital admissions for respiratory and cardio. vascular disease. Many researches and studies have also shown the associations with increased daily mortality, in total and due to cardiovascular and respiratory causes. The adverse health effect associated with the PM10 is observed mainly in the high density populated area where threshold values are excided. Estimation of the level of selected ill-health endpoints (mentioned above) as a result of the PM10 exposure in some areas in Poland was the main aim of the project. Final results have been done based on AirQ software, elaborated and delivered by WHO, and measurements from National Air Quality Monitoring System. The maximum values of mentioned ill-health endpoints (calculated per 100 thousand inhabitants) were obtained for high density and polluted industrial regions in the southern part of Poland. The best situation concerning indicators is observed in the northern part of the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Skotak
- Narodowy Instytut Zdrowia Publicznego - Państwowy Zakład Higieny, Zakład Higieny Komunalnej, Warszawa.
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