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Elangovan A, Dahiya B, Kirola L, Iyer M, Jeeth P, Maharaj S, Kumari N, Lakhanpal V, Michel TM, Rao KRSS, Cho SG, Yadav MK, Gopalakrishnan AV, Kadhirvel S, Kumar NS, Vellingiri B. Does gut brain axis has an impact on Parkinson's disease (PD)? Ageing Res Rev 2024; 94:102171. [PMID: 38141735 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is becoming a growing global concern by being the second most prevalent disease next to Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Henceforth new exploration is needed in search of new aspects towards the disease mechanism and origin. Evidence from recent studies has clearly stated the role of Gut Microbiota (GM) in the maintenance of the brain and as a root cause of various diseases and disorders including other neurological conditions. In the case of PD, with an unknown etiology, the GM is said to have a larger impact on the disease pathophysiology. Although GM and its metabolites are crucial for maintaining the normal physiology of the host, it is an undeniable fact that there is an influence of GM in the pathophysiology of PD. As such the Enteroendocrine Cells (EECs) in the epithelium of the intestine are one of the significant regulators of the gut-brain axis and act as a communication mediator between the gut and the brain. The communication is established via the molecules of neuroendocrine which are said to have a crucial part in neurological diseases such as AD, PD, and other psychiatry-related disorders. This review is focused on understanding the proper role of GM and EECs in PD. Here, we also focus on some of the metabolites and compounds that can interact with the PD genes causing various dysfunctions in the cell and facilitating the disease conditions using bioinformatical tools. Various mechanisms concerning EECs and PD, their identification, the latest studies, and available current therapies have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Elangovan
- Human Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Bhawna Dahiya
- Human Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Laxmi Kirola
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences and Technology (SoHST), UPES University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
| | - Mahalaxmi Iyer
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India; Department of Biotechnology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Coimbatore 641021, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Priyanka Jeeth
- Department of Computational Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Sakshi Maharaj
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Nikki Kumari
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Vikas Lakhanpal
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda 151005, Punjab, India
| | - Tanja Maria Michel
- Research Unit of Psychiatry, Dept. of Psychiatry Odense, Clinical Institute, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winslowsvej 20, Indg. 220B, Odense, Denmark
| | - K R S Sambasiva Rao
- Mangalayatan University - Jabalpur, Jabalpur - 481662, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Ssang-Goo Cho
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Molecular & Cellular Reprogramming Center and Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Mukesh Kumar Yadav
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632 014, India
| | - Saraboji Kadhirvel
- Department of Computational Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Nachimuthu Senthil Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Mizoram University (A Central University), Aizawl, 796 004 Mizoram, India
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Human Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India.
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Babu HWS, Elangovan A, Iyer M, Kirola L, Muthusamy S, Jeeth P, Muthukumar S, Vanlalpeka H, Gopalakrishnan AV, Kadhirvel S, Kumar NS, Vellingiri B. Association Study Between Kynurenine 3-Monooxygenase (KMO) Gene and Parkinson's Disease Patients. Mol Neurobiol 2023:10.1007/s12035-023-03815-9. [PMID: 38040995 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03815-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
The influence of various risk factors such as aging, intricate cellular molecular processes, and lifestyle factors like smoking, alcohol consumption, caffeine intake, and occupational factors has received increased focus in relation to the risk and development of Parkinson's disease (PD). Limited research has been conducted on the assessment of lifestyle impact on kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO) gene in PD. A total of 164 subjects, including 82 PD cases and 82 healthy individuals, were recruited based on specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. The severity of PD and clinical assessment were evaluated using the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and Hoehn and Yahr (HY) scaling. Sanger sequencing was performed to analyse the KMO gene in the recruited subjects, and case-control studies were conducted. The UPDRS assessment revealed significant impairments in smell, tremors, walking, and posture instability in the late-onset PD cohorts. The HY scaling indicated a higher proportion of late-onset cohorts in stage 2. Moreover, both alcoholic and non-alcoholic groups showed significantly increased levels of 3-HK in late-onset PD. Gene analysis identified missense variants at position g.241593373 T > A (rs752312199) and intronic variants at positions g.241592623A > G (rs640718), g.241592800C > A (rs990388262), g.241592802A > C (rs1350160268), g.241592808 T > C (rs1478255936), and g.241592812G > T (rs948928931). The alterations in the KMO gene were found to influence the levels of kynurenic acid (KYNA) and 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK). Genomic analysis revealed a high prevalence of missense mutations in the late-onset PD groups, leading to a decline in 3-HK levels in patients. This leads to the reduction of the progression of disease in late-onset groups which shows that this mutation may lead to the protective effect on the PD subjects. This study suggests the use of KYNA and 3-HK as potential biomarkers in analysing the progression of disease. This study is limited by its small sample size. To overcome this limitation, a larger study involving in greater number of participants is needed to thoroughly investigate the KMO gene and KP metabolites, to enhance our understanding of Parkinson's disease progression, and to enhance diagnostic capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harysh Winster Suresh Babu
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Translational Research, Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Ajay Elangovan
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Translational Research, Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Mahalaxmi Iyer
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India
- Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Biotechnology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Coimbatore, India
| | - Laxmi Kirola
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, 201301, India
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences and Technology (SoHST), UPES University, Dehradun, 248007, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sureshan Muthusamy
- School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, 613401, India
| | - Priyanka Jeeth
- Structural and Computational Biology Laboratory, Department of Computational Sciences, Central University of Punjab, 151401, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Sindduja Muthukumar
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Translational Research, Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Harvey Vanlalpeka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Zoram Medical College, Falkawn, 796005, India
| | - Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, Vellore, 632 014, India
| | - Saraboji Kadhirvel
- Structural and Computational Biology Laboratory, Department of Computational Sciences, Central University of Punjab, 151401, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | | | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Translational Research, Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India.
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Chatterjee S, Gupta S, Kirola L, Chandra A, Mukherjee A, Mutsuddi M. Identification and molecular characterization of two recurrent missense mutations in the RS1 gene in two families with X-linked retinoschisis from North India. Am J Med Genet A 2023; 191:2524-2535. [PMID: 37317958 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
X-linked retinoschisis (XLR) is a rare medical condition that involves in the splitting of neurosensory layers and the impairment of vision in the retina. In majority of the XLR cases, pathogenic variants in Retinoschisin 1 (RS1) gene have been implicated in males with an early age of onset during early childhood. In the present study, we have recruited two North Indian families having multiple affected male members, who were diagnosed with XLR. The entire protein-coding region of RS1 was screened by PCR-Sanger sequencing and two recurrent pathogenic variants (p.I81N and p.R102Q) were unraveled. The in vitro study of these variants demonstrated the aggregation of mutant RS1 within the endoplasmic reticulum. Furthermore, mutant forms of this protein showed significant intracellular retention, which was evident by the absence of retinoschisin protein fractions in the extracellular media. These inferences were also supported by extensive bioinformatics analysis of the mutants, which showed dramatic conformational changes in the local structure of retinoschisin. Thus, our study suggests that the identified pathogenic variants interfere with proper protein folding, leading to anomalous structural changes ultimately resulting in intracellular retention of retinoschisin within the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souradip Chatterjee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Shashank Gupta
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Laxmi Kirola
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Noida, India
| | | | - Ashim Mukherjee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Mousumi Mutsuddi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Kirola L, Mukherjee A, Mutsuddi M. Recent Updates on the Genetics of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:5673-5694. [PMID: 35768750 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02934-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) primarily affect the motor and frontotemporal areas of the brain, respectively. These disorders share clinical, genetic, and pathological similarities, and approximately 10-15% of ALS-FTD cases are considered to be multisystemic. ALS-FTD overlaps have been linked to families carrying an expansion in the intron of C9orf72 along with inclusions of TDP-43 in the brain. Other overlapping genes (VCP, FUS, SQSTM1, TBK1, CHCHD10) are also involved in similar functions that include RNA processing, autophagy, proteasome response, protein aggregation, and intracellular trafficking. Recent advances in genome sequencing have identified new genes that are involved in these disorders (TBK1, CCNF, GLT8D1, KIF5A, NEK1, C21orf2, TBP, CTSF, MFSD8, DNAJC7). Additional risk factors and modifiers have been also identified in genome-wide association studies and array-based studies. However, the newly identified genes show higher disease frequencies in combination with known genes that are implicated in pathogenesis, thus indicating probable digenetic/polygenic inheritance models, along with epistatic interactions. Studies suggest that these genes play a pleiotropic effect on ALS-FTD and other diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Ataxia, and Parkinsonism. Besides, there have been numerous improvements in the genotype-phenotype correlations as well as clinical trials on stem cell and gene-based therapies. This review discusses the possible genetic models of ALS and FTD, the latest therapeutics, and signaling pathways involved in ALS-FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laxmi Kirola
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashim Mukherjee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mousumi Mutsuddi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Yadav N, Kirola L, Geetha TS, Mittal K, Kadandale J, Yogev Y, Birk OS, Gupta N, Balakrishnan P, Jana M, Gupta M, Kabra M, Thelma BK. A novel leaky splice variant in centromere protein J (CENPJ)-associated Seckel syndrome. Ann Hum Genet 2022; 86:245-256. [PMID: 35451063 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Primary microcephaly and Seckel syndrome are rare genetically and clinically heterogenous brain development disorders. Several exonic/splicing mutations are reported for these disorders to date, but ∼40% of all cases remain unexplained. We aimed to uncover the genetic correlate(s) in a family of multiple siblings with microcephaly. A novel homozygous intronic variant (NC_000013.10:g.25459823T>C) in CENPJ (13q12) segregating with all four affected male siblings was identified by exome sequencing and validated by targeted linkage approach (logarithm of the odds score 1.8 at θ 0.0). RT-PCR of CENPJ in affected siblings using their EBV derived cell lines showed aberrant transcripts suggestive of exon skipping confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Significantly reduced wild type transcript/protein in the affected siblings having the splice variant indicates a leaky gene expression of pathological relevance. Based on known CENPJ function, assessing for mitotic alterations revealed defect in centrosome duplication causing mono/multicentrosome(s) at prophase, delayed metaphase, and unequal chromosomal segregation in patient cells. Clinical features witnessed in this study expand the spectrum of CENPJ-associated primary microcephaly and Seckel syndrome. Furthermore, besides the importance of regulatory variants in classical monogenic disorders these findings provide new insights into splice site biology with possible implications for ASO-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navneesh Yadav
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Laxmi Kirola
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Banaras Hindu University, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Thenral S Geetha
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India.,Medgenome, Labs, Bangalore, India
| | - Kirti Mittal
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum, Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Yuval Yogev
- The Morris Kahn Laboratory of Human Genetics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Ohad S Birk
- The Morris Kahn Laboratory of Human Genetics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Neerja Gupta
- Division of Genetics, Department of Paediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Prahlad Balakrishnan
- Division of Genetics, Department of Paediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.,Genes2me, Haryana, India
| | - Manisha Jana
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Meena Gupta
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences, New Delhi, India.,Department of Neurology, Paras Hospitals, Haryana, India
| | - Madhulika Kabra
- Division of Genetics, Department of Paediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Abstract
Many proactive steps have been taken worldwide to fight against the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and to prevent COVID-19 spread with realistic approaches. Recently, a novel variant B.1.617.2 has been identified in India, which is rapidly transmitting to other countries, challenging current therapeutics, wide vaccination and future research in COIVD-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Kirola
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
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Kirola L, Budde JP, Wang F, Norton J, Morris JC, Cruchaga C, Fernández MV. Lack of evidence supporting a role for DPP6 sequence variants in Alzheimer's disease in the European American population. Acta Neuropathol 2021; 141:623-624. [PMID: 33591372 PMCID: PMC7952336 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-021-02271-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laxmi Kirola
- Department Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine (WUSM), 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8134, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, WUSM, 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8111, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - John P Budde
- Department Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine (WUSM), 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8134, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, WUSM, 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8111, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.,NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8134, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Fengxian Wang
- Department Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine (WUSM), 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8134, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, WUSM, 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8111, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.,NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8134, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joanne Norton
- Department Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine (WUSM), 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8134, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, WUSM, 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8111, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.,NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8134, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John C Morris
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, WUSM, 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8111, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.,Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, WUSM, 4488 Forest Park Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA
| | | | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine (WUSM), 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8134, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, WUSM, 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8111, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.,NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8134, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Maria Victoria Fernández
- Department Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine (WUSM), 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8134, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA. .,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, WUSM, 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8111, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA. .,NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8134, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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Kirola L, Behari M, Shishir C, Thelma B. Identification of a novel homozygous mutation Arg459Pro in SYNJ1 gene of an Indian family with autosomal recessive juvenile Parkinsonism. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2016; 31:124-128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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