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Carter JA, Black LK, Deering KL, Jahr JS. Budget Impact and Cost-Effectiveness of Intravenous Meloxicam to Treat Moderate-Severe Postoperative Pain. Adv Ther 2022; 39:3524-3538. [PMID: 35678995 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-022-02174-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study assesses the budget impact and cost-effectiveness of intravenous meloxicam (MIV) to treat moderate-severe acute postoperative pain in adults. METHODS A two-part Markov cohort model captured the pharmacoeconomic impact of MIV versus non-opioid intravenous analgesics (acetaminophen, ibuprofen, ketorolac) among a hypothetical adult cohort undergoing selected inpatient procedures and experiencing moderate-severe acute postoperative pain: Part 1 (postoperative hour 0 to discharge, cycled hourly), health states were defined by pain level. Pain transition rates, adverse event probabilities, and concomitant opioid utilization were derived from a network meta-analysis. Part 2 (discharge to week 52, cycled weekly), health states were defined by the presence/absence of pain-related readmission and opioid use disorder as determined by literature-based inputs relating to pain control outcomes. Healthcare utilization and direct medical costs were derived from an administrative claims database analysis. Primary outcomes were the incremental cost per member per month (PMPM) and cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained. Scenario, univariate, and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were conducted. The model assumed a private payer perspective in the USA (no discounting, 2019 US$). RESULTS Modeled outcomes indicated MIV was associated with lower accumulated postoperative pain, fewer adverse events, and less opioid utilization for most procedures and comparators, with longer-term outcomes also generally favoring MIV. The budget impact of MIV was - $0.028 PMPM. From a cost-effectiveness perspective, MIV had lower costs and better outcomes for all comparisons except against ketorolac in orthopedic procedures where the former was cost-effective but not cost saving ($95,925/QALY). Scenario and sensitivity analyses indicated that modeled outcomes were robust to alternative inputs and underlying input uncertainty. Differences in direct medical costs were driven by reduced costs attributable to length of stay and opioid-related adverse drug events. CONCLUSION MIV was associated with modeled clinical and economic benefits compared to commonly used non-opioid intravenous analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Carter
- Blue Point LLC, 711 Warrenville Road, Wheaton, IL, 60189-0000, USA.
| | | | | | - Jonathan S Jahr
- Professor Emeritus of Anesthesiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
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Berkowitz RD, Steinfeld R, Sah AP, Anupindi VR, Shah D, DeKoven M, Coyle K, McCallum SW, Mack R, Coyle E, Freyer A, Du W, Black LK. Economic Impact of Preoperative Meloxicam IV Administration in Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Randomized Trial Sub-Study. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother 2021; 35:150-162. [PMID: 34280067 DOI: 10.1080/15360288.2021.1883789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the economic impact associated with preoperative meloxicam IV 30 mg vs placebo administration among adult total knee arthroplasty (TKA) recipients enrolled in Phase IIIB NCT03434275 trial. Data on total hospital costs and length of stay (LOS) obtained from the trial were compared between meloxicam IV 30 mg and placebo groups. Patients in the meloxicam IV 30 mg vs placebo group (n = 93 vs 88) incurred an adjusted $2,266 (95% CI: -$1,035, $5,116; p = 0.1689) lower total hospital costs and an adjusted 8.6% (95% confidence interval [CI]: -2.0%, 18.1%; p = 0.1082) shorter LOS. While statistically non-significant, based on 95% CIs, the results from this sub-study may suggest a favorable impact associated with meloxicam IV 30 mg on hospital costs and LOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Berkowitz
- Richard D. Berkowitz, MD, FAAOS is with University Orthopedic and Joint Replacement Center, University Hospital, Tamarac, FL
| | - Richard Steinfeld
- Richard Steinfeld, MD is with Orthopedic Center of Vero Beach, Vero Beach, FL
| | - Alexander P Sah
- Alexander P. Sah, MD, FAAOS is with Institute for Joint Restoration, Washington Hospital, Fremont, CA
| | - Vamshi Ruthwik Anupindi
- Vamshi Ruthwik Anupindi, MS, Drishti Shah, MS, PhD, Mitch DeKoven, MHSA, and Katharine Coyle, BA are with IQVIA, Falls Church, VA
| | - Drishti Shah
- Vamshi Ruthwik Anupindi, MS, Drishti Shah, MS, PhD, Mitch DeKoven, MHSA, and Katharine Coyle, BA are with IQVIA, Falls Church, VA
| | - Mitch DeKoven
- Vamshi Ruthwik Anupindi, MS, Drishti Shah, MS, PhD, Mitch DeKoven, MHSA, and Katharine Coyle, BA are with IQVIA, Falls Church, VA
| | - Katharine Coyle
- Vamshi Ruthwik Anupindi, MS, Drishti Shah, MS, PhD, Mitch DeKoven, MHSA, and Katharine Coyle, BA are with IQVIA, Falls Church, VA
| | - Stewart W McCallum
- Stewart W. McCallum, MD FACS, Randall Mack, BS, Erin Coyle, BA, BSN, Alex Freyer, PharmD, and Libby K. Black, PharmD are with Baudax Bio, Inc., formerly part of Recro Pharma, Inc, Malvern, PA
| | - Randall Mack
- Stewart W. McCallum, MD FACS, Randall Mack, BS, Erin Coyle, BA, BSN, Alex Freyer, PharmD, and Libby K. Black, PharmD are with Baudax Bio, Inc., formerly part of Recro Pharma, Inc, Malvern, PA
| | - Erin Coyle
- Stewart W. McCallum, MD FACS, Randall Mack, BS, Erin Coyle, BA, BSN, Alex Freyer, PharmD, and Libby K. Black, PharmD are with Baudax Bio, Inc., formerly part of Recro Pharma, Inc, Malvern, PA
| | - Alex Freyer
- Stewart W. McCallum, MD FACS, Randall Mack, BS, Erin Coyle, BA, BSN, Alex Freyer, PharmD, and Libby K. Black, PharmD are with Baudax Bio, Inc., formerly part of Recro Pharma, Inc, Malvern, PA
| | - Wei Du
- Wei Du, PhD is with Clinical Statistics Consulting, Blue Bell, PA
| | - Libby K Black
- Stewart W. McCallum, MD FACS, Randall Mack, BS, Erin Coyle, BA, BSN, Alex Freyer, PharmD, and Libby K. Black, PharmD are with Baudax Bio, Inc., formerly part of Recro Pharma, Inc, Malvern, PA
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Berkowitz RD, Steinfeld R, Sah AP, Mack RJ, McCallum SW, Du W, Black LK, Freyer A, Coyle E. Safety and Efficacy of Perioperative Intravenous Meloxicam for Moderate-to-Severe Pain Management in Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Pain Med 2021; 22:1261-1271. [PMID: 33502533 PMCID: PMC8185557 DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnab016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the effect of perioperative meloxicam IV 30 mg on opioid consumption in primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Design Multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Subjects In total, 181 adults undergoing elective primary TKA. Methods Subjects received meloxicam 30 mg or placebo via an IV bolus every 24 hours, the first dose administered prior to surgery as part of a multimodal pain management protocol. The primary efficacy parameter was total opioid use from end of surgery through 24 hours. Results Meloxicam IV was associated with less opioid use versus placebo during the 24 hours after surgery (18.9 ± 1.32 vs 27.7 ± 1.37 mg IV morphine equivalent dose; P < 0.001) and was superior to placebo on secondary endpoints, including summed pain intensity (first dose to 24 hours postdosing, first dose to first assisted ambulation, and first dose to discharge) and opioid use (48–72 hrs., 0–48 hrs., 0–72 hrs., hour 0 to end of treatment, and the first 24 hours after discharge). Adverse events (AEs) were reported for 69.9% and 92.0% of the meloxicam IV and placebo groups, respectively; the most common AEs were nausea (40% vs. 59%), vomiting (16% vs 22%), hypotension (14% vs 15%), pruritus (15% vs 11%), and constipation (11% vs 13%). Conclusions Perioperative meloxicam IV 30 mg as part of a multimodal analgesic regimen for elective primary TKA reduced opioid consumption in the 24-hour period after surgery versus placebo and was associated with a lower incidence of AEs typically associated with opioid use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexander P Sah
- Institute for Joint Restoration & Research, Fremont, California, USA
| | | | | | - Wei Du
- Clinical Statistics Consulting, Blue Bell, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | - Erin Coyle
- Baudax Bio Inc., Malvern, Pennsylvania, USA
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Carter JA, Black LK, Sharma D, Bhagnani T, Jahr JS. Efficacy of non-opioid analgesics to control postoperative pain: a network meta-analysis. BMC Anesthesiol 2020; 20:272. [PMID: 33109098 PMCID: PMC7592505 DOI: 10.1186/s12871-020-01147-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this network meta-analysis (NMA) was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of intravenous (IV) Meloxicam 30 mg (MIV), an investigational non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), and certain other IV non-opioid analgesics for moderate-severe acute postoperative pain. Methods We searched PubMed and CENTRAL for Randomized Controlled Trials (RCT) (years 2000–2019, adult human subjects) of IV non-opioid analgesics (IV NSAIDs or IV Acetaminophen) used to treat acute pain after abdominal, hysterectomy, bunionectomy or orthopedic procedures. A Bayesian NMA was conducted in R to rank treatments based on the standardized mean differences in sum of pain intensity difference from baseline up to 24 h postoperatively (sum of pain intensity difference: SPID 24). The probability and the cumulative probability of rank for each treatment were calculated, and the surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) was applied to distinguish treatments on the basis of their outcomes such that higher SUCRA values indicate better outcomes. The study protocol was prospectively registered with by PROSPERO (CRD42019117360). Results Out of 2313 screened studies, 27 studies with 36 comparative observations were included, producing a treatment network that included the four non-opioid IV pain medications of interest (MIV, ketorolac, acetaminophen, and ibuprofen). MIV was associated with the largest SPID 24 for all procedure categories and comparators. The SUCRA ranking table indicated that MIV had the highest probability for the most effective treatment for abdominal (89.5%), bunionectomy (100%), and hysterectomy (99.8%). MIV was associated with significantly less MME utilization versus all comparators for abdominal procedures, hysterectomy, and versus acetaminophen in orthopedic procedures. Elsewhere MME utilization outcomes for MIV were largely equivalent or nominally better than other comparators. Odds of ORADEs were significantly higher for all comparators vs MIV for orthopedic (gastrointestinal) and hysterectomy (respiratory). Conclusions MIV 30 mg may provide better pain reduction with similar or better safety compared to other approved IV non-opioid analgesics. Caution is warranted in interpreting these results as all comparisons involving MIV were indirect.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Carter
- Blue Point LLC, 711 Warrenville Road, Wheaton, IL, 60189, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Jonathan S Jahr
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Silinsky JD, Marcet JE, Anupindi VR, Karkare SU, Shah DR, Mack RJ, McCallum SW, Du W, Freyer A, Black LK. Preoperative intravenous meloxicam for moderate-to-severe pain in the immediate post-operative period: a Phase IIIb randomized clinical trial in 55 patients undergoing primary open or laparoscopic colorectal surgery with bowel resection and/or anastomosis. Pain Manag 2020; 11:9-21. [PMID: 33094682 DOI: 10.2217/pmt-2020-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Evaluate safety/efficacy of intravenous meloxicam in a colorectal enhanced recovery after surgery protocol. Methods: Adults undergoing primary open or laparoscopic colorectal surgery with bowel resection and/or anastomosis received meloxicam IV 30 mg (n = 27) or placebo (n = 28) once daily beginning 30 min before surgery. Results: Adverse events: meloxicam IV, 85%; placebo, 93%. Adverse events commonly associated with opioids: 41 versus 61% - including nausea (33 vs 50%), vomiting (19 vs 18%) and ileus (4 vs 18%). Wound healing satisfaction scores (physician-rated), clinical laboratory findings and vital signs were similar in both groups. No anastomotic leaks were reported. Opioid consumption, postoperative pain intensity, length of stay and times to first bowel sound, first flatus and first bowel movement were significantly lower with meloxicam IV versus placebo. Most subjects (>92%) were satisfied with postoperative pain medication. Conclusion: Meloxicam IV was generally well tolerated and associated with decreased opioid consumption, lower resource utilization and functional benefits. Clinical Trial Registration: NCT03323385 (ClinicalTrials.gov).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jorge E Marcet
- Department of Surgery, Tampa General Hospital, Tampa, FL, 33606, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Wei Du
- Clinical Statistics Consulting, Blue Bell, PA, 19422, USA
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Houben E, Smits E, Pimenta JM, Black LK, Bezemer ID, Penning-van Beest FJ. Increased risk of morbidities and health-care utilisation in children born following preterm labour compared with full-term labour: A population-based study. J Paediatr Child Health 2019; 55:446-453. [PMID: 30288825 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.14225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM Recent evidence is emerging indicating long-term effects in infants born after an episode of preterm labour (PTL), even if birth is at term. This population-based study compared long-term rates of outcomes and health-care utilisation (HCU) in children born following spontaneous preterm labour, irrespective of gestational age at delivery or of an uncomplicated pregnancy (SPTLu), with children born following full-term labour (FTL), overall stratified by comorbidity status and assessed using a composite morbidity measure (CM). METHODS Retrospective data on mother-neonate pairs were collected from a patient-linked dataset from the Netherlands Perinatal Registry and the PHARMO Database Network. Children born between 2000 and 2010 were followed until 2012. RESULTS Of pregnancies in 134 006 mother-neonate pairs, 122 894 (92%) pregnancies resulted in FTL, and 11 112 (8%) resulted in PTL. Of the PTL pregnancies, 6599 (59%) were SPTLu. Mean follow-up after birth was 6.6-6.7 years. Children from SPTLu pregnancies were at increased risk of neurodevelopmental and respiratory conditions compared with those from FTL pregnancies. In children from SPTLu pregnancies, the presence of the CM was associated with an increased risk of respiratory conditions and failure to thrive. Post-natal hospitalisations (incidence rate (IR) per 100 patient-years: 18.1 vs. 11.7) and specialist referrals (IR per 1000 patient-years: 290.6 vs. 184.5) occurred significantly more frequently in children from SPTLu versus FTL pregnancies. CONCLUSION The increased risk of morbidities and HCU in children born following SPTLu pregnancy in this population-based setting reinforces the need for safe interventions that can effectively halt labour and lead to an improvement in childhood outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Houben
- PHARMO Institute for Drug Outcomes Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Smits
- PHARMO Institute for Drug Outcomes Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Libby K Black
- Value Evidence and Outcomes, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States
| | - Irene D Bezemer
- PHARMO Institute for Drug Outcomes Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Abstract
Objective This study was aimed to compare health care costs and utilization at birth through 1 year, between preterm and term infants, by week of gestation. Methods A cross-sectional study of infants born at ≥ 23 weeks of gestational age (GA) at Kaiser Permanente Northern California facilities between 2000 and 2011, using outcomes data from an internal neonatal registry and cost estimates from an internal cost management database. Adjusted models yielded estimates for cost differences for each GA group. Results Infants born at 25 to 37 weeks incur significantly higher birth hospitalization costs and experience significantly more health care utilization during the initial year of life, increasing progressively for each decreasing week of gestation, when compared with term infants. Among all very preterm infants (≤ 32 weeks), each 1-week decrease in GA is associated with incrementally higher rates of mortality and major morbidities. Conclusion We provide estimates of potential cost savings that could be attributable to interventions that delay or prevent preterm delivery. Cost differences were most extreme at the lower range of gestation (≤ 30 weeks); however, infants born moderately preterm (31-36 weeks) also contribute substantially to the burden, as they represent a higher proportion of total births.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen M Walsh
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, California
| | - Sherian X Li
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, California
| | - Libby K Black
- Global Health Outcomes, Recro Pharma, Malvern, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael Kuzniewicz
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, California.,Global Health Outcomes, Recro Pharma, Malvern, Pennsylvania
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Roehrborn CG, Wilson TH, Black LK. Quantifying the Contribution of Symptom Improvement to Satisfaction of Men With Moderate to Severe Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: 4-Year Data From the CombAT Trial. J Urol 2012; 187:1732-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2011.12.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claus G. Roehrborn
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Timothy H. Wilson
- Quantitative Sciences Department, GlaxoSmithKline, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Libby K. Black
- Global Health Outcomes, GlaxoSmithKline, Raleigh, North Carolina
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Stokes ME, Ishak J, Proskorovsky I, Black LK, Huang Y. Lifetime economic burden of prostate cancer. BMC Health Serv Res 2011; 11:349. [PMID: 22204308 PMCID: PMC3276437 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6963-11-349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common cancer affecting men in the United States. The initial treatment and subsequent monitoring of PCa patients places a large burden on U.S. health care systems. The objectives of this study were to estimate the total and disease-related per-patient lifetime costs using a phase-based model of cancer care for PCa patients enrolled in Medicare. Methods A model was developed to estimate life-time costs for patients diagnosed with PCa. Patients ≥ 65 years old and diagnosed with PCa between calendar years 1991-2002 were selected from the SEER database. Using SEER, we estimated survival times for PCa patients from diagnosis until death. The period of time patients contributed to treatment phases was determined using an algorithm designed to model the natural history of PCa. Costs were obtained from the US SEER-Medicare database and estimated during specific phases of care. Cost estimates were then combined with survival data to yield total and PCa-related life-time costs. Results Overall, the model estimated life-time costs of $110,520 (95% CI 110,324-110,739) per patient. PCa-related costs made up approximately 31% of total costs ($34,432). Conclusions Prostate cancer places a significant burden on U.S. health-care systems with average life-time PCa-related costs in excess of $30,000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Stokes
- Health Economics, United BioSource Corporation, 185 Dorval Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, H9S 5J9, Canada.
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Abstract
In the present review we discuss expenditure on prostate cancer diagnosis, treatment and follow-up and evaluate the cost of prostate cancer and its management in different countries. Prostate cancer costs were identified from published data and internet sources. To provide up-to-date comparisons, costs were inflated to 2010 levels and the most recent exchange rates were applied. A high proportion of the costs are incurred in the first year after diagnosis; in 2006, this amounted to 106.7-179.0 million euros (€) in the European countries where these data were available (UK, Germany, France, Italy, Spain and the Netherlands). In the USA, the total estimated expenditure on prostate cancer was 9.862 billion US dollars ($) in 2006. The mean annual costs per patient in the USA were $10,612 in the initial phase after diagnosis, $2134 for continuing care and $33,691 in the last year of life. In Canada, hospital and drug expenditure on prostate cancer totalled C$103.1 million in 1998. In Australia, annual costs for prostate cancer care in 1993-1994 were 101.1 million Australian dollars. Variations in costs between countries were attributed to differences in incidence and management practices. Per patient costs depend on cancer stage at diagnosis, survival and choice of treatment. Despite declining mortality rates, costs are expected to rise owing to increased diagnosis, diagnosis at an earlier stage and increased survival. Unless new strategies are devised to increase the efficiency of healthcare provision, the economic burden of prostate cancer will continue to rise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus G Roehrborn
- Department of Urology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9110, USA.
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Bjerklund Johansen TE, Baker TM, Black LK. Cost-effectiveness of combination therapy for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: a model based on the findings of the Combination of Avodart and Tamsulosin trial. BJU Int 2011; 109:731-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2011.10511.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kattan MW, Earnshaw SR, McDade CL, Black LK, Andriole GL. Cost effectiveness of chemoprevention for prostate cancer with dutasteride in a high-risk population based on results from the REDUCE clinical trial. Appl Health Econ Health Policy 2011; 9:305-315. [PMID: 21875161 DOI: 10.2165/11592200-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The REDUCE trial examined whether chemoprevention with the dual 5-alpha reductase inhibitor, dutasteride, reduced risk of prostate cancer (PCa) detection on biopsy. OBJECTIVE We examined the cost effectiveness of dutasteride compared with placebo in preventing PCa in men at increased risk as seen in REDUCE, from a US payer perspective. METHODS A Markov model was developed to compare costs and outcomes of chemoprevention with dutasteride 0.5 mg/day or placebo with usual care in men aged 50-75 years, with serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) of 2.5-10 ng/mL (men aged <60 years) or 3.0-10 ng/mL (men aged ≥60 years), and with a single negative prostate biopsy in the prior 6 months. The model simulated the REDUCE cohort annually through different health states over 4-, 10-year and lifetime time horizons. Risks of PCa for men receiving placebo and dutasteride were obtained from REDUCE. Rates of acute urinary retention events and benign prostate hyperplasia-related surgeries also came from REDUCE. Costs and utilities were obtained from published literature. All costs are reported in $US, year 2009 values. RESULTS The model indicated that, over 10 years, dutasteride patients would experience fewer PCas (251 vs 312 per 1000 patients) at increased cost ($US15 341 vs $US12 316) than placebo patients. Although life-years were not substantially affected, the model calculated an increase in QALYs of 0.14 for dutasteride patients. Chemoprevention with dutasteride appeared to be cost effective, with an incremental cost per QALY of $US21 781 and cost per PCa avoided of $US50 254. The 4-year and lifetime incremental costs per QALY were $US18 409 and $US22 498, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Despite increased cost due to taking a drug for prevention, dutasteride 0.5 mg/day may be cost effective in men at increased risk for PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Kattan
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, OH, USA
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Earnshaw SR, McDade CL, Black LK, Bell CF, Kattan MW. Cost effectiveness of 5-alpha reductase inhibitors for the prevention of prostate cancer in multiple patient populations. Pharmacoeconomics 2010; 28:489-505. [PMID: 20196623 DOI: 10.2165/11531780-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although 5-alpha reductase inhibitors (5ARIs) have demonstrated that they reduce the risk of prostate cancer (PCa), they have not demonstrated cost effectiveness in the patient populations in which they have been examined. OBJECTIVE A decision-analytic model was created to explore economic benefits from a third-party payer perspective of the use of 5ARIs in preventing PCa in men with different risk factors for developing the disease. METHODS A Markov model was developed to simulate a cohort of men annually through health states (e.g. healthy male, benign prostatic hyperplasia [BPH], PCa, PCa recurrence) over a man's lifetime. Men with risk factors were treated with a 5ARI and compared with patients given no chemoprevention. Men from the general population were examined along with higher-risk men who had been referred to a PCa centre. Baseline risk was estimated via published risk data, risk factor analyses and risk equations. Clinical efficacy, morality, costs and utilities were obtained from published literature. Outcomes of the model included number of prostate cancers, incremental costs, incremental QALYs, incremental cost per QALY and number needed to treat. Along with sensitivity and scenario analyses, a validation of outcomes was performed. All costs were valued in $US, year 2009 values. Costs were discounted at 3% per annum. RESULTS Men receiving 5ARIs benefited through a reduction in the number of PCas. Assuming a cost-effectiveness threshold of $US50 000 per QALY, chemoprevention with 5ARIs was cost effective ($US37 900 per QALY) in men from the general population who were aged 50 years with elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and who were aged 50 years with PCa family history and elevated PSA ($US31 065 per QALY). Chemoprevention with 5ARIs was not cost effective in men aged 50 years with no additional risk factors, men aged 50 years with abnormal digital rectal examinations (DREs), and men aged 50 years with a family history ($US86 511, $US85 577 and $US84 950 per QALY, respectively). In higher-risk men, chemoprevention could be expected to be cost effective ($US18 490 to $US11 816 per QALY, depending on risk scenario). Results were sensitive to changes in utilities, assumed PCa risk reduction with 5ARIs, and patient age. CONCLUSION When considering common risk factors associated with PCa, prevention with 5ARIs is expected to be cost effective in 50-year-old men with elevated PSA. As a man's risk increases, the cost effectiveness of 5ARI chemoprevention improves.
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Fourcade RO, Benedict Ã, Black LK, Stokes ME, Alcaraz A, Castro R. Treatment costs of prostate cancer in the first year after diagnosis: a short-term cost of illness study for France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK. BJU Int 2010; 105:49-56. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2009.08716.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Roehrborn CG, Stokes ME, Benedict A, Albertsen PC, Black LK. TOTAL COST IN THE 1ST YEAR FOLLOWING DIAGNOSIS OF PROSTATE CANCER: ESTIMATES FROM US SEER-MEDICARE DATA. J Urol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(08)60176-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Han E, Black LK, Lavelle JP. 1426: BPH-Related Surgical Procedures in Incontinent Males with BPH. J Urol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(18)33630-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Lavelle JP, Priest JL, Black LK. 1279: Acute Urinary Retention & Bladder Outlet Obstruction in a BPH Population: A 4-Year Follow-Up. J Urol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(18)35424-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Atkins A, Wyborn NR, Wallace AJ, Stillman TJ, Black LK, Fielding AB, Hisakado M, Artymiuk PJ, Green J. Structure-function relationships of a novel bacterial toxin, hemolysin E. The role of alpha G. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:41150-5. [PMID: 11006277 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m005420200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel pore-forming toxin hemolysin E (HlyE, ClyA, or SheA) consists of a long four-helix bundle with a subdomain (beta tongue) that interacts with target membranes at one pole and an additional helix (alpha(G)) that, with the four long helices, forms a five-helix bundle (tail domain) at the other pole. Random amino acid substitutions that impair hemolytic activity were clustered mostly, but not exclusively, within the tail domain, specifically amino acids within, adjacent to, or interacting with alpha(G). Deletion of amino acids downstream of alpha(G) did not affect activity, but deletions encompassing alpha(G) yielded insoluble and inactive proteins. In the periplasm Cys-285 (alpha(G)) is linked to Cys-87 (alpha(B)) of the four-helix bundle via an intramolecular disulfide. Oxidized HlyE did not form spontaneously in vitro but could be generated by addition of Cu(II) or mimicked by treatment with Hg(II) salts to yield inactive proteins. Such treatments did not affect binding to target membranes nor assembly into non-covalently linked octameric complexes once associated with a membrane. However, gel filtration analyses suggested that immobilizing alpha(G) inhibits oligomerization in solution. Thus once associated with a membrane, immobilizing alpha(G) inhibits HlyE activity at a late stage of pore formation, whereas in solution it prevents aggregation and consequent inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Atkins
- Krebs Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Medication-use among headache patients 2 and 5 years after a primary care headache visit is assessed, and the pattern of medication-use compared before and after the introduction of subcutaneous sumatriptan among migraineurs. SETTING AND PATIENTS The study was carried out among headache patients visiting a primary care physician at the Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound in 1989-90. METHODS We report medication-use patterns 2 and 5 years later for the 530 subjects completing both a 2-year (1991-92) and a 5-year (1994-95) follow-up interview. Medication-use was determined by self-report for the month prior to the interview. Medication-use to control or prevent headache is shown for all headache patients and for those meeting International Headache Society criteria for migraine at the 2-year and the 5-year follow-up. RESULTS The overall pattern of medication-use was similar at the 2-year and the 5-year follow-up, before and after the introduction of subcutaneous sumatriptan (March, 1993). There was a modest but statistically significant decline in the use of opioid and sedative-hypnotic medications, and in the use of ergotamine. At 5 years, 11% of migraineurs reported use of sumatriptan in the prior month. The large majority of study patients used symptomatic medications, usually non-prescription analgesics, sedative-hypnotics, and opiates. Only one-fifth of the migraineurs reported use of a prophylactic medication for headache. CONCLUSIONS Continuing use of symptomatic headache medications was characteristic of patients with migraine and other common forms of headache. The introduction of subcutaneous sumatriptan was not associated with notable change in this pattern, although a modest reduction in use of sedative-hypnotics and opiates was observed. Overall, the pattern of use of headache medications was similar before and after the introduction of subcutaneous sumatriptan.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Von Korff
- Center for Health Studies, Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
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Abstract
Sequence analysis of the Bradyrhizobium japonicum hydrogenase promoter regulatory region indicated the presence of a -24/-12 type promoter, which is recognized by RpoN, and a potential integration host factor (IHF)-binding site. B. japonicum rpoN1-/rpoN2- double mutants were deficient in hydrogen-uptake activity. Using plasmid-borne hup-lacZ fusions, it was shown that the rpoN mutants were also deficient in nickel-dependent transcriptional regulation of hydrogenase. Gel-shift assays of the hydrogenase promoter regulatory region showed that purified IHF from Escherichia coli binds to a 210 bp fragment. DNase footprint analysis revealed a protected region of 31 bp between bases -44 and -75 from the transcription start site. Western analysis with B. japonicum soluble extract and antibodies against E. coli IHF gave two bands equivalent to molecular masses of 12 and 14 kDa approximately. When the IHF-binding area is mutated on a plasmid-borne hup-lacZ fusion, nickel-dependent transcriptional regulation of hydrogenase is still observed, but the transcriptional rates are clearly less than in the parent hup-lacZ fusion plasmid. Like the results with nickel, regulation of hydrogenase by other transcriptional regulators (hydrogen and oxygen) still occurs, but at a diminished level in the IHF-binding-area-mutated construct.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Black
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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Black LK, Fu C, Maier RJ. Sequences and characterization of hupU and hupV genes of Bradyrhizobium japonicum encoding a possible nickel-sensing complex involved in hydrogenase expression. J Bacteriol 1994; 176:7102-6. [PMID: 7961478 PMCID: PMC197088 DOI: 10.1128/jb.176.22.7102-7106.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A 2.7-kb DNA fragment of Bradyrhizobium japonicum previously shown to be involved in hydrogenase expression has been sequenced. The area is located just upstream of the hupSLCDF operon and was found to contain two open reading frames, designated hupU and hupV; these encode proteins of 35.4 and 51.8 kDa, respectively. These proteins are homologous to Rhodobacter capsulatus HupU, a possible repressor of hydrogenase expression in that organism. B. japonicum HupU is 54% identical to the N terminus of R. capsulatus HupU, and HupV is 50% identical to the C terminus of R. capsulatus HupU. HupU and HupV also show homology to the [Ni-Fe] hydrogenase small and large subunits, respectively. Notably, HupV contains the probable nickel-binding sites RxCGxC and DPCxxCxxH, which are located in the N- and C-terminal portions, respectively, of the large subunit of hydrogenases. Hydrogenase activity assays, immunological assays for hydrogenase subunits, and beta-galactosidase assays on mutant strain JHCS2 (lacking a portion of HupV) were all indicative that HupV is necessary for transcriptional activation of hydrogenase. A physiological role as a possible nickel- or other environmental (i.e., oxygen or hydrogen)-sensing complex is proposed for HupU and HupV.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Black
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
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Pihl TD, Black LK, Schulman BA, Maier RJ. Hydrogen-oxidizing electron transport components in the hyperthermophilic archaebacterium Pyrodictium brockii. J Bacteriol 1992; 174:137-43. [PMID: 1309514 PMCID: PMC205687 DOI: 10.1128/jb.174.1.137-143.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The hyperthermophilic archaebacterium Pyrodictium brockii grows optimally at 105 degrees C by a form of metabolism known as hydrogen-sulfur autotrophy, which is characterized by the oxidation of H2 by S0 to produce ATP and H2S. UV-irradiated membranes were not able to carry out the hydrogen-dependent reduction of sulfur. However, the activity could be restored by the addition of ubiquinone Q10 or ubiquinone Q6 to the UV-damaged membranes. A quinone with thin-layer chromatography migration properties similar to those of Q6 was purified by thin-layer chromatography from membranes of P. brockii, but nuclear magnetic resonance analysis failed to confirm its identity as a ubiquinone. P. brockii quinone was capable of restoring hydrogen-dependent sulfur reduction to UV-irradiated membranes. Hydrogen-reduced-minus-air-oxidized absorption difference spectra on membranes revealed absorption peaks characteristic of c-type cytochromes. A c-type cytochrome with alpha, beta, and gamma peaks at 553, 522, and 421 nm, respectively, was solubilized from membranes with 0.5% Triton X-100. Pyridine ferrohemochrome spectra confirmed its identity as a c-type cytochrome, and heme staining of membranes loaded on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels revealed a single heme-containing component of 13 to 14 kDa. Studies with the ubiquinone analog 2-n-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide demonstrated that the P. brockii quinone is located on the substrate side of the electron transport chain with respect to the c-type cytochrome. These first characterizations of the strictly anaerobic, presumably primitive P. brockii electron transport chain suggest that the hydrogenase operates at a relatively high redox potential and that the H2-oxidizing chain more closely resembles those of aerobic eubacterial H2-oxidizing bacteria than those of the H2-metabolizing systems of anaerobes or the hyperthermophile Pyrococcus furiosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Pihl
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
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Pihl TD, Schicho RN, Black LK, Schulman BA, Maier RJ, Kelly RM. Hydrogen-sulfur autotrophy in the hyperthermophilic archaebacterium, Pyrodictium brockii. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 1990; 8:345-77. [PMID: 2128798 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.1990.10647874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T D Pihl
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
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