Surface exciton polariton enhanced Goos-Hänchen and Imbert-Fedorov shifts and their applications in refractive index sensing

The spatial and angular Goos-Hänchen shifts (GHSs) and Imbert-Fedorov shifts (IFSs) are theoretically investigated in a modified Kretschmann-Raether configuration consisting of glass prism, J-aggregate cyanine dye, and air. With the excitation of surface excitation polaritons (SEPs), the spatial and angular GHSs and IFSs for the transverse magnetic polarized light are strongly enhanced around the resonant angle of SEP. A highly sensitive gas sensor based on the SEP enhanced GHS (or IFS) is proposed, which exhibits the refractive index sensitivity on the order of 106λ/RIU (or 105λ/RIU) (λ: illumination wavelength; RIU: refractive index unit) for the GHS- (or IFS-) based gas sensor, respectively.

High sensitivity gas sensor based on surface exciton polariton enhanced photonic spin Hall effect

In this paper, the sub-wavelength transverse displacement of photonic spin Hall effect (PSHE) is significantly enhanced by the surface exciton polariton (SEP) for application in gas sensing. The transverse displacement of 14.4 times the wavelength of incident light is achieved with the SEP enhanced PSHE, which is about 3 times that of surface plasmon resonance enhanced PSHE. A gas sensor based on SEP enhanced PSHE is proposed for the detection of SO2, and the refractive index sensitivity of 6320.4 µm/RIU is obtained in the refractive index range from 1.00027281 to 1.00095981. These results undoubtedly demonstrate SEP to be a promising mechanism for PSHE enhancement, and open up new opportunities for highly sensitive gas sensing, biosensing, and chemical sensing.

Fractional modeling of urban growth with memory effects

The previous urban growth model by L. M. A. Bettencourt was developed under the framework of a constant β scaling law in an ordinary differential equation based model assuming instantaneous dynamic growth. In this paper, we improve the model by considering the memory effects based on fractional calculus. By testing this new fractional model to different urban attributes related to sustainable growth, such as congestion delay, water supply, and electricity consumption for selected countries (the USA, China, Singapore, Canada, Switzerland, New Zealand), this new model may provide better agreement to the annual population growth by numerically finding the optimal fractional parameter for different attributes. Based on the theoretical time-independent scaling of β = 5 / 6 (sub-linear) and β = 7 / 6 (super-linear), we also analyze the population growth of 42 countries from 1960 to 2018. Furthermore, time-dependent scaling law extracted from empirical data is shown to provide further improvements. With better agreement between this proposed fractional model and the collected empirical population growth data, useful parameters can be estimated. For example, the maintenance cost and additional cost related to the sustainable growth (for a given city's attribute) can be quantitatively determined for the informed decision and urban planning for the sustainable growth of cities.

Tunable band alignment in boron carbon nitride and blue phosphorene van der Waals heterostructure

The hybrid monolayer of boron nitride and graphene, namely the BC x N monolayer, has been recently revealed as a direct bandgap semiconductor with exceptional thermal, mechanical and optical properties. The integration of such monolayer with other 2D materials into a van der Waals heterostructure (VDWH), however, remains largely unexplored thus far. In this work, we investigate the electronic and structural properties of a new class of VDWH obtained via the vertical stacking of BC x N (x = 2, 6) and blue phosphorene monolayers. By using first-principle density functional theory (DFT) simulation, we show that BC x N couples to the blue phosphorene layer via weak van der Waals interactions and exhibits a type-II band alignment which is beneficial for electron-hole pair separation in photodetection and solar cell applications. Intriguingly, changing the interlayer separation induces a indirect-to-direct band gap transition which changes the band alignment types of the VDWH. The interlayer separation, which can be readily tuned via a vertical strain, thus provides a useful tuning knob for switching the heterostructures between type-I and type-II VDWHs. Our findings reveals the BC x N-based VDWH as a versatile material platform with tunable band alignments, thus opening a route towards novel VDWH-based optoelectronic devices.

Optical Kerr effect and third harmonic generation in topological Dirac/Weyl semimetal

We study the nonlinear optical response generated by the massless Dirac quasiparticles residing around the topologically-protected Dirac/Weyl nodal points in three-dimensional (3D) topological semimetals. Analytical expressions of third-order interband nonlinear optical conductivities are obtained based on a quantum mechanical formalism which couples 3D Dirac fermions with multiple photons. Our results reveal that the massless Dirac fermions in three dimensions retains strong optical nonlinearity in terahertz frequency regime similar to the case of the two-dimensional Dirac fermions in graphene. At room temperature, the Kerr nonlinear refractive index and the harmonic generation susceptibility are found to be n₂ = 10^-11 ∼ 10^-8 m²W^-1 and χ⁽³⁾ = 10^-14 ∼ 10^-8 m²V^-2, respectively, in the few terahertz frequency regimes, which is comparable to graphene and orders of magnitudes stronger than many nonlinear crystals. Importantly, because 3D topological Dirac/Weyl semimetals possess bulk structural advantage not found in the strictly two-dimensional graphene, greater design flexibility and improved ease-of-fabrication in terms of photonic and optoelectronic device applications can be achieved. Our finding reveals the potential of 3D topological semimetals as a viable alternative to graphene for nonlinear optics applications.

Universal Scaling Laws in Schottky Heterostructures Based on Two-Dimensional Materials

We identify a new universality in the carrier transport of two-dimensional (2D) material-based Schottky heterostructures. We show that the reversed saturation current (J) scales universally with temperature (T) as log(J/T^{β})∝-1/T, with β=3/2 for lateral Schottky heterostructures and β=1 for vertical Schottky heterostructures, over a wide range of 2D systems including nonrelativistic electron gas, Rashba spintronic systems, single- and few-layer graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides, and thin films of topological solids. Such universalities originate from the strong coupling between the thermionic process and the in-plane carrier dynamics. Our model resolves some of the conflicting results from prior works and is in agreement with recent experiments. The universal scaling laws signal the breakdown of β=2 scaling in the classic diode equation widely used over the past sixty years. Our findings shall provide a simple analytical scaling for the extraction of the Schottky barrier height in 2D material-based heterostructures, thus paving the way for both a fundamental understanding of nanoscale interface physics and applied device engineering.

Electrical transport and persistent photoconductivity in monolayer MoS2 phototransistors

We study electrical transport properties in exfoliated molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) back-gated field effect transistors at low drain bias and under different illumination intensities. It is found that photoconductive and photogating effect as well as space charge limited conduction can simultaneously occur. We point out that the photoconductivity increases logarithmically with the light intensity and can persist with a decay time longer than 10⁴ s, due to photo-charge trapping at the MoS₂/SiO₂ interface and in MoS₂ defects. The transfer characteristics present hysteresis that is enhanced by illumination. At low drain bias, the devices feature low contact resistance of [Formula: see text] ON current as high as [Formula: see text] 10⁵ ON-OFF ratio, mobility of ∼1 cm² V^-1 s^-1 and photoresponsivity [Formula: see text].

Enhanced stability of filament-type resistive switching by interface engineering

The uncontrollable rupture of the filament accompanied with joule heating deteriorates the resistive switching devices performance, especially on endurance and uniformity. To suppress the undesirable filaments rupture, this work presents an interface engineering methodology by inducing a thin layer of NiOx into a sandwiched Al/TaOx/ITO resistive switching device. The NiOx/TaOx interface barrier can confine the formation and rupture of filaments throughout the entire bulk structure under critical bias setups. The physical mechanism behind is the space-charge-limited conduction dominates in the SET process, while the Schottky emission dominates under the reverse bias.

WS2–3D graphene nano-architecture networks for high performance anode materials of lithium ion batteries

Tungsten disulfide nanoflakes grown on plasma activated three dimensional graphene networks. The work features a simple growth of TMDs-based LIBs anode materials that has excellent rate capability, high specific capacity and long cycling stability.

Wavelength selective mode division multiplexing on a silicon chip

Multiplexing of optical modes in waveguides is demonstrated using coupled vertical gratings. The device utilizes sinusoidally corrugated waveguides of different widths with a period designed to multiplex information at 1.55 µm. The design, fabrication and characterization of devices is performed. Multiplexing of modes is demonstrated in optical structures which support 3 and 5 quasi-TE modes. The design utilizes counter-propagating modes in periodic structures, thus enabling the device to combine its mode division multiplexing capabilities with wavelength division multiplexing functionalities to further augment the multiplexing capacity of the device.

Non-uniform space charge limited current injection into a nano contact solid

We have developed a two-dimensional (2D) non-uniform model to study the space charge limited (SCL) current injection into a trap-filled solid of nano-contact, such as organic materials and dielectrics. Assuming a solid of length D with a contact of width W, the enhancement over the well-known 1D uniform model is calculated as a function of W/D for different material properties, such as the dielectric constant (ε) and the trap distribution. The non-uniform current density profile due to edge effect is predicted. The findings reported here are different from the prior uniform 2D models, which are significant for small W/D when the size of the contact reaching nanometer scale, i.e. W = 50 nm for D = 1 μm. This model will be useful for the characterization of carrier mobility and properties of traps, which are critical to many novel devices (with small nano-contact) operating in the space charge limited condition reporting in novel device and its applications. Empirical formulas are given for future comparison with experimental results.

Motion-induced radiation from electrons moving in Maxwell's fish-eye

In Čerenkov radiation and transition radiation, evanescent wave from motion of charged particles transfers into radiation coherently. However, such dissipative motion-induced radiations require particles to move faster than light in medium or to encounter velocity transition to pump energy. Inspired by a method to detect cloak by observing radiation of a fast-moving electron bunch going through it by Zhang et al., we study the generation of electron-induced radiation from electrons' interaction with Maxwell's fish-eye sphere. Our calculation shows that the radiation is due to a combination of Čerenkov radiation and transition radiation, which may pave the way to investigate new schemes of transferring evanescent wave to radiation.

Novel scaling laws for the Langmuir-Blodgett solutions in cylindrical and spherical diodes

It is found that the Langmuir-Blodgett solutions for the space charge limited current density, for both cylindrical and spherical diodes, may be approximated by Japp=(4/9)ε0sqrt[(2e/m)](Ec3/2/sqrt[D]) over a wide range of parameters, where Ec is the surface electric field on the cathode of the vacuum diode and D is the anode-cathode spacing. This dependence is valid whether Ra/Rc is greater than or less than unity, where Ra and Rc are, respectively, the anode and cathode radius. Minor empirical corrections to the above scaling yield fitting formulas that are accurate to within 5% for 3×10(-5)<Rc/Ra<500. An explanation of this scaling is given. An accurate transit time model yields the Langmuir-Blodgett solutions even in the Coulomb blockade regime for a nanogap, where the electron number may be in the single digits, and the transit time frequency is in the THz range.

Inverse bremsstrahlung in relativistic quantum plasmas

We study the absorption of an intense electromagnetic wave in a plasma by inverse bremsstrahlung, in the relativistic quantum regime, by using the Klein-Gordon (KG) equation. We examine the following points: (1) the solutions of the KG equation in the absence of collisions; (2) the transition probabilities between electron momentum states, and (3) the effective collision frequency in the weak and strong field limits.

Plasmonic coupled-cavity system for enhancement of surface plasmon localization in plasmonic detectors

A plasmonic coupled-cavity system, which consists of a quarter-wave coupler cavity, a resonant Fabry-Pérot detector nanocavity, and an off-resonant reflector cavity, is used to enhance the localization of surface plasmons in a plasmonic detector. The coupler cavity is designed based on transmission line theory and wavelength scaling rules in the optical regime, while the reflector cavity is derived from off-resonant resonator structures to attenuate transmission of plasmonic waves. We observed strong coupling of the cavities in simulation results, with an 86% improvement of surface plasmon localization achieved. The plasmonic coupled-cavity system may find useful applications in areas of nanoscale photodetectors, sensors, and an assortment of plasmonic-circuit devices.

Quantum model of space-charge-limited field emission in a nanogap

This paper presents a modified Thomas-Fermi-approximated quantum model for space-charge-limited field emission in a nanogap with metal electrodes, where the image-charge potential (including anode screening), direct tunnelling, space-charge effects and exchange-correlation effects of the tunnelling current are treated in a one-dimensional quantum model. It is found that the traditional Fowler-Nordheim (FN) law (even with the classical model of anode screening) is no longer valid in a nanogap of less than 10 nm. The smooth transition of our proposed model to the traditional FN law extended to large gap spacing is demonstrated. Application of the model to estimate the emission area of an experimental I-V curve in a nanogap is discussed.

Ultrashort-pulse child-langmuir law in the quantum and relativistic regimes

This Letter presents a consistent quantum and relativistic model of short-pulse Child-Langmuir (CL) law, of which the pulse length tau is less than the electron transit time in a gap of spacing D and voltage V. The classical value of the short-pulse CL law is enhanced by a large factor due to quantum effects when the pulse length and the size of the beam are, respectively, in femtosecond duration and nanometer scale. At high voltage larger than the electron rest mass, relativistic effects will suppress the enhancement of short-pulse CL law, which is confirmed by particle-in-cell simulation. When the pulse length is much shorter than the gap transit time, the current density is proportional to V, and to the inverse power of D and tau.

New scaling of child-langmuir law in the quantum regime

This paper presents a consistent quantum mechanical model of Child-Langmuir (CL) law, including electron exchange-correlation interaction, electrode's surface curvature, and finite emitter area. The classical value of the CL law is increased by a larger factor due to the electron tunneling through the space-charge potential, and the electron exchange-correlation interaction becomes important when the applied gap voltage Vg and the gap spacing D are, respectively, on the order of Hartree energy level, and nanometer scale. It is found that the classical scaling of Vg(3/2) and D(-2) is no longer valid in the quantum regime, and a new scaling of Vg(1/2) and D(-4) is established. The smooth transition from the classical regime to the quantum regime is also demonstrated.

Limiting current density in a crossed-field nanogap

Using a mean-field theory, we have studied the quantum extension on the limiting current density in a crossed-field nanogap. When the gap spacing is less than the electron wavelength, our results show that the limiting current density is increased by a large factor from the classical values due to the effects of electron tunneling. The effects of the external magnetic field diminish with a decrease of gap spacing. Smooth transition from the classical regime to the quantum regime is demonstrated.

Effects of ethanol on peripheral benzodiazepine binding sites in the mouse cerebellum and brain stem

[3H]PK 11195 binding to the peripheral benzodiazepine binding site was investigated in the brain and liver of mice treated with ethanol (4 g/kg, p.o.) daily for 5 days. In the brain stem, Bmax was decreased by 78% in the ethanol-treated group with unaltered Kd (2 nM). The ethanol-withdrawn group did not differ from the control group in both parameters. In the cerebellum, Bmax was decreased by 74% but the binding affinity increased 5-fold as the Kd decreased from 10 to 2 nM. The ethanol-withdrawn group did not differ significantly from the ethanol-treated group. No changes were observed in the cerebrum and liver. These results further support the idea that [3H]PK 11195 binding may be a useful marker for ethanol consumption. The observed changes in these binding sites may represent a functional adaptive response to the ethanol insult and/or a role in the mediation of the effects of ethanol.