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Guitart-Matas J, Ballester M, Fraile L, Darwich L, Giler-Baquerizo N, Tarres J, López-Soria S, Ramayo-Caldas Y, Migura-Garcia L. Gut microbiome and resistome characterization of pigs treated with commonly used post-weaning diarrhea treatments. Anim Microbiome 2024; 6:24. [PMID: 38702766 PMCID: PMC11067243 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-024-00307-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global burden of antimicrobial resistance demands additional measures to ensure the sustainable and conscious use of antimicrobials. For the swine industry, the post-weaning period is critical and for many years, antimicrobials have been the most effective strategy to control and treat post-weaning related infections. Among them, post-weaning diarrhea causes vast economic losses, as it severely compromises piglets' health and growth performance. In this study, 210 piglets were transferred from a farm with recurrent cases of post-weaning diarrhea to an experimental farm and divided into six different treatment groups to determine the effect of the different treatments on the growth performance and survival, the microbiome, and the resistome in a cross-sectional and longitudinal study. The different treatments included antimicrobials trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, colistin, and gentamicin, an oral commercial vaccine, a control with water acidification, and an untreated control. An extra group remained at the farm of origin following the implemented amoxicillin routine treatment. A total of 280 fecal samples from pigs at four different sampling times were selected for metagenomics: before weaning-treatment at the farm of origin, and three days, two weeks, and four weeks post-treatment. RESULTS The control group with water acidification showed a reduced death risk in the survival analyses and non-significant differences in average daily weight gain in comparison to the antibiotic-treated groups. However, the growth-promoting effect among antibiotic-treated groups was demonstrated when comparing against the untreated control group at the experimental farm. After four weeks of treatment, diversity indexes revealed significantly decreased diversity for the untreated control and the group that remained at the farm of origin treated with amoxicillin. For this last group, impaired microbial diversity could be related to the continuous amoxicillin treatment carried out at the farm. Analysis of the resistome showed that both gentamicin and amoxicillin treatments significantly contributed to the emergence of resistance, while trimethoprim/sulphonamide and colistin did not, suggesting that different treatments contribute differently to the emergence of resistance. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this shotgun longitudinal metagenomics analysis demonstrates that non-antibiotic alternatives, such as water acidification, can contribute to reducing the emergence of antimicrobial resistance without compromising pig growth performance and gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Guitart-Matas
- Joint Research Unit IRTA-UAB in Animal Health, Animal Health Research Centre (CReSA), Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Catalonia, Spain
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Animal Health Program (CReSA), WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Catalonia, Spain
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Program, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Maria Ballester
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Program, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Fraile
- School of Agrifood and Forestry Science and Engineering (ETSEA), Department of Animal Production, University of Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Laila Darwich
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Noemí Giler-Baquerizo
- Joint Research Unit IRTA-UAB in Animal Health, Animal Health Research Centre (CReSA), Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Catalonia, Spain
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Animal Health Program (CReSA), WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joaquim Tarres
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Program, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sergio López-Soria
- Joint Research Unit IRTA-UAB in Animal Health, Animal Health Research Centre (CReSA), Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Catalonia, Spain
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Animal Health Program (CReSA), WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Yuliaxis Ramayo-Caldas
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Program, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Lourdes Migura-Garcia
- Joint Research Unit IRTA-UAB in Animal Health, Animal Health Research Centre (CReSA), Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Catalonia, Spain.
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Animal Health Program (CReSA), WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Catalonia, Spain.
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Molina-Lopez RA, Obón E, Darwich L. Morbidity and Prognostic Factors Associated with Wild Hedgehogs Admitted to a Wildlife Rehabilitation Center in Catalonia (NE Spain) from 1995 to 2020. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:556. [PMID: 38396523 PMCID: PMC10886239 DOI: 10.3390/ani14040556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Wildlife rehabilitation centers (WRC) play a crucial role in the collection of data and the monitoring of hedgehog populations. The main objective of this study was to identify the morbidity and prognostic factors associated with the mortality of wild hedgehogs admitted at a WRC in Catalonia. A total number of 3397 hedgehogs admitted from 1995 to 2020 were studied. The principal cause of admission was orphaned/young category (41%) followed by misplacement (19%), natural disease (17%), and trauma (14%). The best outcomes for release were for misplacement (93.6%), orphaned/young (72.3%), and other causes (77.6%), and the lowest proportion of released animals were found for natural disease (41.4%) and trauma (44.7%) categories. The most common macroscopic findings were the respiratory and digestive lesions. Internal parasites were also prevalent in 61% of the animals but with no association with a higher mortality. In the multivariate analyses, the prognostic indicators related with the mortality outcome were the presence of systemic (OR = 3.6, CI 95%: 2.8-4.6) and neurological (OR = 4.3, CI 95%: 2.9-6.4) signs. Morbidity and prognostic factors in wildlife rehabilitation are essential for providing effective care, making informed decisions, optimizing resources, and improving rehabilitation success rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael A. Molina-Lopez
- Wildlife Rehabilitation Center of Torreferrussa, Catalan Wildlife Service-Forestal Catalana S.A., 08130 Santa Perpètua de Mogoda, Spain;
| | - Elena Obón
- Wildlife Rehabilitation Center of Torreferrussa, Catalan Wildlife Service-Forestal Catalana S.A., 08130 Santa Perpètua de Mogoda, Spain;
| | - Laila Darwich
- Department Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Veterinary School, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Valles, Spain
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Garcias B, Martin M, Darwich L. Characterization of Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli Isolated from Diarrheic and Healthy Weaned Pigs in Catalonia. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:487. [PMID: 38338129 PMCID: PMC10854747 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Postweaning diarrhea (PWD) is a multifactorial concern in the swine industry that leads to high antibiotic consumption, usually without testing susceptibility, increasing the risk of the selection of Escherichia coli-resistant strains. In this study, 251 E. coli strains isolated from fecal samples of diarrheic (n = 148) and apparently healthy piglets (n = 103) in farms in Catalonia were tested against their susceptibility to fourteen different antimicrobials. The phenotypic antimicrobial resistance (AMR) testing revealed high levels of AMR, with 41.4% of the isolates presenting a multidrug-resistant (MDR) profile. More specifically, resistance to class D (prudence) antimicrobials such as erythromycin (99.6%), amoxicillin (95.2%), streptomycin (91.6%), tetracycline (88.8%), lincospectin (64.5%), and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (60%) was very high, as well as to class C (caution) antimicrobials such as florfenicol (45%). A special concern was observed for antimicrobial category B (restrict), like quinolones and colistin, that both presented a high rate of resistance. Colistin use was substantially reduced in Spain, but resistance is still present in weaned pigs, presenting a MIC90 of 4 μg/mL. This suggests that reducing antibiotic use is not enough to eliminate this AMR. Finally, it was found that piglets suffering diarrhea were more commonly carriers of MDR strains than the healthy ones (49.3% vs. 35%, p = 0.031). Therefore, given the high rates of resistance to the most commonly used antimicrobials, especially in diseased pigs, a new non-antibiotic-based approach should be implemented for the management of PWD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marga Martin
- Department Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Veterinary School, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Valles, Spain;
| | - Laila Darwich
- Department Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Veterinary School, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Valles, Spain;
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Huang J, Cortey M, Darwich L, Griffin J, Obón E, Molina R, Martín M. Study of Canine Distemper Virus Presence in Catalonia's Wild Carnivores through H Gene Amplification and Sequencing. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:436. [PMID: 38338078 PMCID: PMC10854788 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is recognised worldwide as an important pathogen in both domestic and wild carnivores. Few data are available on its impact and spread on the wildlife/wildlife-domestic animal-environment interface. This study, aimed at developing a conservation-oriented control strategy, analysed 89 sick or deceased animals from 2019 to 2023 at the Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre in Torreferrussa. RT-PCR and sequencing of the partial H gene were used to detect and analyse CDV in tissues. The total positive percentage was 20.22% (18/89), comprising 13 red foxes (44.8%), 4 European badgers (28.6%), and 1 American mink (4.5%), while 24 Eurasian otters tested negative. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that all of the CDV strains belong to the European lineage. Geographically distant individuals and different species shared the same viral strain, suggesting a strong capacity of CDV for interspecies and long-distance transmission. This calls for further research, particularly focusing on potential impacts of CDV on endangered carnivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Huang
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (J.H.); (M.C.); (L.D.); (J.G.)
| | - Martí Cortey
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (J.H.); (M.C.); (L.D.); (J.G.)
| | - Laila Darwich
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (J.H.); (M.C.); (L.D.); (J.G.)
| | - Jenna Griffin
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (J.H.); (M.C.); (L.D.); (J.G.)
| | - Elena Obón
- Torreferrussa Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre, Catalan Wildlife Service-Forestal Catalana S.A., 08130 Santa Perpètua de Mogoda, Spain;
| | - Rafael Molina
- Torreferrussa Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre, Catalan Wildlife Service-Forestal Catalana S.A., 08130 Santa Perpètua de Mogoda, Spain;
| | - Margarita Martín
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (J.H.); (M.C.); (L.D.); (J.G.)
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Fernández M, Garcias B, Duran I, Molina-López RA, Darwich L. Current Situation of Bacterial Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles in Pet Rabbits in Spain. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10050352. [PMID: 37235435 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10050352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in pet rabbits is very scarce. The aim of this study was to provide an overview of the current state of AMR in rabbits attended to in veterinary clinics distributed in Spain. Records of 3596 microbiological results of clinical cases submitted from 2010 to 2021 were analyzed. Staphylococcus spp. (15.8%), Pseudomonas spp. (12.7%), Pasteurella spp. (10%), Bordetella spp. (9.6%) and Streptococcus spp. (6.8%) were the most frequently diagnosed agents. Enterobacteriaceae, principally Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter cloacae, accounted for about 18% of the cases and showed the highest proportion of multi-drug resistance (MDR) isolates, with 48%, 57.5% and 36% of MDR, respectively. Regarding the antimicrobial susceptibility testing for a number of antimicrobial categories/families, the largest proportion of isolates showing resistance to a median of five antimicrobial categories was observed in P. aeruginosa, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Burkolderia spp. In contrast, infections caused by Staphylococcus, Streptococcus spp. and Pasteurella multocida were highly sensitive to conventional antimicrobials authorized for veterinary use (categories D and C). The emergence of AMR major nosocomial opportunistic pathogens such as P. aeruginosa, S. maltophilia and K. pneumoniae in pet rabbits can represent a serious public health challenge. Consequently, collaboration between veterinarians and human health professionals is crucial in the fight against antimicrobial resistance, to optimize, rationalize and prudently use antimicrobial therapies in domestic animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Fernández
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Biel Garcias
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Inma Duran
- Departamento Veterinaria de Laboratorio Echevarne, S.A., 08037 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael A Molina-López
- Catalan Wildlife Service, Centre de Fauna Salvatge de Torreferrussa, 08130 Santa Perpètua de Mogoda, Spain
| | - Laila Darwich
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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Muñoz-Ibarra E, Molina-López RA, Durán I, Garcias B, Martín M, Darwich L. Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria Isolated from Exotic Pets: The Situation in the Iberian Peninsula. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12151912. [PMID: 35953901 PMCID: PMC9367532 DOI: 10.3390/ani12151912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Antimicrobial resistance in exotic pets has not been widely studied. The close contact of this type of animal with the human population increases the risk of untreatable bacterial infections, which represent a veterinary and human public health challenge. We analyze the database of microbiological diagnoses and the bacterial susceptibility to antimicrobials in exotic pets from the Iberian Peninsula. We found that the most prevalent bacteria in birds and mammals were Staphylococcus spp., while in reptiles, they were the Pseudomonas spp. In addition, Pseudomonas showed the highest levels of resistance among the three animal groups, and on the other hand, the multidrug resistance level was significant in Enterobacterales. Most of the bacteria we found have zoonotic importance. The prevalent bacteria are resistant to antimicrobials that have been described as critical for human use, implying that the threat of antimicrobial resistance extends not only to domestic and companion animals but also to humans due to the potential transmission of resistant genes. Once seen from the lens of the One-Health paradigm, these findings are concerning, as they highlight the risk of spreading antibiotic-resistant genes between different individuals and their environments. In order to prevent antibiotic resistance, we encourage the development of joint work between animal and human health specialists. Abstract Literature related to antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacteria in exotic pets is minimal, being essential to report objective data on this topic, which represents a therapeutic challenge for veterinary medicine and public health. Between 2016 and 2020, laboratory records of 3156 exotic pet specimens’ microbiological diagnoses and antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) results were examined. The samples were classified into three animal classes: birds (n = 412), mammalia (n = 2399), and reptilian (n = 345). The most prevalent bacteria in birds and mammals were Staphylococcus spp. (15% and 16%), while in reptiles they were Pseudomonas spp. (23%). Pseudomonas was the genus with the highest levels of AMR in all animal groups, followed by Enterococcus spp. By contrast, Gram-positive cocci and Pasteurella spp. were the most sensitive bacteria. Moreover, in reptiles, Stenotrophomonas spp., Morganella spp., and Acinetobacter spp. presented high levels of AMR. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria were isolates from reptiles (21%), birds (17%), and mammals (15%). The Enterobacterales had the highest MDR levels: S. marcescens (94.4%), C. freundii (50%), M. morganii (47.4%), K. pneumoniae (46.6%), E. cloacae (44%), and E. coli (38.3%). The prevalence of MDR P. aeruginosa strains was 8%, detecting one isolate with an XDR profile. Regarding antimicrobial use, many antibiotics described as critically important for human use had significant AMR prevalence in bacteria isolated from exotic pets. Under the One-Health approach, these results are alarming and of public health concern since potential transmission of AMR bacteria and genes can occur from exotic pets to their owners in both senses. For this reason, the collaboration between veterinarians and public health professionals is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Muñoz-Ibarra
- Department Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Veterinary Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (E.M.-I.); (B.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Rafael A. Molina-López
- Catalan Wildlife Service, Centre de Fauna Salvatge de Torreferrussa, 08130 Santa Perpètua de Mogoda, Spain;
| | - Inma Durán
- Departamento de Veterinaria de Laboratorio Echevarne, 08037 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Biel Garcias
- Department Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Veterinary Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (E.M.-I.); (B.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Marga Martín
- Department Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Veterinary Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (E.M.-I.); (B.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Laila Darwich
- Department Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Veterinary Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (E.M.-I.); (B.G.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Mengistu TS, Garcias B, Castellanos G, Seminati C, Molina-López RA, Darwich L. Occurrence of multidrug resistant Gram-negative bacteria and resistance genes in semi-aquatic wildlife - Trachemys scripta, Neovison vison and Lutra lutra - as sentinels of environmental health. Sci Total Environ 2022; 830:154814. [PMID: 35341839 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacterial pathogens has been recognized as a major public health concern worldwide. In the present study, antimicrobial resistant Gram-negative bacteria (AMRGNB) and AMR genes were assessed in semi-aquatic wild animals from a highly populated and intensive farming region of Spain, Catalonia. Cloacal/rectal swab samples were collected from 241 animals coming from invasive species Trachemys scripta (n = 91) and Neovison vison (n = 131), and endangered-protected species Lutra lutra (n = 19). Accordingly, 133 (55.2%) isolates were identified as AMRGNB. Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas fluorescens were among the bacteria most frequently isolated in all animal species, but other nosocomial agents such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella spp. or Citrobacter freundii, were also prevalent. The phenotypic susceptibility testing showed the highest resistance to β-lactams (91%). Molecular analysis showed 25.3% of turtles (15.4% ESBL/Ampc genes), 21% of Eurasian otters (10.5% ESBL/Ampc genes) and 14.5% of American minks (8.4% ESBL/Ampc genes) were positive to AMR genes. The genotyping frequency was tetM (20.6%), blaCMY-2 (13%), ermB (6.1%), blaCMY-1 (4.6%), blaCTX-M-15 (3.1%) and mcr-4 (0.8%). Turtles had a larger prevalence of AMRGNB and AMR genes than mustelids, but American mink carried mcr-4 colistin-resistance gene. Moreover, cluster analysis of AMR gene distribution revealed that an ESBL/AmpC cluster in a highly populated area comprising big metropolitan regions, and another tetM/emrB cluster in an expended area with highly intensive livestock production. Although the mcr-4 positive case was not included in those clusters, that case was found in a county with a high pig farm density. In conclusion, semi-aquatic wild animals are a good sentinel for environmental contamination with AMRGNB and AMR genes. Therefore, One Health Approach is urgently needed in highly populated regions, and with intensive livestock production like Catalonia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Biel Garcias
- Department Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Veterinary Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, CP 08193, Spain.
| | - Gabriela Castellanos
- Department Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Veterinary Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, CP 08193, Spain.
| | - Chiara Seminati
- Department Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Veterinary Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, CP 08193, Spain.
| | | | - Laila Darwich
- Department Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Veterinary Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, CP 08193, Spain.
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Garcias B, Aguirre L, Seminati C, Reyes N, Allepuz A, Obón E, Molina-Lopez RA, Darwich L. Extended-Spectrum β-Lactam Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli in Wild European Hedgehogs ( Erinaceus europeus) Living in Populated Areas. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102837. [PMID: 34679858 PMCID: PMC8532684 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The alarming emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in human and veterinary medicine has activated awareness for monitoring the levels of AMR pollution in the environment and wildlife. European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) are common wild species habiting urban areas in Europe. In this study, the occurrence and distribution of extended-spectrum β-lactam (ESBL) resistant enterobacteria and AMR genes were assessed in wild European hedgehogs in Catalonia, NE Spain. The results showed that 36.8% of the animals were detected as carriers of β-lactamase/carbapenemase resistance genes, with a special occurrence of human nosocomial bacteria such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Citrobacter freundii. In addition, more than half of the enterobacteria presented a multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype and 31% of the isolates had an extended XDR profile. No differences in the spatial distribution of animals with AMR genes were observed within the study region. The results of this study suggest that the close contact with human areas predispose the transmission of AMR genes to wild hedgehogs because they either inhabit and/or feed in an anthropogenic environment. In conclusion, hedgehogs could be good sentinels or bioindicators of AMR environmental pollution, especially in highly populated areas with high human activity. Abstract Wildlife has been suggested to be a good sentinel of environmental health because of its close interaction with human populations, domestic animals, and natural ecosystems. The alarming emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in human and veterinary medicine has activated/triggered the awareness of monitoring the levels of AMR pollution in wildlife. European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) are common wild species habiting urban areas in Europe. However, there are few studies conducted in hedgehogs as reservoirs of AMR bacteria or genes. The aim of this study was to assess the occurrence and distribution of ESBL, AmpC, and carbapenem-resistant enterobacteria and AMR genes in wild European hedgehogs in Catalonia, a densely populated region of NE Spain. A total of 115 hedgehogs admitted at the Wildlife Rehabilitation Center of Torreferrussa were studied. To our knowledge, this is the first description of β-lactam resistant enterobacteria in wild hedgehogs. Interestingly, 36.8% (42/114) of the animals were detected as carriers of β-lactamase/carbapenemase resistance genes. Klebsiella spp. (59.6%), and specifically K. pneumoniae (84.6%), were the bacteria with the highest proportion of resistance genes, followed by E. coli (34.6%) and C. freundii (5.8%). The most frequently detected genetic variants were blaCTX-M-15 (19.3%), blaSHV-28 (10.5%), blaCMY-1 (9.7%), blaCMY-2 (8.8%), and blaOXA-48 (1.7%). In addition, 52% (27/52) of the isolates presented a multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype and 31% had an extended drug resistance (XDR) profile. No clustering of animals with AMR genes within the study region was shown in the spatial analysis, nor differences in the proportion of positive animals among regions, were detected. The results of this study suggest that wild European hedgehogs could be good sentinels of AMR environmental pollution, especially in areas with a high human population density, because they either inhabit and/or feed in an anthropogenic environment. In conclusion, it is crucial to raise awareness of the strong interconnection between habitats and compartments, and therefore this implies that AMR issues must be tackled under the One Health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biel Garcias
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (B.G.); (L.A.); (C.S.); (N.R.); (A.A.)
| | - Laia Aguirre
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (B.G.); (L.A.); (C.S.); (N.R.); (A.A.)
| | - Chiara Seminati
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (B.G.); (L.A.); (C.S.); (N.R.); (A.A.)
| | - Nerea Reyes
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (B.G.); (L.A.); (C.S.); (N.R.); (A.A.)
| | - Alberto Allepuz
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (B.G.); (L.A.); (C.S.); (N.R.); (A.A.)
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Elena Obón
- Catalan Wildlife Service, Centre de Fauna Salvatge de Torreferrussa, 08130 Santa Perpètua de Mogoda, Spain; (E.O.); (R.A.M.-L.)
| | - Rafael A. Molina-Lopez
- Catalan Wildlife Service, Centre de Fauna Salvatge de Torreferrussa, 08130 Santa Perpètua de Mogoda, Spain; (E.O.); (R.A.M.-L.)
| | - Laila Darwich
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (B.G.); (L.A.); (C.S.); (N.R.); (A.A.)
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-935811046
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9
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Forouzandeh A, Blavi L, Abdelli N, Melo-Duran D, Vidal A, Rodríguez M, Monteiro ANTR, Pérez JF, Darwich L, Solà-Oriol D. Effects of dicopper oxide and copper sulfate on growth performance and gut microbiota in broilers. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101224. [PMID: 34157560 PMCID: PMC8237351 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of two sources of copper (Cu) from copper sulfate (CuSO4) and dicopper oxide (Cu2O, CoRouge) at three levels of inclusion (15, 75, and 150 mg/kg) on growth performance and gut microbiota of broilers. A total of 840 one-d-old male chickens (Ross 308) were weighed and randomly allocated to seven dietary treatments: negative control (NC, a basal diet without Cu addition), and the NC supplemented with 15, 75, or 150 mg Cu/kg from CuSO4 or Cu2O (12 replicate pens/treatment, 10 chicks per pen). Broilers were challenged by reusing an old litter with high concentrations in Clostridium perfringens to promote necrotic enteritis. Broiler performance was registered at d 21, 35, and 42. Excreta samples were collected at d 14, 28, and 42 for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) analyses. At d 43, one broiler per pen was euthanized to obtain ileal content for microbial characterization. Body weight d 35 and daily gain d 42 improved (P < 0.05) in Cu2O as Cu dose inclusion increased from 15 mg/kg to 150 mg/kg. Supplementation of 150 mg/kg of Cu from Cu2O decreased the abundance (P < 0.01) of some families such as Streptococcaceae and Corynebacteriaceae and increased the abundance (P < 0.05) of some commensal bacteria like Clostridiaceae and Peptostreptococcaceae. Phenotypic AMR was not different among treatments on d 14 and 28. Isolated Enterococcus spp. from broilers fed the NC diet on d 42 showed higher (P < 0.05) resistance to enrofloxacin, gentamicin, and chloramphenicol compared with Cu treatments. By contrast, the isolated Escherichia coli from broilers fed 150 mg/kg of Cu, either from CuSO4 or Cu2O, showed higher (P < 0.05) resistance to streptomycin and chloramphenicol compared to the NC. This study suggests that supplementing 150 mg/kg of Cu from Cu2O establishes changes in the gut microbiota by regulating the bacterial population in the ileum, which may explain the positive impact on broilers' growth performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Forouzandeh
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service (SNiBA), Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - L Blavi
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service (SNiBA), Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - N Abdelli
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service (SNiBA), Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - D Melo-Duran
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service (SNiBA), Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - A Vidal
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | | | - J F Pérez
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service (SNiBA), Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - L Darwich
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - D Solà-Oriol
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service (SNiBA), Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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10
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Darwich L, Seminati C, López-Olvera JR, Vidal A, Aguirre L, Cerdá M, Garcias B, Valldeperes M, Castillo-Contreras R, Migura-Garcia L, Conejero C, Mentaberre G. Detection of Beta-Lactam-Resistant Escherichia coli and Toxigenic Clostridioides difficile Strains in Wild Boars Foraging in an Anthropization Gradient. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061585. [PMID: 34071332 PMCID: PMC8229602 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Disease transmission among wild boars, domestic animals and humans is a public health concern, especially in areas with high wild boar densities. In this study, fecal samples of wild boars (n = 200) from different locations of the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona were analyzed by PCR to explore the frequency of β-lactamases and extended cephalosporin and carbapenem resistance genes (ESBLs) in Escherichia coli strains and the presence of toxigenic Clostridioides difficile. The prevalence of genes conferring resistance to β-lactam antimicrobials was 8.0% (16/200): blaCMY-2 (3.0%), blaTEM-1b (2.5%), blaCTX-M-14 (1.0%), blaSHV-28 (1.0%), blaCTX-M-15 (0.5%) and blaCMY-1 (0.5%). Clostridioides difficile TcdA+ was detected in two wild boars (1.0%), which is the first report of this pathogen in wild boars in Spain. Moreover, the wild boars foraging in urban and peri-urban locations were more exposed to AMRB sources than the wild boars dwelling in natural environments. In conclusion, the detection of E. coli carrying ESBL/AmpC genes and toxigenic C. difficile in wild boars foraging in urban areas reinforces the value of this game species as a sentinel of environmental AMRB sources. In addition, these wild boars can be a public and environmental health concern by disseminating AMRB and other zoonotic agents. Although this study provides the first hints of the potential anthropogenic sources of AMR, further efforts should be conducted to identify and control them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Darwich
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), CP-08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (A.V.); (L.A.); (M.C.); (B.G.)
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CP-08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain;
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Eu-rope (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, CP-08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (L.D.); (C.S.); Tel.: +34-935811046 (L.D. & C.S.)
| | - Chiara Seminati
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), CP-08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (A.V.); (L.A.); (M.C.); (B.G.)
- Correspondence: (L.D.); (C.S.); Tel.: +34-935811046 (L.D. & C.S.)
| | - Jorge R. López-Olvera
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H) and Servei d’Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), CP-08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (J.R.L.-O.); (M.V.); (R.C.-C.); (C.C.); (G.M.)
| | - Anna Vidal
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), CP-08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (A.V.); (L.A.); (M.C.); (B.G.)
| | - Laia Aguirre
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), CP-08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (A.V.); (L.A.); (M.C.); (B.G.)
| | - Marina Cerdá
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), CP-08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (A.V.); (L.A.); (M.C.); (B.G.)
| | - Biel Garcias
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), CP-08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (A.V.); (L.A.); (M.C.); (B.G.)
| | - Marta Valldeperes
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H) and Servei d’Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), CP-08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (J.R.L.-O.); (M.V.); (R.C.-C.); (C.C.); (G.M.)
| | - Raquel Castillo-Contreras
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H) and Servei d’Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), CP-08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (J.R.L.-O.); (M.V.); (R.C.-C.); (C.C.); (G.M.)
| | - Lourdes Migura-Garcia
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CP-08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain;
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Eu-rope (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, CP-08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Conejero
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H) and Servei d’Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), CP-08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (J.R.L.-O.); (M.V.); (R.C.-C.); (C.C.); (G.M.)
| | - Gregorio Mentaberre
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H) and Servei d’Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), CP-08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (J.R.L.-O.); (M.V.); (R.C.-C.); (C.C.); (G.M.)
- Departament de Ciència Animal, Escola Tècnica Superior d’Enginyeria Agraria (ETSEA), Universitat de Lleida (UdL), CP-25098 Lleida, Spain
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11
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Darwich L, Seminati C, Burballa A, Nieto A, Durán I, Tarradas N, Molina-López RA. Antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial isolates from urinary tract infections in companion animals in Spain. Vet Rec 2021; 188:e60. [PMID: 33960452 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increasing emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria, causing urinary tract infections (UTI) in dogs and cats, represents a great therapeutic challenge and a public health concern. METHODS Laboratory records of 4943 urinary microbiological diagnosis results and antimicrobial resistance profiles of suspected UTI cases in dogs and cats were analysed from 2016 to 2018 in Spain. RESULTS This study showed a higher percentage of positive microbiological diagnoses in dogs (42%, 1368/3270) than in cats (27%, 457/1673). Although Escherichia coli was the most frequently isolated bacterium, the frequency of antimicrobial susceptibility of E. coli isolates was lower compared to other bacterial species like Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter (E. cloacae), and Proteus mirabilis. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Gram-positive cocci showed higher levels of resistance in cats to common beta-lactams used for the treatment of complicated UTIs, as well as to fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, and carbapenems. Moreover, enterobacteria (E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and P. mirabilis) from cats presented high resistance frequencies to beta-lactams, including third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones. CONCLUSION This study updates data on the current antimicrobial resistance in UTI bacteria from companion animals in Spain, which may help to guide clinicians for the appropriate use of antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Darwich
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Chiara Seminati
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | | | - Alba Nieto
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Inma Durán
- Departamento Veterinaria de Laboratorio Echevarne, S.A., Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Tarradas
- Departamento Veterinaria de Laboratorio Echevarne, S.A., Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael A Molina-López
- Catalan Wildlife Service, Centre de Fauna Salvatge de Torreferrussa, Barcelona, Spain
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12
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Li Y, Fernández R, Durán I, Molina-López RA, Darwich L. Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria Isolated From Cats and Dogs From the Iberian Peninsula. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:621597. [PMID: 33584590 PMCID: PMC7874003 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.621597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pet animals are assumed to be potential reservoirs in transferring antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to humans due to the extensively applied broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents and their close contact with humans. In this study, microbiological data and antimicrobial susceptibility results of dog (n = 5,086) and cat (n = 789) clinical samples from a private Laboratory of Diagnosis in Barcelona were analyzed. Samples came from different counties of the Iberian Peninsula during 2016–2018. In dogs, clinical samples were most commonly from otitis, and in cats from wounds, respiratory tract infections and conjunctivitis. In both pet groups, Staphylococcus spp. (31% in dogs vs 30% in cats), Streptococcus spp. (19% vs 17%), Pseudomonas spp. (16% vs 10%), Escherichia coli (8% vs 5.6%), and Enterococcus spp. (5.5% vs 6.8%) were shown as the most predominant bacteria. However, higher frequencies of P. aeruginosa, P. canis, and S. pseudintermedius were found in dogs, while S. aureus and P. multocida were more prevalent in cats. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing demonstrated that Enterococcus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. presented the highest levels of AMR in both dogs and cats. Within the Enterobacteriaceae, E. coli showed low levels of AMR compared to Klebsiella, Proteus, or Enterobacter spp. Respiratory tract infections caused by K. pneumoniae presented higher AMR in cats. By contrast, Pasteurella isolates from the respiratory tract were highly sensitive to all the antimicrobials in cats and dogs. Data from this study could be used to guide empirical antimicrobial selection in companion animal veterinary practices in the Iberian Peninsula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Li
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rubén Fernández
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inma Durán
- Departamento Veterinaria de Laboratorios Echevarne, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael A Molina-López
- Catalan Wildlife Service, Centre de Fauna Salvatge de Torreferrussa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laila Darwich
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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13
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Villagómez-Estrada S, Pérez JF, Darwich L, Vidal A, van Kuijk S, Melo-Durán D, Solà-Oriol D. Effects of copper and zinc sources and inclusion levels of copper on weanling pig performance and intestinal microbiota. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:5818979. [PMID: 32277238 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A 42-d experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of Cu and Zn source and Cu level on pig performance, mineral status, bacterial modulation, and the presence of antimicrobial-resistant genes in isolates of Enterococcus spp. At weaning, 528 pigs (5.9 ± 0.50 kg) were allotted to 48 pens of a randomized complete block design in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with two Cu and Zn sources (SF: sulfate and HCl: hydroxychloride) and two Cu levels (15 and 160 mg/kg). As a challenge, the pigs were reared in dirty pens used by a previous commercial batch. Two-phase diets were offered: the pre-starter (PS) phase from day 1 to 14 and the starter phase (ST) from day 14 to 42. At days 14 and 42, pigs were individually weighed and blood samples from one pig per pen were taken. At the end of the experiment, one pig per pen was euthanized to collect the samples. Feeding high levels of Cu increased body weight (BW) from 16.6 to 17.7 kg (P < 0.001). Furthermore, average daily gain, gain to feed (G:F) ratio, average daily feed intake (ADFI), and mineral status were enhanced with Cu at 160 mg/kg (P < 0.05) compared with Cu at 15 mg/kg. There was no effect of the interaction between source × level on any of the growth performance responses except for ADFI (P = 0.004) and G:F (P = 0.029) at the end of the ST period and for G:F (P = 0.006) for entire nursery period (day 0 to 42). At the end of the ST period, pigs fed Cu at 160 mg/kg as HCl had not only higher ADFI but also lower G:F than those fed Cu as SF at 160 mg/kg. Meanwhile, for the entire nursery period, G:F did not differ between pigs fed Cu at 160 mg/kg as HCl or SF. In colonic digesta, the relative abundance of Streptococcus, Enterobacter, Escherichia, among others, decreased (P-adjust < 0.05), while Lachnospira and Roseburia tended (P-adjust < 0.10) to increase in pigs fed Cu at 160 mg/kg as HCl compared with those fed Cu SF at 160 mg/kg. An increase (P-adjust < 0.05) in Methanosphaera and Roseburia was observed in pigs fed Cu at 160 mg/kg. From colon digesta, Enterococcus spp. was isolated in 40 samples, being E. faecalis the most dominating (65%) regardless of the experimental diet. Genes of ermB (7.5%) and tetM (5%) were identified. No genes for Cu (tcrB) or vancomycin (vanA, vanB, vanC1, and vanC2) were detected. In conclusion, European Union permissible levels of Cu (160 mg/kg), of both sources, were able to increase performance, mineral status, and bacterial modulation compared with nutritional level. Different effects on growth performance, mineral tissue content, and microbial modulation were observed between Cu and Zn sources.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José F Pérez
- Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellatera, Spain
| | - Laila Darwich
- Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellatera, Spain
| | - Anna Vidal
- Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellatera, Spain
| | - Sandra van Kuijk
- Trouw Nutrition, Research and Development Department, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Diego Melo-Durán
- Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellatera, Spain
| | - David Solà-Oriol
- Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellatera, Spain
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14
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Aguirre L, Vidal A, Seminati C, Tello M, Redondo N, Darwich L, Martín M. Antimicrobial resistance profile and prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL), AmpC beta-lactamases and colistin resistance ( mcr) genes in Escherichia coli from swine between 1999 and 2018. Porcine Health Manag 2020; 6:8. [PMID: 32266079 PMCID: PMC7114809 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-020-00146-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The frequent usage of antibiotics in livestock has led to the spread of resistant bacteria within animals and their products, with a global warning in public health and veterinarians to monitor such resistances. This study aimed to determine antibiotic resistance patterns and genes in pig farms from Spain during the last twenty years. Susceptibility to six antibiotics commonly used in pig production was tested by qualitative (disk diffusion) and quantitative (minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC) methods in 200 strains of Escherichia coli which had been isolated between 1999 and 2018 from clinical cases of diarrhoea in neonatal and post-weaned piglets. Results showed resistance around 100% for amoxicillin and tetracycline since 1999, and a progressive increase in ceftiofur resistance throughout the studied period. For colistin, it was detected a resistance peak (17.5% of the strains) in the 2011–2014 period. Concerning gentamicin, 11 of 30 strains with intermediate susceptibility by the disk diffusion method were resistant by MIC. Besides, the most frequent antimicrobial resistance genes were the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) blaCTX-M (13.5% of strains, being CTX-M-14, CTX-M-1 and CTX-M-32 the most prevalent genomes, followed by CTX-M-27, CTX-M-9 and CTX-M-3), AmpC-type beta-lactamase (AmpC) blaCMY-2 (3%) and colistin resistance genes mcr-4 (13%), mcr-1 (7%) and in less proportion mcr-5 (3%). Interestingly, these mcr genes were already detected in strains isolated in 2000, more than a decade before their first description. However, poor concordance between the genotypic mcr profile and the phenotypical testing by MIC was found in this study. These results indicate that although being a current concern, resistance genes and therefore antimicrobial resistant phenotypes were already present in pig farms at the beginning of the century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Aguirre
- 1Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici V, Travessera dels Turons, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Anna Vidal
- 1Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici V, Travessera dels Turons, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Chiara Seminati
- 1Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici V, Travessera dels Turons, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Montse Tello
- 1Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici V, Travessera dels Turons, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Noelia Redondo
- 1Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici V, Travessera dels Turons, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Laila Darwich
- 1Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici V, Travessera dels Turons, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.,2UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marga Martín
- 1Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici V, Travessera dels Turons, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.,2UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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15
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Cortey M, Díaz I, Vidal A, Martín-Valls G, Franzo G, Gómez de Nova PJ, Darwich L, Puente H, Carvajal A, Martín M, Mateu E. High levels of unreported intraspecific diversity among RNA viruses in faeces of neonatal piglets with diarrhoea. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:441. [PMID: 31805938 PMCID: PMC6896758 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2204-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrhoea is a major cause of death in neonate pigs and most of the viruses that cause it are RNA viruses. Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) deeply characterize the genetic diversity among rapidly mutating virus populations at the interspecific as well as the intraspecific level. The diversity of RNA viruses present in faeces of neonatal piglets suffering from diarrhoea in 47 farms, plus 4 samples from non-diarrhoeic piglets has been evaluated by NGS. Samples were selected among the cases submitted to the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratories of Infectious Diseases of the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Barcelona, Spain) and Universidad de León (León, Spain). RESULTS The analyses identified the presence of 12 virus species corresponding to 8 genera of RNA viruses. Most samples were co-infected by several viruses. Kobuvirus and Rotavirus were more commonly reported, with Sapovirus, Astrovirus 3, 4 and 5, Enterovirus G, Porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus, Pasivirus and Posavirus being less frequently detected. Most sequences showed a low identity with the sequences deposited in GenBank, allowing us to propose several new VP4 and VP7 genotypes for Rotavirus B and Rotavirus C. CONCLUSIONS Among the cases analysed, Rotaviruses were the main aetiological agents of diarrhoea in neonate pigs. Besides, in a small number of cases Kobuvirus and Sapovirus may also have an aetiological role. Even most animals were co-infected in early life, the association with enteric disease among the other examined viruses was unclear. The NGS method applied successfully characterized the RNA virome present in faeces and detected a high level of unreported intraspecific diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martí Cortey
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Ivan Díaz
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Anna Vidal
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Gerard Martín-Valls
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Pedro José Gómez de Nova
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Laila Darwich
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Héctor Puente
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Ana Carvajal
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Marga Martín
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Enric Mateu
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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Vidal A, Martín-Valls GE, Tello M, Mateu E, Martín M, Darwich L. Prevalence of enteric pathogens in diarrheic and non-diarrheic samples from pig farms with neonatal diarrhea in the North East of Spain. Vet Microbiol 2019; 237:108419. [PMID: 31585655 PMCID: PMC7117353 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Multiple pathogens were found in all neonatal diarrhea outbreaks. RVA was the most frequent agent associated with diarrheic cases. Other enteric pathogens can be involved in some neonatal diarrhea outbreaks. The multifactorial origin of pig diarrhea requires a personalized farm diagnosis.
Diarrhea is one of the major causes of neonatal mortality in pigs. In the present study, 31 pig farms with outbreaks of neonatal diarrhea were investigated in Catalonia (NE Spain) from February 2017 until June 2018. Two hundred and fifteen diarrheic samples from 1 to 7 days old piglets were tested for a panel of enteric pathogens. In 19 of the studied farms additional fecal samples from apparently healthy pen-mates were collected and tested for the same panel of infectious agents. Samples were bacteriologically cultured and tested by PCR for E. coli virulence factors genes, C. perfringens types A and C toxins (Cpα, Cpβ, Cpβ2) and C. difficile toxins (TcdA, TcdB). Moreover, Rotavirus A (RVA), Rotavirus B (RVB), Rotavirus C (RVC), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) were also determined by RT-qPCR. More than one pathogen could be detected in all of the outbreaks. Nevertheless, RVA was the only agent that could be statistically correlated with the outcome of diarrhea. For the other viruses and bacteria analyzed significant differences between the diseased pigs and the controls were not found. In spite of this, the individual analysis of each of the studied farms indicated that other agents such as RVB, RVC, toxigenic C. difficile or pathogenic E. coli could play a relevant role in the outbreak of diarrhea. In conclusion, the large diversity of agent combinations and disease situations detected in neonatal diarrhea outbreaks of this study stand for a more personalized diagnosis and management advice at a farm level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vidal
- Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Gerard E Martín-Valls
- Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Montse Tello
- Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Enric Mateu
- Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Marga Martín
- Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Laila Darwich
- Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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17
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Darwich L, Vidal A, Seminati C, Albamonte A, Casado A, López F, Molina-López RA, Migura-Garcia L. High prevalence and diversity of extended-spectrum β-lactamase and emergence of OXA-48 producing Enterobacterales in wildlife in Catalonia. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210686. [PMID: 31381578 PMCID: PMC6681944 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the studies focused on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) performed in wildlife describe Escherichia coli as the principal indicator of the selective pressure. In the present study, several species of Enterobacterales with a large panel of cephalosporin resistant (CR) genes have been isolated from wildlife in Catalonia. A total of 307 wild animals were examined to determine the prevalence of CR enterobacteria, AMR phenotypes and the presence of common carbapenem and CR genes. The overall prevalence of CR-phenotype was 13% (40/307): 17.3% in wild mammals (18/104) and 11.5% in wild birds (22/191) (p<0.01). Hedgehogs showed the highest prevalence (13.5% of 104) of the mammal specimens, and raptors the highest in bird specimen (7.3% of 191). Although CR E. coli was the most frequently isolated (45%), other CR- Enterobacterales like Klebsiella pneumoniae (20%), Citrobacter freundii (15%), Enterobacter cloacae (5%), Proteus mirabilis (5%), Providencia spp (5%) and Serratia marcescens (2.5%) were also isolated. A high diversity of CR genes was identified among the isolates, with 50% yielding blaCMY-2, 23% blaSHV-12, 20% blaCMY-1 and 18% blaCTX-M-15. Additionally, resistance to carbapenems associated to OXA-48 gene was found. Most of the CR isolates, principally K. pneumoniae and C. freundii, were multi-resistant with co-resistance to fluoroquinolones, tetracycline, sulphonamides and aminoglycosides. This study reports high prevalence of Enterobacterales harbouring a variety of CR genes and OXA-48 mediated-carbapenem resistance, all of them frequently associated to nosocomial human infections, for the first time in wild mammals and wild birds. Implementation of control measures to reduce the impact of anthropogenic pressure in the environment is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Darwich
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Anna Vidal
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Chiara Seminati
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Andreu Albamonte
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Alba Casado
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Ferrán López
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Rafael A. Molina-López
- Catalan Wildlife Service, Centre de Fauna Salvatge de Torreferrussa, Santa Perpètua de Mogoda, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lourdes Migura-Garcia
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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Vidal A, Clilverd H, Cortey M, Martín-Valls GE, Franzo G, Darwich L, Martín M, Mateu E. Full-genome characterization by deep sequencing of rotavirus A isolates from outbreaks of neonatal diarrhoea in pigs in Spain. Vet Microbiol 2018; 227:12-19. [PMID: 30473342 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Since early 2017, in Spain there was an apparent increase in reports on rotavirus involvement in neonatal diarrhoea outbreaks, affecting also adult sows. In this study, 16 unrelated outbreaks of diarrhoea in suckling pigs and sows, where rotavirus A was the only pathogen detected, were investigated. Deep-sequencing was performed on total RNA from twenty-four positive faecal samples. Genotyping, phylogenetic and bayesian analyses showed that all isolates had a common ancestor of porcine, or human porcine-like, origin. The new strain was introduced in the population shortly before the onset of the outbreaks. Besides, a high diversification of the VP7 and VP4 genes occurred in a short time. Isolates presented a high number of amino acid changes in the neutralizing epitopes compared to vaccine sequences. The present report illustrates how a new rotavirus A strain may disseminate rapidly and the extremely high diversification that this pathogen may undergo in a short period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vidal
- Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Hepzibar Clilverd
- Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Martí Cortey
- Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Gerard E Martín-Valls
- Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Laila Darwich
- Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Marga Martín
- Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Enric Mateu
- Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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Li YL, Darwich L, Mateu E. Characterization of the attachment and infection by Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 1 isolates in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Vet Microbiol 2018; 223:181-188. [PMID: 30173745 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is known to infect porcine dendritic cells (DC). Previous studies indicated that different PRRSV1 isolates regulated differently the cytokine profiles and expression of surface molecules of DC. However, the characterisation of the infection is lacking. The current study aimed to characterise the replication and attachment of different PRRSV1 isolates in bone marrow-derived DC (BMDC). For this purpose, immature (i) and mature (m) BMDC were infected with three PRRSV1 isolates. The replication kinetics showed that titres in iBMDC were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than in mBMDC by 24 hpi, and for two isolates titres peaked earlier in iBMDC, suggesting that iBMDC were more efficient in supporting PRRSV1 replication than mBMDC. The attachment was revealed by a three-colour confocal microscopy staining. All three isolates were seen attached to iBMDC even in cells lacking CD163 -the essential receptor for PRRSV- or porcine sialoadhesin (PoSn). The attachment was not fully avoided after removal of heparan sulphate by heparinase I. Furthermore, the infection was examined with regards to CD163 expression. By flow cytometry and confocal microscopy, positive signals of PRRSV1 nucleocapsid could be observed in CD163- iBMDC. Additional sorting experiment demonstrated that CD163- iBMDC were infected only when CD163lo/hi cells were present. This can be interpreted in different ways: susceptible CD163- cells arose as result of milieu created by CD163+ infected BMDC; CD163- cells were infected by receptor-independent mechanisms (i.e. exosomes) or, some cells expressed CD163 at levels beyond the technical sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Li Li
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola Del Vallès, Spain; IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola Del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Laila Darwich
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola Del Vallès, Spain; IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola Del Vallès, Spain
| | - Enric Mateu
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola Del Vallès, Spain; IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola Del Vallès, Spain
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20
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Cortey M, Arocena G, Ait-Ali T, Vidal A, Li Y, Martín-Valls G, Wilson AD, Archibald AL, Mateu E, Darwich L. Analysis of the genetic diversity and mRNA expression level in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccinated pigs that developed short or long viremias after challenge. Vet Res 2018; 49:19. [PMID: 29448955 PMCID: PMC5815215 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0514-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSv) infection alters the host’s cellular and humoral immune response. Immunity against PRRSv is multigenic and vary between individuals. The aim of the present study was to compare several genes that encode for molecules involved in the immune response between two groups of vaccinated pigs that experienced short or long viremic periods after PRRSv challenge. These analyses include the sequencing of four SLA Class I, two Class II allele groups, and CD163, plus the analysis by quantitative realtime qRT-PCR of the constitutive expression of TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR7, TLR8 and TLR9 mRNA and other molecules in peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martí Cortey
- Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola Del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Gaston Arocena
- Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola Del Vallès, Spain
| | - Tahar Ait-Ali
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Anna Vidal
- Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola Del Vallès, Spain
| | - Yanli Li
- Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola Del Vallès, Spain
| | - Gerard Martín-Valls
- Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola Del Vallès, Spain
| | - Alison D Wilson
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Allan L Archibald
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Enric Mateu
- Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola Del Vallès, Spain.,IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola Del Vallès, Spain
| | - Laila Darwich
- Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola Del Vallès, Spain.,IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola Del Vallès, Spain
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21
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Vidal A, Baldomà L, Molina-López RA, Martin M, Darwich L. Microbiological diagnosis and antimicrobial sensitivity profiles in diseased free-living raptors. Avian Pathol 2017; 46:442-450. [PMID: 28290221 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2017.1304529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Free-living raptors (birds of prey) can act as reservoirs of potentially zoonotic agents, but they also can be affected by microorganisms as target hosts. In this retrospective study, microbiological results (n = 663) and antibiotic sensitivity profiles (n = 108) of bacterial isolates were analysed from diseased free-living raptors. Sixty-nine percent of cases (n = 457) yielded bacteria: 58% were in pure culture and 42% were of different species. Remarkably, samples from necropsies (47%) had higher percentage of pure isolations than those obtained from clinical (31%) samples (P < 0.001). Among bacterial isolates, Escherichia coli was the most common agent (35%), principally recovered from necropsied birds with clinical signs of septicaemia or respiratory disorders. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (7%) was isolated from birds with systemic infection and from oral lesions, especially in nocturnal raptors (P < 0.001). Staphylococcus spp. (5%), mainly Staphylococcus aureus, was found to be the most prevalent cause of pododermatitis (35%) and Staphylococcus hyicus was isolated from conjunctivitis (18.2%). Interestingly, 8% of samples with lesions compatible with avian tuberculosis were positive to the Mycobacterium avium complex. The most frequent fungi associated with pneumonic lesions and ingluvitis were Aspergillus spp. and Candida spp., respectively. More than 50% of the 108 isolates (34 different bacterial spp.) demonstrated resistance to clindamycin, ampicillin, tetracycline, cefuroxime, enrofloxacin and trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole. Among the E. coli strains, 71% (27/38) presented a multidrug-resistance pattern to >3 antimicrobials. Detection in wildlife of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens that might be significant at the animal-human-ecosystem interface is of great relevance under the 'One Health' approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vidal
- a Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) , Cerdanyola del Vallès , Spain
| | - Laia Baldomà
- a Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) , Cerdanyola del Vallès , Spain
| | - Rafael A Molina-López
- b Catalan Wildlife Service , Centre de Fauna Salvatge de Torreferrussa , Santa Perpètua de Mogoda , Spain
| | - Marga Martin
- a Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) , Cerdanyola del Vallès , Spain.,c Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA) , Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA) , Cerdanyola del Vallès , Spain
| | - Laila Darwich
- a Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) , Cerdanyola del Vallès , Spain.,c Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA) , Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA) , Cerdanyola del Vallès , Spain
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22
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Serrano-Pérez B, Almería S, Mur-Novales R, López-Helguera I, Garcia-Ispierto I, Alabart JL, Darwich L, López-Gatius F. Uterine serpin (SERPINA 14) correlates negatively with cytokine production at the foetal-maternal interface but not in the corpus luteum in pregnant dairy heifers experimentally infected with Neospora caninum. Reprod Domest Anim 2017; 53:556-558. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B Serrano-Pérez
- Department of Animal Science; University of Lleida; Lleida Spain
- Agrotecnio Centre; University of Lleida; Lleida Spain
| | - S Almería
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal - Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - R Mur-Novales
- Department of Animal Science; University of Lleida; Lleida Spain
| | - I López-Helguera
- Department of Animal Science; University of Lleida; Lleida Spain
- Agrotecnio Centre; University of Lleida; Lleida Spain
| | - I Garcia-Ispierto
- Department of Animal Science; University of Lleida; Lleida Spain
- Agrotecnio Centre; University of Lleida; Lleida Spain
| | - JL Alabart
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2 - (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza); Zaragoza Spain
| | - L Darwich
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal - Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - F López-Gatius
- Agrotecnio Centre; University of Lleida; Lleida Spain
- Transfer in Bovine Reproduction SLu; Barbastro Spain
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Ait-Ali T, Díaz I, Soldevila F, Cano E, Li Y, Wilson AD, Giotti B, Archibald AL, Mateu E, Darwich L. Distinct functional enrichment of transcriptional signatures in pigs with high and low IFN-gamma responses after vaccination with a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Vet Res 2016; 47:104. [PMID: 27765052 PMCID: PMC5073823 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0392-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the host factor in the response to PRRSV vaccination. For this purpose, piglets were immunized with a commercial PRRSV-live vaccine and classified as high responders (HR) or low responders (LR) as regards to the frequencies of virus-specific IFN-γ-secreting cells. Six weeks post vaccination, PBMCs isolated from three individuals with the most extreme responses in each HR and LR groups and 3 unvaccinated controls, were either stimulated with phytohaemagglutinin, challenged with the vaccine or mock treated for 24 h, prior conducting transcriptional studies, gene ontology and pathway analyses. The LR group had very low neutralizing antibody levels and showed a higher number of down-regulated transcripts compared with the HR group (FDR < 0.2, P < 0.001). Down-regulated genes encoded chemoattractants, proinflammatory cytokines and the interferon-inducible GBP family, and showed enrichment in wounding (FDR < 3.6E-13), inflammation (FDR < 8E-12), defence (FDR < 8.7E-09) and immunity (FDR < 7.6E-08), suggesting immune response impairment. In the HR group, down-regulated genes were involved in protein transport (FDR < 4.77E-03), locomotory behavior (FDR < 5.47E-3), regulation of protein localization (FDR < 1.02E-02), and regulation of TNF superfamily member 15 and miR181. In contrast, the HR group presented up-regulated transcripts associated with wounding (FDR < 4.95). Moreover, IFN-γ was predicted to be an inhibited upstream regulator since IFN-γ pathways were associated with higher number of down-regulated genes in the LR (n = 40) than the HR (n = 10). Divergent responses to PRRSV-vaccination may be the result of the genetic background of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahar Ait-Ali
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Ivan Díaz
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA)- IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Cerdanyola del Valles, Spain
| | - Ferran Soldevila
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health and Agency, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK.,Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Esmeralda Cano
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA)- IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Cerdanyola del Valles, Spain
| | - Yanli Li
- Department Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Faculty of Veterinary, UAB, 08193, Cerdanyola del Valles, Spain
| | - Alison D Wilson
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Bruno Giotti
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Alan L Archibald
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Enric Mateu
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA)- IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Cerdanyola del Valles, Spain.,Department Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Faculty of Veterinary, UAB, 08193, Cerdanyola del Valles, Spain
| | - Laila Darwich
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA)- IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Cerdanyola del Valles, Spain. .,Department Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Faculty of Veterinary, UAB, 08193, Cerdanyola del Valles, Spain.
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Almeria S, Serrano-Pérez B, Darwich L, Mur-Novales R, Garcia-Ispierto I, Cabezón O, López-Gatius F. Cytokine gene expression in aborting and non-aborting dams and in their foetuses after experimental infection with Neospora caninum at 110 days of gestation. Vet Parasitol 2016; 227:138-42. [PMID: 27523950 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Neospora caninum is a major cause of abortion in cattle. However, it is not known why not all infected animals abort. In this study, Th1 (IFN-γ), Th2 (IL4) and T reg (IL-10) cytokine gene expression was examined by real time PCR using the TaqMan approach in all of these dams and their foetuses after experimental infection with the isolate Nc-Spain7 at 110 days of pregnancy and euthanasia 6 weeks after infection. In prior published work, foetal death was observed in three of six infected dams and transplacental infection in all the 6 infected foetuses. In the spleen of the dams, IL-4 expression was down-regulated in dams with aborted/non viable foetuses compared to both uninfected dams (controls, n=3) and infected dams with live fetuses at euthanasia. In the lymph nodes draining the placenta, up-regulated expression of IL-4 was observed in infected dams with live foetuses compared to control dams. In the placenta, infected dams with live foetuses had significantly up-regulated IFN-γ in both caruncle and cotyledon and up-regulated IL-10 in cotyledon compared to control dams. Infected live foetuses showed up-regulated expression of IFN-γ and IL-10 in foetal spleen, and showed downregulated expression of IL-4 in the thymus compared to control uninfected foetuses. Expression of any cytokine in the thymus was significantly lower compared to the levels observed in foetal spleen. The results indicate an up-regulated expression of Th1, Th2 and Treg in infected dams with live foetuses and in their foetuses. On the other hand, down-regulation of Th2 immune responses and Treg cytokines were observed in infected dams which had aborted or had non-viable foetuses at euthanasia, suggesting an immunological recovery of cytokine gene expression levels in dams a few weeks after an abortion occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Almeria
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA) - Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - B Serrano-Pérez
- Departament de Ciencia Animal, Universitat de Lleida, Agrotecnio Center, Lleida, Spain
| | - L Darwich
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA) - Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - R Mur-Novales
- Departament de Ciencia Animal, Universitat de Lleida, Agrotecnio Center, Lleida, Spain
| | - I Garcia-Ispierto
- Departament de Ciencia Animal, Universitat de Lleida, Agrotecnio Center, Lleida, Spain
| | - O Cabezón
- SEFaS, Dept. Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Spain
| | - F López-Gatius
- Departament de Ciencia Animal, Universitat de Lleida, Agrotecnio Center, Lleida, Spain
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Mur-Novales R, López-Gatius F, Serrano-Pérez B, García-Ispierto I, Darwich L, Cabezón O, de Sousa NM, Beckers JF, Almería S. ExperimentalNeospora CaninumInfection in Pregnant Dairy Heifers Raises Concentrations of Pregnancy-Associated Glycoproteins 1 and 2 in Foetal Fluids. Reprod Domest Anim 2016; 51:282-6. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Mur-Novales
- Department of Animal Production; University of Lleida; Lleida Spain
| | | | - B Serrano-Pérez
- Department of Animal Production; University of Lleida; Lleida Spain
- Agrotecnio Center; University of Lleida; Lleida Spain
| | - I García-Ispierto
- Department of Animal Production; University of Lleida; Lleida Spain
- Agrotecnio Center; University of Lleida; Lleida Spain
| | - L Darwich
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals; Facultat de Veterinària; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB); Cerdanyola del Vallès Spain
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA); Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA); Cerdanyola del Vallès Spain
| | - O Cabezón
- SeFAS; UAB; Cerdanyola del Vallés; Spain Spain
| | - NM de Sousa
- Physiology of Reproduction; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Liège; Liège Belgium
| | - JF Beckers
- Physiology of Reproduction; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Liège; Liège Belgium
| | - S Almería
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals; Facultat de Veterinària; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB); Cerdanyola del Vallès Spain
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA); Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA); Cerdanyola del Vallès Spain
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Kuzemtseva L, Pérez M, Mateu E, Segalés J, Darwich L. Expression of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) in the lungs and lymphoid tissue of pigs. Vet J 2015; 203:259-61. [PMID: 25576141 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The pattern of distribution of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) in different tissues varies between species. The aim of the present study was to describe the distribution of TLR9 expression in selected tissues and organs of healthy pigs at 3 weeks and 3 months of age. Representative formalin-fixed samples of lung, thymus and secondary lymphoid tissues were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. TLR9 positive staining was observed in epithelial cells, vascular endothelium and myoepithelial-like cells, as well as in cells of the alveolar septa of the lung. Antigen presenting cells of perifollicular zones (interdigitating, macrophage and dendritic-like cells) of the Peyer's patches, lymph nodes, spleen and thymus were also immunoreactive for TLR9. No differences were seen in TLR9 protein expression in tissues from the two age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liudmila Kuzemtseva
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA)- IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Mónica Pérez
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA)- IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Enric Mateu
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA)- IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; Department Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA)- IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; Department Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Laila Darwich
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA)- IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; Department Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
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Molina-López RA, Casal J, Darwich L. Prognostic indicators associated with early mortality of wild raptors admitted to a wildlife rehabilitation centre in Spain. Vet Q 2014; 35:9-15. [PMID: 25443779 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2014.985856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assessment of the prognostic indicators of wildlife casualties is critical in wildlife rehabilitation practice, to optimize the use of economical resources, and to protect animal welfare. Few studies have been conducted in this field. OBJECTIVE To identify the prognostic indicators associated with raptor mortality during the first week of hospitalization. ANIMALS AND METHODS Complete medical records of 1722 wild raptor cases admitted to a wildlife rehabilitation centre from 1995 to 2007 were used. Regression models were created to determine mortality-related factors for different variables (order, sex, body condition (BC), clinical signs, and available haematological and biochemical parameters). RESULTS In the bivariate analysis, the presence of nervous (OR = 11.9, 95%CI:5.1-27.6) or musculoskeletal (OR = 12.1, 95%CI:5.8-25.3) signs, a poor BC (OR = 32.9, 95%CI:19-81.2), and low values of packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin or total solids (TS), were all associated with early mortality. After adjusting variables in the multivariate model, BC was excluded due to co-linearity with other variables, and alteration of the nervous system was the only significant risk factor (OR = 4.0; 95%CI:1.9-8.8). In species specific analysis, poor prognosis was related to neurological signs in Athene noctua, poor BC in Strix aluco, trauma in Acciptiter nisus and Tyto alba, low PCV in Buteo buteo and Falco tinnunculus and low TS in Falco tinnunculus. CONCLUSIONS Raptors with a poor BC, low values of PCV and those presenting with neurological signs, had the highest risk of dying in the first days of admittance. Thus, either medical care or humane euthanasia for poor prognosis should be performed to address animal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael A Molina-López
- a Centre de Fauna Salvatge de Torreferrussa , Catalan Wildlife-Service, Forestal Catalana , Santa Perpètua de Mogoda , Spain
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Pileri E, Gibert E, Soldevila F, García-Saenz A, Pujols J, Diaz I, Darwich L, Casal J, Martín M, Mateu E. Vaccination with a genotype 1 modified live vaccine against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus significantly reduces viremia, viral shedding and transmission of the virus in a quasi-natural experimental model. Vet Microbiol 2014; 175:7-16. [PMID: 25439650 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study assessed the efficacy of vaccination against genotype 1 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in terms of reduction of the transmission. Ninety-eight 3-week-old piglets were divided in two groups: V (n=40) and NV (n=58) that were housed separately. V animals were vaccinated with a commercial genotype 1 PRRSV vaccine while NV were kept as controls. On day 35 post-vaccination, 14 NV pigs were separated and inoculated intranasally with 2 ml of a heterologous genotype 1 PRRSV isolate ("seeder" pigs, SP). The other V and NV animals were distributed in groups of 5 pigs each. Two days later, one SP was introduced into each pen to expose V and NV to PRRSV. Sentinel pigs were allocated in adjacent pens. Follow-up was of 21 days. All NV (30/30) became viremic after contact with SP while only 53% of V pigs were detected so (21/40, p<0.05). Vaccination shortened viremia (12.2±4 versus 3.7±3.4 days in NV and V pigs, respectively, p<0.01). The 50% survival time for becoming infected (Kaplan-Meier) for V was 21 days (CI95%=14.1-27.9) compared to 7 days (CI95%=5.2-8.7) for NV animals (p<0.01). These differences were reflected in the R value as well: 2.78 (CI95%=2.13-3.43) for NV and 0.53 (CI95%=0.19-0.76) for V pigs (p<0.05). All sentinel pigs (10/10) in pens adjacent to NV+SP pens got infected compared to 1/4 sentinel pigs allocated contiguous to a V+SP pen. These data show that vaccination of piglets significantly decrease parameters related to PRRSV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Pileri
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; Center de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Elisa Gibert
- Center de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Ferran Soldevila
- Center de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Ariadna García-Saenz
- Center de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Joan Pujols
- Center de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Ivan Diaz
- Center de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Laila Darwich
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; Center de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Jordi Casal
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; Center de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Marga Martín
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; Center de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Enric Mateu
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; Center de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
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Videla S, Darwich L, Cañadas M, Clotet B, Sirera G. Incidence and clinical management of oral human papillomavirus infection in men: a series of key short messages. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 12:947-57. [PMID: 24865412 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2014.922872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Oral human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are less prevalent than genital and anal infections. However, the incidence of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas has increased significantly over the last 2 decades in several countries. At least 90% of these cancers are associated with oncogenic type HPV16. Oral HPV infections are notably more frequent in men than in women, and the incidence of HPV-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas has increased, predominantly among mid-adult men. Nevertheless, little is known about the progression of oral HPV infection to cancer, and it remains unclear which medical interventions should be applied to modify the natural history of the disease. This narrative review aimed at non-experts in HPV infection provides an update on oral HPV infection and its clinical management in men. Furthermore, using the cervix as a reference anatomical site, the lessons learned from investigations on cervical HPV infection are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Videla
- Lluita Contra La SIDA Foundation, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona (Barcelona), Spain
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30
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Almería S, Serrano-Pérez B, Darwich L, Araujo RN, Lopez-Gatius F, Dubey JP, Gasbarre LC. Maternal and fetal immune response patterns in heifers experimentally infected with Neospora caninum in the second trimester of pregnancy--a descriptive study. Vet Parasitol 2014; 204:146-52. [PMID: 24880649 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fetal and maternal immune responses 3, 6 and 9 weeks post infection (wpi) were investigated in cows experimentally infected with Neospora caninum on day 110 of gestation. Descriptive analysis showed that the fetuses had lower percentages of spleen T cell subpopulations (CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+) at 6 wpi compared to 3 wpi and/or 9 wpi, with the lowest percentages observed in a dead fetus found upon euthanasia at that time. Increased expression of most cytokines over levels recorded at 3 and 9 wpi were found in fetuses that were alive at 6 wpi. Up-regulated Th1, Th2 and Treg expression was also observed at 6 wpi in the spleen and in the lymph nodes draining the placenta of the cows. At the placental level, while most cytokines were down-regulated from 6 wpi, up-regulation of IL-4 expression was observed at 6 wpi in the caruncle. Our results suggest that the immune response at 6 wpi was crucial for fetal survival in this model of bovine neosporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Almería
- Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària and Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | - L Darwich
- Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària and Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - R N Araujo
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, ICB, Bloco I4, Sala 177, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - J P Dubey
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - L C Gasbarre
- Bovine Functional Genomic Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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Kuzemtseva L, de la Torre E, Martín G, Soldevila F, Ait-Ali T, Mateu E, Darwich L. Regulation of toll-like receptors 3, 7 and 9 in porcine alveolar macrophages by different genotype 1 strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 158:189-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Darwich L, Cañadas MP, Videla S, Coll J, Molina-López RA, Cobarsi P, Sirera G, Clotet B. Oral human papillomavirus type-specific infection in HIV-infected men: a prospective cohort study among men who have sex with men and heterosexual men. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014; 20:O585-9. [PMID: 24382308 DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The natural history of type-specific oral infection of human papillomavirus (HPV) was assessed in a cohort of HIV-infected men (538 men who have sex with men (MSM); 195 heterosexuals). Risk factors associated with oral HPV infections were examined. The overall prevalence of HPV was 16%: HPV-16 was the most prevalent type (3.7% MSM; 7.8% heterosexuals). The prevalence of HPV-16 in heterosexuals was associated with CD4 nadir counts <200 cells/μL (ORadjusted = 3.0, 95% CI, 1.4-6.3). The overall incidence of HPV was similar between groups (11%), but the incidence of HPV-16 was higher in heterosexuals (ORadjusted = 3.2, 95% CI, 1.1-9.5). Not only MSM but also HIV-infected heterosexual men are at risk of HPV infection. Regular and careful oral inspection is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Darwich
- Lluita Contra La SIDA Foundation, Badalona, Spain; Department of Sanitat i Anatomia Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
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Canadas M, Darwich L, Videla S, Sirera G, Coll J, Rafael ML, Clotet B. Circumcision and penile human papillomavirus prevalence in human immunodeficiency virus-infected men: heterosexual and men who have sex with men. Clin Microbiol Infect 2013; 19:611-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03911.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Molina-López RA, Casal J, Darwich L. Final disposition and quality auditing of the rehabilitation process in wild raptors admitted to a Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre in Catalonia, Spain, during a twelve year period (1995-2007). PLoS One 2013; 8:e60242. [PMID: 23613722 PMCID: PMC3629073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Variability in reporting and classification methods in previous published data of the final dispositions in the rehabilitation of wild raptors makes use of this data limited in trying to audit the quality of the rehabilitation process. Crude as well as stratified disposition rates are needed if quality auditing of the rehabilitation process is to be adequately performed. Methodology Final dispositions of 6221 hospitalized wild raptors admitted at a wildlife rehabilitation centre (WRC) of Catalonia during 1995–2007 were analyzed. These dispositions were calculated as the euthanasia (Er), unassisted mortality (Mr), release (Rr) and captivity rates (Cr)., time to death (Td) for dead and euthanized raptors, and length of stay for released (Tr) raptors was estimated. Stratified analyses by main causes of admission and clinical signs were performed. Results The disposition for the total population were: Er = 30.6%, Mr = 19.1%, Rr = 47.2%, and Cr = 3%. By main causes of admission, Er was higher in the trauma category (34.2%), whereas Mr was found similar between trauma (37.4%) and non-trauma categories (34.8%). The highest Rr was observed for the orphaned group (77.9%). Furthermore, Cr was low in all the categories (<4%). By clinical signs, the highest Er was found in animals suffering musculoskeletal (37.9%) or skin (32.3%) lesions; Mr was high in infectious/parasitic diseases (66.7%) and in case of neurological symptoms (64.5%). The euthanized birds had a median Td = 1 day (P10 = 0-P90 = 59) for both trauma and non-trauma categories, and Td = 36 days for the orphaned young group (P10 = 0; P90 = 596). The median Td in the unassisted dead birds was 2 days for all the categories (P10 = 0-P90 = 31). Finally, the median Tr in the centre was variable among categories. Conclusions/Significance Reporting of final dispositions in wildlife rehabilitation should include the crude and stratified rates (Er, Mr, Rr, and Cr), by causes and clinical presentation, as well as Td and Tr, to allow meaningful auditing of the rehabilitation process quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael A Molina-López
- Centre de Fauna Salvatge de Torreferrussa, Catalan Wildlife-Service-Forestal Catalana, Santa Perpètua de la Mogoda, Barcelona, Spain.
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Díaz I, Ganges L, Galindo-Cardiel I, Tarradas J, Álvarez B, Lorca-Oró C, Pujols J, Gimeno M, Darwich L, Domingo M, Domínguez J, Mateu E. Immunization with DNA Vaccines Containing Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Open Reading Frames 5, 6, and 7 May Be Related to the Exacerbation of Clinical Disease after an Experimental Challenge. Viral Immunol 2013; 26:93-101. [DOI: 10.1089/vim.2012.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Díaz
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Llilianne Ganges
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Iván Galindo-Cardiel
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Tarradas
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Belén Álvarez
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Lorca-Oró
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Pujols
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariona Gimeno
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laila Darwich
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariano Domingo
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Domínguez
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enric Mateu
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Molina-López R, Cabezón O, Pabón M, Darwich L, Obón E, Lopez-Gatius F, Dubey J, Almería S. High seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in the Common raven (Corvus corax) in the Northeast of Spain. Res Vet Sci 2012; 93:300-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Díaz I, Gimeno M, Darwich L, Navarro N, Kuzemtseva L, López S, Galindo I, Segalés J, Martín M, Pujols J, Mateu E. Characterization of homologous and heterologous adaptive immune responses in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection. Vet Res 2012; 43:30. [PMID: 22515169 PMCID: PMC3403850 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-43-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study characterized the homologous and heterologous immune response in type-I porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection. Two experiments were conducted: in experiment 1, eight pigs were inoculated with PRRSV strain 3262 and 84 days post-inoculation (dpi) they were challenged with either strain 3262 or strain 3267 and followed for the next 14 days (98 dpi). In experiment 2, eight pigs were inoculated with strain 3267 and challenged at 84 dpi as above. Clinical course, viremia, humoral response (neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibodies, NA) and virus-specific IFN-γ responses (ELISPOT) were evaluated all throughout the study. Serum levels of IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α and TGF-β were determined (ELISA) after the second challenge. In experiment 1 primo-inoculation with strain 3262 induced viremia of ≤ 28 days, low titres of homologous NA but strong IFN-γ responses. In contrast, strain 3267 induced longer viremias (up to 56 days), higher NA titres (≤ 6 log2) and lower IFN-γ responses. Inoculation with 3267 produced higher serum IL-8 levels. After the re-challenge at 84 dpi, pigs in experiment 1 developed mostly a one week viremia regardless of the strain used. In experiment 2, neither the homologous nor the heterologous challenge resulted in detectable viremia although PRRSV was present in tonsils of some animals. Homologous re-inoculation with 3267 produced elevated TGF-β levels in serum for 7–14 days but this did not occur with the heterologous re-inoculation. In conclusion, inoculation with different PRRSV strains result in different virological and immunological outcomes and in different degrees of homologous and heterologous protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Díaz
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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Darwich L, Cañadas MP, Videla S, Coll J, Piñol M, Cobarsi P, Molina-López RA, Vela S, García-Cuyás F, Llatjos M, Sirera G, Clotet B. Condylomata, cytological abnormalities and human papillomavirus infection in the anal canal in HIV-infected men. HIV Med 2012; 13:549-57. [PMID: 22435501 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2012.01013.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genital infections with low-risk (LR) and high-risk (HR) human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes are associated with ano-genital condylomata and anal squamous cell cancer. HPV-related pathologies in HIV-infected men are a serious concern. In this study, the prevalence of anal condylomata and their association with cytological abnormalities and HPV infection in the anal canal in HIV-infected men [men who have sex with men (MSM) and heterosexuals] were estimated. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study based on the first visits of patients in the Can Ruti HIV-positive Men (CARH·MEN) cohort. Anal condylomata were assessed by clinical and proctological examination. Samples from the anal canal were collected for HPV genotyping and cytological diagnoses. RESULTS A total of 640 HIV-infected men (473 MSM and 167 heterosexuals) were included in the study. The overall prevalence of anal condylomata was 25% [157 of 640; 95% confidence interval (CI) 21-28%]; in MSM it was 28% and in heterosexuals it was 15% [odds ratio (OR) 2.2; 95% CI 1.4-3.5]. In patients with anal condylomata, HPV infection in the anal canal was more prevalent (92% vs. 67% in those without anal condylomata; OR 8.5; 95% CI 3.2-22). This higher HPV prevalence involved at least two HPV genotypes (OR 4.0; 95% CI 2.2-7.1), mainly HR genotypes (OR 3.3; 95% CI 1.7-6.4). Similarly, the cumulative prevalence of HPV-6 and HPV-11 was higher in patients with anal condylomata (63% vs. 19% in those without anal condylomata). Having anal condylomata was associated with higher prevalences of cytological abnormalities (83% vs. 32% in those without anal condylomata; OR 6.9; 95% CI 3.8-12.7) and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs) (9% vs. 3% in those without anal condylomata; OR 9.0; 95% CI 2.9-28.4) in the anal canal. CONCLUSIONS HIV-infected men with anal condylomata were at risk of presenting HSILs and harbouring multiple HR HPV infections in the anal canal. Although MSM presented the highest prevalence of anal condylomata, heterosexual men also had a clinically important prevalence. Our findings emphasize the importance of screening and follow-up for condylomata in the anal canal in HIV-infected men.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Darwich
- Retrovirology Laboratory IrsiCaixa Foundation, Barcelona, Spain.
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Cañadas MP, Cirigliano V, Darwich L, Sirera G, Coll J, Clotet B, Videla S. Comparison of the f-HPV typing™ and Hybrid Capture II® assays for detection of high-risk HPV genotypes in cervical samples. J Virol Methods 2012; 183:14-8. [PMID: 22449759 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus genotyping is being considered in cervical screening programs and for monitoring the effectiveness of HPV vaccination. Both approaches require access to fast, easy and high-throughput technology. The aim of this study was to compare a new commercial assay (f-HPV typing™) with the Hybrid Capture II® (HC2) to detect HPV infection. The F-HPV typing is a multiplex fluorescent PCR method recognizing E6 and E7 regions of 13 high-risk (HR) HPV types, the same set of HR-types targeted HC2 test. A subset of 157 cervical samples was tested with both assays. The percentage of positive HR-HPV DNA samples was 24% (37/155) by HC2 and 33% (49/155) by f-HPV typing. Concordant results were found in 133/155 (overall agreement, 85.8%; Cohen's kappa=0.65). The analytical sensitivity and specificity of f-HPV were 97.6 and 93, respectively. In conclusion, this study shows that the f-HPV assay provides a good alternative to HC2 to detect HPV infection, allowing simple and rapid HPV genotyping and detecting multiple infections.
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Roca M, Gimeno M, Bruguera S, Segalés J, Díaz I, Galindo-Cardiel IJ, Martínez E, Darwich L, Fang Y, Maldonado J, March R, Mateu E. Effects of challenge with a virulent genotype II strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus on piglets vaccinated with an attenuated genotype I strain vaccine. Vet J 2012; 193:92-6. [PMID: 22264642 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is endemic in most parts of Asia, where genotype I and II strains of diverse virulence may coexist. This study evaluated the outcome of infection with a highly virulent Asian genotype II PRRSV isolate in piglets vaccinated with a genotype I vaccine. Twenty-one 3-week-old piglets were divided in three groups: Pigs in group V (n=8) were vaccinated with an attenuated genotype I commercial PRRSV vaccine, while pigs in group U (n=8) and a control group (group C; n=5) were unvaccinated; 6 weeks later, pigs in groups V and U were challenged intranasally with a highly virulent strain of genotype II PRRSV (1×10(5) 50% tissue culture infectious doses/mL), while pigs in group C received a placebo. Over a period of 21 days after challenge, vaccinated pigs had significantly lower mortality (0/8 versus 2/8), fewer days of fever, a lower frequency of catarrhal bronchopneumonia, higher weight gains (13.4 versus 6.6 kg) and lower levels of viraemia compared to unvaccinated challenged pigs. Immunisation with a genotype I attenuated PRRSV vaccine provided partial protection against challenge with a highly virulent genotype II strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Roca
- Laboratorios Hipra S.A., Avda La Selva 135, Amer, Girona 17170, Spain
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Molina-López RA, Adelantado C, Arosemena EL, Obón E, Darwich L, Calvo MA. Integument Mycobiota of Wild European Hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) from Catalonia, Spain. ISRN Microbiol 2012; 2012:659754. [PMID: 23762757 PMCID: PMC3671702 DOI: 10.5402/2012/659754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
There are some reports about the risk of manipulating wild hedgehogs since they can be reservoirs of potential zoonotic agents like dermatophytes. The aim of this study was to describe the integument mycobiota, with special attention to dermatophytes of wild European hedgehogs. Samples from spines and fur were cultured separately in Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) with antibiotic and dermatophyte test medium (DTM) plates. Nineteen different fungal genera were isolated from 91 cultures of 102 hedgehogs. The most prevalent genera were Cladosporium (79.1%), Penicillium (74.7%), Alternaria (64.8%), and Rhizopus (63.7%). A lower prevalence of Aspergillus (P = 0,035; χ2 = 8,633) and Arthrinium (P = 0,043; χ2 = 8,173) was isolated during the spring time and higher frequencies of Fusarium (P = 0,015; χ2 = 10,533) during the autumn. The prevalence of Acremonium was significantly higher in young animals (70%, 26/37) than in adults (30%, 11/37) (P = 0,019; χ2 = 5,915). Moreover, the majority of the saprophytic species that grew at the SDA culture were also detected at the DTM. Finally, no cases of ringworm were diagnosed and no dermatophytes spp. were isolated. Concluding, this study provides the first description of fungal mycobiota of the integument of wild European hedgehogs in Spain, showing a large number of saprophytic species and the absence of dermatophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Molina-López
- Centre de Fauna Salvatge de Torreferrussa, Catalan Wildlife Service, Forestal Catalana, 08130 Santa Perpètua de la Mogoda, Spain ; Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinaria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Cabezón O, García-Bocanegra I, Molina-López R, Marco I, Blanco JM, Höfle U, Margalida A, Bach-Raich E, Darwich L, Echeverría I, Obón E, Hernández M, Lavín S, Dubey JP, Almería S. Seropositivity and risk factors associated with Toxoplasma gondii infection in wild birds from Spain. PLoS One 2011; 6:e29549. [PMID: 22216311 PMCID: PMC3245288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic intracellular protozoan parasite of worldwide distribution that infects many species of warm-blooded animals, including birds. To date, there is scant information about the seropositivity of T. gondii and the risk factors associated with T. gondii infection in wild bird populations. In the present study, T. gondii infection was evaluated on sera obtained from 1079 wild birds belonging to 56 species (including Falconiformes (n=610), Strigiformes (n=260), Ciconiiformes (n=156), Gruiformes (n=21), and other orders (n=32), from different areas of Spain. Antibodies to T. gondii (modified agglutination test, MAT titer ≥1:25) were found in 282 (26.1%, IC(95%:)23.5-28.7) of the 1079 birds. This study constitute the first extensive survey in wild birds species in Spain and reports for the first time T. gondii antibodies in the griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus), short-toed snake-eagle (Circaetus gallicus), Bonelli's eagle (Aquila fasciata), golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus), osprey (Pandion haliaetus), Montagu's harrier (Circus pygargus), Western marsh-harrier (Circus aeruginosus), peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus), long-eared owl (Asio otus), common scops owl (Otus scops), Eurasian spoonbill (Platalea leucorodia), white stork (Ciconia ciconia), grey heron (Ardea cinerea), common moorhen (Gallinula chloropus); in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) "vulnerable" Spanish imperial eagle (Aquila adalberti), lesser kestrel (Falco naumanni) and great bustard (Otis tarda); and in the IUCN "near threatened" red kite (Milvus milvus). The highest seropositivity by species was observed in the Eurasian eagle owl (Bubo bubo) (68.1%, 98 of 144). The main risk factors associated with T. gondii seropositivity in wild birds were age and diet, with the highest exposure in older animals and in carnivorous wild birds. The results showed that T. gondii infection is widespread and can be at a high level in many wild birds in Spain, most likely related to their feeding behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Cabezón
- Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinaria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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Abstract
The emergence of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) associated diseases and particularly postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) was a shock for the swine industry and formulated a considerable challenge for researchers in the area of viral immunology in swine. The unique features of PMWS of which emaciation and lymphoid depletion were the most evident indicated a deep involvement of the immune system of the pig in the pathogenesis of this condition and indicated that PCV2 was a singular pathogen. Also, the multifactorial nature of the disease complicated the understanding of PMWS pathogenesis. Nowadays, it is known that PCV2 deeply affects the functionality of the immune system of the pig but also the industry has been able to produce efficacious vaccines. In the present paper some of the most relevant immunological features of PMWS and of PCV2 infection in general will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Darwich
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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Almería S, Araujo RN, Darwich L, Dubey JP, Gasbarre LC. Cytokine gene expression at the materno-foetal interface after experimental Neospora caninum infection of heifers at 110 days of gestation. Parasite Immunol 2011; 33:517-23. [PMID: 21711362 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2011.01307.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neospora caninum is a major cause of abortion in cattle, but the reasons why only some animals abort remain unclear. The immunological control of the parasite in the placenta or by the foetus could be the key to determining the mechanism of abortion and/or transplacental transmission to the foetus. In this study, cytokine gene expression, analysed by real-time RT-PCR, at the maternal (caruncle) and foetal placenta (cotyledon) of heifers infected at 110 days of gestation by intravenous inoculation of N. caninum tachyzoites was compared with the responses in uninfected heifers. Animals were euthanized 3 weeks after infection. Upregulated Th1, Th2 and T-regulatory (Treg) cytokine gene expression was observed in both the maternal and the foetal placenta in the infected group. In the caruncle of infected animals, the main changes included upregulation of IFN-γ, IL-12p40, IL-6 and IL-10. In the cotyledon, the main changes included upregulation of IFN-γ and downregulation of TGF-β, being the later the only cytokine downregulated in the infected group. The observed cytokine expression pattern was associated with alive but transplacentally infected foetuses, suggesting that such cytokine pattern is beneficial to foetal survival, but could have a role in the transplacental transmission of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Almería
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Molina-López RA, Casal J, Darwich L. Causes of morbidity in wild raptor populations admitted at a wildlife rehabilitation centre in Spain from 1995-2007: a long term retrospective study. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24603. [PMID: 21966362 PMCID: PMC3179465 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Morbidity studies complement the understanding of hazards to raptors by identifying natural or anthropogenic factors. Descriptive epidemiological studies of wildlife have become an important source of information about hazards to wildlife populations. On the other hand, data referenced to the overall wild population could provide a more accurate assessment of the potential impact of the morbidity/mortality causes in populations of wild birds. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The present study described the morbidity causes of hospitalized wild raptors and their incidence in the wild populations, through a long term retrospective study conducted at a wildlife rehabilitation centre of Catalonia (1995-2007). Importantly, Seasonal Cumulative Incidences (SCI) were calculated considering estimations of the wild population in the region and trend analyses were applied among the different years. A total of 7021 birds were analysed: 7 species of Strigiformes (n = 3521) and 23 of Falconiformes (n = 3500). The main causes of morbidity were trauma (49.5%), mostly in the Falconiformes, and orphaned/young birds (32.2%) mainly in the Strigiformes. During wintering periods, the largest morbidity incidence was observed in Accipiter gentillis due to gunshot wounds and in Tyto alba due to vehicle trauma. Within the breeding season, Falco tinnunculus (orphaned/young category) and Bubo bubo (electrocution and metabolic disorders) represented the most affected species. Cases due to orphaned/young, infectious/parasitic diseases, electrocution and unknown trauma tended to increase among years. By contrast, cases by undetermined cause, vehicle trauma and captivity decreased throughout the study period. Interestingly, gunshot injuries remained constant during the study period. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Frequencies of morbidity causes calculated as the proportion of each cause referred to the total number of admitted cases, allowed a qualitative assessment of hazards for the studied populations. However, cumulative incidences based on estimated wild raptor population provided a more accurate approach to the potential ecological impact of the morbidity causes in the wild populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael A Molina-López
- Centre de Fauna Salvatge de Torreferrussa, Catalan Wildlife-Service, Forestal Catalana, Spain
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Almería S, Serrano B, Yàniz JL, Darwich L, López-Gatius F. Cytokine gene expression profiles in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from Neospora caninum naturally infected dams throughout gestation. Vet Parasitol 2011; 183:237-43. [PMID: 21846584 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Neospora caninum is a major cause of abortion in cattle but it is not known why some infected animals suffer abortion while others do not. An essential role in protective immunity against N. caninum has been proposed for Th1 cytokines such as IFN-γ and IL-12 although cytokine patterns in N. caninum infected pregnant cattle have been scarcely addressed. In this study, gene expression of the cytokines IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-10, IL-4 and TNF-α was analyzed by real time RT-PCR in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in N. caninum naturally infected dams throughout pregnancy. Blood samples were drawn from 18 cows (13 N. caninum seropositive and 5 N. caninum seronegative) on Days 45, 90, 120, 150, 180 and 210 of pregnancy or until abortion. Four seropositive animals aborted. Compared to the seronegative animals, N. caninum infected dams showed up-regulated mRNA levels of the Th1 cytokines, IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-12p40, along with up-regulation of the T regulatory (Treg) cytokine IL-10. In contrast, expression levels of IL-4 (Th2 cytokine) did not differ significantly among the different groups throughout the study period. Our findings indicate clear differences in peripheral blood cytokine gene expression levels during pregnancy between animals naturally infected with N. caninum and seronegative control animals. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the gene expression of Th1, Th2 and regulatory cytokines in the peripheral blood of pregnant cows naturally infected with N. caninum.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Almería
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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Molina-Lopez RA, Valverdú N, Martin M, Mateu E, Obon E, Cerdà-Cuéllar M, Darwich L. Wild raptors as carriers of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella and Campylobacter strains. Vet Rec 2011; 168:565. [PMID: 21565882 DOI: 10.1136/vr.c7123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R A Molina-Lopez
- Centre de Fauna Salvatge de Torreferrussa, Catalan Wildlife Service, Forestal Catalana, Spain
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Plana M, Garcia F, Darwich L, Romeu J, López A, Cabrera C, Massanella M, Canto E, Ruiz-Hernandez R, Blanco J, Sánchez M, Gatell JM, Clotet B, Ruiz L, Bofill M. The reconstitution of the thymus in immunosuppressed individuals restores CD4-specific cellular and humoral immune responses. Immunology 2011; 133:318-28. [PMID: 21501161 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2011.03442.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with HIV-1 frequently results in the loss of specific cellular immune responses and an associated lack of antibodies. Recombinant growth hormone (rGH) administration reconstitutes thymic tissue and boosts the levels of peripheral T cells, so rGH therapy may be an effective adjuvant through promoting the recovery of lost cellular and T-cell-dependent humoral immune responses in immunosuppressed individuals. To test this concept, we administered rGH to a clinically defined group of HIV-1-infected subjects with defective cellular and serological immune responses to at least one of three commonly employed vaccines (hepatitis A, hepatitis B or tetanus toxoid). Of the original 278 HIV-1-infected patients entering the trial, only 20 conformed to these immunological criteria and were randomized into three groups: Group A (n = 8) receiving rGH and challenged with the same vaccine to which they were unresponsive and Groups B (n = 5) and C (n = 7) who received either rGH or vaccination alone, respectively. Of the eight subjects in Group A, five recovered CD4 cellular responses to vaccine antigen and four of these produced the corresponding antibodies. In the controls, three of the five in group B recovered cellular responses with two producing antibodies, whereas three of the seven in Group C recovered CD4 responses, with only two producing antibodies. Significantly, whereas seven of ten patients receiving rGH treatment in Group A (six patients) and B (one patient) recovered T-cell responses to HIVp24, only two of six in Group C responded similarly. In conclusion, reconstitution of the thymus in immunosuppressed adults through rGH hormone treatment restored both specific antibody and CD4 T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Plana
- Retrovirology and Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain
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Gimeno M, Darwich L, Diaz I, de la Torre E, Pujols J, Martín M, Inumaru S, Cano E, Domingo M, Montoya M, Mateu E. Cytokine profiles and phenotype regulation of antigen presenting cells by genotype-I porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus isolates. Vet Res 2011; 42:9. [PMID: 21314968 PMCID: PMC3037899 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-42-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examined the immunological response of antigen presenting cells (APC) to genotype-I isolates of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection by analysing the cytokine profile induced and evaluating the changes taking place upon infection on immunologically relevant cell markers (MHCI, MHCII, CD80/86, CD14, CD16, CD163, CD172a, SWC9). Several types of APC were infected with 39 PRRSV isolates. The results show that different isolates were able to induce different patterns of IL-10 and TNF-α. The four possible phenotypes based on the ability to induce IL-10 and/or TNF-α were observed, although different cell types seemed to have different capabilities. In addition, isolates inducing different cytokine-release profiles on APC could induce different expression of cell markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariona Gimeno
- Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
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Darwich L, Gimeno M, Sibila M, Diaz I, de la Torre E, Dotti S, Kuzemtseva L, Martin M, Pujols J, Mateu E. Genetic and immunobiological diversities of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome genotype I strains. Vet Microbiol 2011; 150:49-62. [PMID: 21310555 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Revised: 12/30/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Genetic diversity of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has been based on ORF5/GP5 and ORF7/N protein variations. Complete viral genome studies are limited and focused on a single or a few set of strains. Moreover, there is a general tendency to extrapolate results obtained from a single isolate to the overall PRRSV population. In the present study, six genotype-I isolates of PRRSV were sequenced from ORF1a to ORF7. Phylogenetic comparisons and the variability degree of known linear B-epitopes were done considering other available full-length genotype-I sequences. Cytokine induction of all strains was also evaluated in different cellular systems. Non structural protein 2 (nsp2) was the most variable part of the virus with 2 out of 6 strains harboring a 74 aa deletion. Deletions were also found in ORF3 and ORF4. Phylogenetic analyses showed that isolates could be grouped differently depending on the ORF examined and the highest similarity with the full genome cluster was found for the nsp9. Interestingly, most of predicted linear B-epitopes in the literature, particularly in nsp2 and GP4 regions, were found deleted or varied in some of our isolates. Moreover, 4 strains, those with deletions in nsp2, induced TNF-α and 3 induced IL-10. These results underline the high genetic diversity of PRRSV mainly in nsp1, nsp2 and ORFs 3 and 4. This variability also affects most of the known linear B-epitopes of the virus. Accordingly, different PRRSV strains might have substantially different immunobiological properties. These data can contribute to the understanding of PRRSV complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Darwich
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
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