1
|
Dilly S, Roman LJ, Bogliotti N, Xie J, Deprez E, Slama-Schwok A. Design of Light-Sensitive Triggers for Endothelial NO-Synthase Activation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9020089. [PMID: 31972975 PMCID: PMC7070953 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9020089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A specific light trigger for activating endothelial Nitric Oxide-Synthase (eNOS) in real time would be of unique value to decipher cellular events associated with eNOS activation or to generate on demand cytotoxic levels of NO at specific sites for cancer research. We previously developed novel tools called nanotriggers (NT), which recognized constitutive NO-synthase, eNOS or neuronal NOS (nNOS), mainly via their 2’ phosphate group which is also present in NADPH in its binding site. Laser excitation of NT1 bound to eNOS triggered recombinant NOS activity and released NO. We recently generated new NTs carrying a 2’ or 3’ carboxylate group or two 2’ and 3’ carboxylate moieties replacing the 2’ phosphate group of NADPH. Among these new NT, only the 3’ carboxylate derivative released NO from endothelial cells upon laser activation. Here, Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations showed that the 3’ carboxylate NT formed a folded structure with a hydrophobic hub, inducing a good stacking on FAD that likely drove efficient activation of nNOS. This NT also carried an additional small charged group which increased binding to e/nNOS; fluorescence measurements determined a 20-fold improved affinity upon binding to nNOS as compared to NT1 affinity. To gain in specificity for eNOS, we augmented a previous NT with a “hook” targeting variable residues in the NADPH site of eNOS. We discuss the potential of exploiting the chemical diversity within the NADPH site of eNOS for reversal of endothelial dysfunction in cells and for controlled generation of cytotoxic NO-derived species in cancer tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Dilly
- UMR CNRS 8200, Gustave Roussy Cancer Research Center, Université Paris-Saclay, 94607 Villejuif, France;
| | - Linda J. Roman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA;
| | - Nicolas Bogliotti
- PPSM, CNRS UMR8531, ENS Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, IDA FR3242, F-94235 Cachan, France; (N.B.); (J.X.)
| | - Juan Xie
- PPSM, CNRS UMR8531, ENS Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, IDA FR3242, F-94235 Cachan, France; (N.B.); (J.X.)
| | - Eric Deprez
- LBPA, CNRS UMR8113, IDA FR3242, ENS Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94235 Cachan, France;
| | - Anny Slama-Schwok
- UMR CNRS 8200, Gustave Roussy Cancer Research Center, Université Paris-Saclay, 94607 Villejuif, France;
- Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine INSERM UMR S-938, Sorbonne Université, 75006 Paris, France
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nguyen NH, Bogliotti N, Chennoufi R, Henry E, Tauc P, Salas E, Roman LJ, Slama-Schwok A, Deprez E, Xie J. Convergent synthesis and properties of photoactivable NADPH mimics targeting nitric oxide synthases. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 14:9519-9532. [PMID: 27722393 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01533f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A new series of photoactivable NADPH mimics bearing one or two O-carboxymethyl groups on the adenosine moiety have been readily synthesized using click chemistry. These compounds display interesting one- or two-photon absorption properties. Their fluorescence emission wavelength and quantum yields (Φ) are dependent on the solvent polarity, with a red-shift in a more polar environment (λmax,em = 460-467 nm, Φ > 0.53 in DMSO, and λmax,em = 475-491 nm, Φ < 0.17 in Tris). These compounds show good binding affinity towards the constitutive nNOS and eNOS, confirming for the first time that the carboxymethyl group can be used as a surrogate of phosphate. Two-photon fluorescence imaging of nanotriggers in living cells showed that the presence of one carboxymethyl group (especially on the 3' position of the ribose) strongly favors the addressing of nanotriggers to eNOS in the cell context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N-H Nguyen
- PPSM, ENS Cachan, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Cachan, 94235 France.
| | - N Bogliotti
- PPSM, ENS Cachan, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Cachan, 94235 France.
| | - R Chennoufi
- LBPA, ENS Cachan, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Cachan, 94235 France
| | - E Henry
- LBPA, ENS Cachan, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Cachan, 94235 France
| | - P Tauc
- LBPA, ENS Cachan, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Cachan, 94235 France
| | - E Salas
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78384-7760, USA
| | - L J Roman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78384-7760, USA
| | - A Slama-Schwok
- Université Paris Saclay, INRA UR 892, Jouy en Josas, 78350, France
| | - E Deprez
- LBPA, ENS Cachan, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Cachan, 94235 France
| | - J Xie
- PPSM, ENS Cachan, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Cachan, 94235 France.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kellogg DL, McCammon KM, Hinchee-Rodriguez KS, Adamo ML, Roman LJ. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase mediates insulin- and oxidative stress-induced glucose uptake in skeletal muscle myotubes. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 110:261-269. [PMID: 28666850 PMCID: PMC5554434 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Previously published studies strongly suggested that insulin- and exercise-induced skeletal muscle glucose uptake require nitric oxide (NO) production. However, the signal transduction mechanisms by which insulin and contraction regulated NO production and subsequent glucose transport are not known. In the present study, we utilized the myotube cell lines treated with insulin or hydrogen peroxide, the latter to mimic contraction-induced oxidative stress, to characterize these mechanisms. We found that insulin stimulation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) phosphorylation, NO production, and GLUT4 translocation were all significantly reduced by inhibition of either nNOS or Akt2. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) induced phosphorylation of nNOS at the same residue as did insulin, and also stimulated NO production and GLUT4 translocation. nNOS inhibition prevented H2O2-induced GLUT4 translocation. AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK) inhibition prevented H2O2 activation and phosphorylation of nNOS, leading to reduced NO production and significantly attenuated GLUT4 translocation. We conclude that nNOS phosphorylation and subsequently increased NO production are required for both insulin- and H2O2-stimulated glucose transport. Although the two stimuli result in phosphorylation of the same residue on nNOS, they do so through distinct protein kinases. Thus, insulin and H2O2-activated signaling pathways converge on nNOS, which is a common mediator of glucose uptake in both pathways. However, the fact that different kinases are utilized provides a basis for the use of exercise to activate glucose transport in the face of insulin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dean L Kellogg
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr., San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - Karen M McCammon
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr., San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - Kathryn S Hinchee-Rodriguez
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr., San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - Martin L Adamo
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr., San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - Linda J Roman
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr., San Antonio, TX 78229, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pensa AV, Cinelli MA, Li H, Chreifi G, Mukherjee P, Roman LJ, Martásek P, Poulos TL, Silverman RB. Hydrophilic, Potent, and Selective 7-Substituted 2-Aminoquinolines as Improved Human Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2017; 60:7146-7165. [PMID: 28776992 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) is a target for development of antineurodegenerative agents. Most nNOS inhibitors mimic l-arginine and have poor bioavailability. 2-Aminoquinolines showed promise as bioavailable nNOS inhibitors but suffered from low human nNOS inhibition, low selectivity versus human eNOS, and significant binding to other CNS targets. We aimed to improve human nNOS potency and selectivity and reduce off-target binding by (a) truncating the original scaffold or (b) introducing a hydrophilic group to interrupt the lipophilic, promiscuous pharmacophore and promote interaction with human nNOS-specific His342. We synthesized both truncated and polar 2-aminoquinoline derivatives and assayed them against recombinant NOS enzymes. Although aniline and pyridine derivatives interact with His342, benzonitriles conferred the best rat and human nNOS inhibition. Both introduction of a hydrophobic substituent next to the cyano group and aminoquinoline methylation considerably improved isoform selectivity. Most importantly, these modifications preserved Caco-2 permeability and reduced off-target CNS binding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony V Pensa
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Maris A Cinelli
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Huiying Li
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
| | - Georges Chreifi
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
| | - Paramita Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Linda J Roman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center , San Antonio, Texas 78384-7760, United States
| | - Pavel Martásek
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center , San Antonio, Texas 78384-7760, United States.,Department of Pediatrics and Center for Applied Genomics, First School of Medicine, Charles University and BIOCEV 121 08 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Thomas L Poulos
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
| | - Richard B Silverman
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
McCammon KM, Panda SP, Xia C, Kim JJP, Moutinho D, Kranendonk M, Auchus RJ, Lafer EM, Ghosh D, Martasek P, Kar R, Masters BS, Roman LJ. Instability of the Human Cytochrome P450 Reductase A287P Variant Is the Major Contributor to Its Antley-Bixler Syndrome-like Phenotype. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:20487-502. [PMID: 27496950 PMCID: PMC5034044 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.716019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) gene mutations are associated with severe skeletal deformities and disordered steroidogenesis. The human POR mutation A287P presents with disordered sexual development and skeletal malformations. Difficult recombinant expression and purification of this POR mutant suggested that the protein was less stable than WT. The activities of cytochrome P450 17A1, 19A1, and 21A2, critical in steroidogenesis, were similar using our purified, full-length, unmodified A287P or WT POR, as were those of several xenobiotic-metabolizing cytochromes P450, indicating that the A287P protein is functionally competent in vitro, despite its functionally deficient phenotypic behavior in vivo Differential scanning calorimetry and limited trypsinolysis studies revealed a relatively unstable A287P compared with WT protein, leading to the hypothesis that the syndrome observed in vivo results from altered POR protein stability. The crystal structures of the soluble domains of WT and A287P reveal only subtle differences between them, but these differences are consistent with the differential scanning calorimetry results as well as the differential susceptibility of A287P and WT observed with trypsinolysis. The relative in vivo stabilities of WT and A287P proteins were also examined in an osteoblast cell line by treatment with cycloheximide, a protein synthesis inhibitor, showing that the level of A287P protein post-inhibition is lower than WT and suggesting that A287P may be degraded at a higher rate. Current studies demonstrate that, unlike previously described mutations, A287P causes POR deficiency disorder due to conformational instability leading to proteolytic susceptibility in vivo, rather than through an inherent flavin-binding defect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen M McCammon
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Satya P Panda
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Chuanwu Xia
- the Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Jung-Ja P Kim
- the Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Daniela Moutinho
- the Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics), Genetics, Oncology and Human Toxicology, NOVA Medical School/FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Michel Kranendonk
- the Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics), Genetics, Oncology and Human Toxicology, NOVA Medical School/FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Richard J Auchus
- the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Eileen M Lafer
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Debashis Ghosh
- the Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210, and
| | - Pavel Martasek
- the Department of Pediatrics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital, 116 36 Prague 1, Czech Republic
| | - Rekha Kar
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Bettie Sue Masters
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229,
| | - Linda J Roman
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang HY, Qin Y, Li H, Roman LJ, Martásek P, Poulos TL, Silverman RB. Potent and Selective Human Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibition by Optimization of the 2-Aminopyridine-Based Scaffold with a Pyridine Linker. J Med Chem 2016; 59:4913-25. [PMID: 27050842 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) is an important therapeutic target for the treatment of various neurodegenerative disorders. A major challenge in the design of nNOS inhibitors focuses on potency in humans and selectivity over other NOS isoforms. Here we report potent and selective human nNOS inhibitors based on the 2-aminopyridine scaffold with a central pyridine linker. Compound 14j, the most promising inhibitor in this study, exhibits excellent potency for rat nNOS (Ki = 16 nM) with 828-fold n/e and 118-fold n/i selectivity with a Ki value of 13 nM against human nNOS with 1761-fold human n/e selectivity. Compound 14j also displayed good metabolic stability in human liver microsomes, low plasma protein binding, and minimal binding to cytochromes P450 (CYPs), although it had little to no Caco-2 permeability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Yen Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Yajuan Qin
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiying Li
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
| | - Linda J Roman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center , San Antonio, Texas 78384-7760, United States
| | - Pavel Martásek
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center , San Antonio, Texas 78384-7760, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University , 121 08 Prague, Czech Republic.,BIOCEV , 252 42 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Thomas L Poulos
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
| | - Richard B Silverman
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cinelli MA, Li H, Pensa AV, Kang S, Roman LJ, Martásek P, Poulos TL, Silverman RB. Correction to Phenyl Ether- and Aniline-Containing 2-Aminoquinolines as Potent and Selective Inhibitors of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase. J Med Chem 2016; 59:1246. [PMID: 26807481 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
8
|
Cinelli MA, Li H, Pensa AV, Kang S, Roman LJ, Martásek P, Poulos TL, Silverman RB. Phenyl Ether- and Aniline-Containing 2-Aminoquinolines as Potent and Selective Inhibitors of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase. J Med Chem 2015; 58:8694-712. [PMID: 26469213 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Excess nitric oxide (NO) produced by neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) is implicated in neurodegenerative disorders. As a result, inhibition of nNOS and reduction of NO levels is desirable therapeutically, but many nNOS inhibitors are poorly bioavailable. Promising members of our previously reported 2-aminoquinoline class of nNOS inhibitors, although orally bioavailable and brain-penetrant, suffer from unfavorable off-target binding to other CNS receptors, and they resemble known promiscuous binders. Rearranged phenyl ether- and aniline-linked 2-aminoquinoline derivatives were therefore designed to (a) disrupt the promiscuous binding pharmacophore and diminish off-target interactions and (b) preserve potency, isoform selectivity, and cell permeability. A series of these compounds was synthesized and tested against purified nNOS, endothelial NOS (eNOS), and inducible NOS (iNOS) enzymes. One compound, 20, displayed high potency, selectivity, and good human nNOS inhibition, and retained some permeability in a Caco-2 assay. Most promisingly, CNS receptor counterscreening revealed that this rearranged scaffold significantly reduces off-target binding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maris A Cinelli
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Huiying Li
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
| | - Anthony V Pensa
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Soosung Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Linda J Roman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center , San Antonio, Texas 78384-7760, United States
| | - Pavel Martásek
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center , San Antonio, Texas 78384-7760, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University , Prague, Czech Republic.,BIOCEV , Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Thomas L Poulos
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
| | - Richard B Silverman
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kang S, Li H, Tang W, Martásek P, Roman LJ, Poulos TL, Silverman RB. 2-Aminopyridines with a Truncated Side Chain To Improve Human Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitory Potency and Selectivity. J Med Chem 2015; 58:5548-60. [PMID: 26120733 PMCID: PMC4514563 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We have analyzed a recently obtained crystal structure of human neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and then designed and synthesized several 2-aminopyridine derivatives containing a truncated side chain to avoid the hydrophobic pocket that differentiates human and rat nNOS in an attempt to explore alternative binding poses along the substrate access channel of human nNOS. Introduction of an N-methylethane-1,2-diamine side chain and conformational constraints such as benzonitrile and pyridine as the middle aromatic linker were sufficient to increase human and rat nNOS binding affinity and inducible and endothelial NOS selectivity. We found that 14b is a potent inhibitor; the binding modes with human and rat nNOS are unexpected, inducing side chain rotamer changes in Gln478 (rat) at the top of the active site. Compound 19c exhibits Ki values of 24 and 55 nM for rat and human nNOS, respectively, with 153-fold iNOS and 1040-fold eNOS selectivity. 19c has 18% oral bioavailability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soosung Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
- New Drug Development Center, DGMIF, 80 Cheombok-ro, Dae-gu, Korea
| | - Huiying Li
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
| | - Wei Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Pavel Martásek
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78384-7760, United States
| | - Linda J. Roman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78384-7760, United States
| | - Thomas L. Poulos
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
| | - Richard B. Silverman
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Astashkin AV, Chen L, Elmore BO, Kunwar D, Miao Y, Li H, Poulos TL, Roman LJ, Feng C. Probing the Hydrogen Bonding of the Ferrous-NO Heme Center of nNOS by Pulsed Electron Paramagnetic Resonance. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:6641-9. [PMID: 26035438 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b01804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Oxidation of L-arginine (L-Arg) to nitric oxide (NO) by NO synthase (NOS) takes place at the heme active site. It is of current interest to study structures of the heme species that activates O2 and transforms the substrate. The NOS ferrous-NO complex is a close mimic of the obligatory ferric (hydro)peroxo intermediate in NOS catalysis. In this work, pulsed electron-nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) spectroscopy was used to probe the hydrogen bonding of the NO ligand in the ferrous-NO heme center of neuronal NOS (nNOS) without a substrate and with L-Arg or N-hydroxy-L-arginine (NOHA) substrates. Unexpectedly, no H-bonding interaction connecting the NO ligand to the active site water molecule or the Arg substrate was detected, in contrast to the results obtained by X-ray crystallography for the Arg-bound nNOS heme domain [Li et al. J. Biol. Inorg. Chem. 2006, 11, 753-768]. The nearby exchangeable proton in both the no-substrate and Arg-containing nNOS samples is located outside the H-bonding range and, on the basis of the obtained structural constraints, can belong to the active site water (or OH). On the contrary, in the NOHA-bound sample, the nearby exchangeable hydrogen forms an H-bond with the NO ligand (on the basis of its distance from the NO ligand and a nonzero isotropic hfi constant), but it does not belong to the active site water molecule because the water oxygen atom (detected by (17)O ENDOR) is too far. This hydrogen should therefore come from the NOHA substrate, which is in agreement with the X-ray crystallography work [Li et al. Biochemistry 2009, 48, 10246-10254]. The nearby nonexchangeable hydrogen atom assigned as H(ε) of Phe584 was detected in all three samples. This hydrogen atom may have a stabilizing effect on the NO ligand and probably determines its position.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrei V Astashkin
- †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Li Chen
- ‡College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Bradley O Elmore
- ‡College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Deepak Kunwar
- ‡College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Yubin Miao
- ‡College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Huiying Li
- §Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Chemistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
| | - Thomas L Poulos
- §Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Chemistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
| | - Linda J Roman
- ∥Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center in San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, United States
| | - Changjian Feng
- ‡College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kar R, Kellogg DL, Roman LJ. Oxidative stress induces phosphorylation of neuronal NOS in cardiomyocytes through AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 459:393-7. [PMID: 25732085 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.02.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) plays a critical role in regulating cardiomyocyte function. nNOS was reported to decrease superoxide production in the myocardium by inhibiting the function of xanthine oxidoreductase. However, the effect of oxidative stress on nNOS in cardiomyocytes has not been determined. We report here that brief exposure of HL-1 cardiomyocytes to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) induces phosphorylation of nNOS at serine 1412. This increase in phosphorylation was concomitant with increased nitric oxide (NO) production. Prolonged exposure to the oxidant, however, resulted in decreased expression of the protein. H2O2 treatment for short periods also stimulated phosphorylation of AKT and AMPK. H2O2-induced phosphorylation of nNOS was reduced when AMPK activity was inhibited by compound C, suggesting that AMPK is a mediator of oxidative stress-induced phosphorylation of nNOS. However, inhibition of AKT activity by the pan AKT inhibitor, AKTi, had no effect on nNOS phosphorylation caused by H2O2. These data demonstrate the novel regulation of nNOS phosphorylation and expression by oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Kar
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr., San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Dean L Kellogg
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr., San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Linda J Roman
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr., San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mukherjee P, Li H, Sevrioukova I, Chreifi G, Martásek P, Roman LJ, Poulos TL, Silverman RB. Novel 2,4-disubstituted pyrimidines as potent, selective, and cell-permeable inhibitors of neuronal nitric oxide synthase. J Med Chem 2014; 58:1067-88. [PMID: 25489882 PMCID: PMC4329833 DOI: 10.1021/jm501719e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Selective inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) is an important therapeutic approach to target neurodegenerative disorders. However, the majority of the nNOS inhibitors developed are arginine mimetics and, therefore, suffer from poor bioavailability. We designed a novel strategy to combine a more pharmacokinetically favorable 2-imidazolylpyrimidine head with promising structural components from previous inhibitors. In conjunction with extensive structure-activity studies, several highly potent and selective inhibitors of nNOS were discovered. X-ray crystallographic analysis reveals that these type II inhibitors utilize the same hydrophobic pocket to gain strong inhibitory potency (13), as well as high isoform selectivity. Interestingly, select compounds from this series (9) showed good permeability and low efflux in a Caco-2 assay, suggesting potential oral bioavailability, and exhibited minimal off-target binding to 50 central nervous system receptors. Furthermore, even with heme-coordinating groups in the molecule, modifying other pharmacophoric fragments minimized undesirable inhibition of cytochrome P450s from human liver microsomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paramita Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jing Q, Li H, Roman LJ, Martásek P, Poulos TL, Silverman RB. Combination of chiral linkers with thiophenecarboximidamide heads to improve the selectivity of inhibitors of neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:4504-4510. [PMID: 25149509 PMCID: PMC4204799 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.07.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To develop potent and selective nNOS inhibitors, a new series of double-headed molecules with chiral linkers that derive from natural amino acid derivatives have been designed and synthesized. The new structures integrate a thiophenecarboximidamide head with two types of chiral linkers, presenting easy synthesis and good inhibitory properties. Inhibitor (S)-9b exhibits a potency of 14.7 nM against nNOS and is 1134 and 322-fold more selective for nNOS over eNOS and iNOS, respectively. Crystal structures show that the additional binding between the aminomethyl moiety of 9b and propionate A on the heme and tetrahydrobiopterin (H4B) in nNOS, but not eNOS, contributes to its high selectivity. This work demonstrates the advantage of integrating known structures into structure optimization, and it should be possible to more readily develop compounds that incorporate bioavailability with these advanced features. Moreover, this integrative strategy is a general approach in new drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Jing
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA; Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA; Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA; Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
| | - Huiying Li
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Linda J Roman
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78384-7760, USA
| | - Pavel Martásek
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78384-7760, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Center for Applied Genomics, 1st School of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Thomas L Poulos
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Richard B Silverman
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA; Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA; Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA; Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Volkmann N, Martásek P, Roman LJ, Xu XP, Page C, Swift M, Hanein D, Masters BS. Holoenzyme structures of endothelial nitric oxide synthase - an allosteric role for calmodulin in pivoting the FMN domain for electron transfer. J Struct Biol 2014; 188:46-54. [PMID: 25175399 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
While the three-dimensional structures of heme- and flavin-binding domains of the NOS isoforms have been determined, the structures of the holoenzymes remained elusive. Application of electron cryo-microscopy and structural modeling of the bovine endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) holoenzyme produced detailed models of the intact holoenzyme in the presence and absence of Ca(2+)/calmodulin (CaM). These models accommodate the cross-electron transfer from the reductase in one monomer to the heme in the opposite monomer. The heme domain acts as the anchoring dimeric structure for the entire enzyme molecule, while the FMN domain is activated by CaM to move flexibly to bridge the distance between the reductase and oxygenase domains. Our results indicate that the key regulatory role of CaM involves the stabilization of structural intermediates and precise positioning of the pivot for the FMN domain tethered shuttling motion to accommodate efficient and rapid electron transfer in the homodimer of eNOS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niels Volkmann
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92075, USA.
| | - Pavel Martásek
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, First School of Medicine, Charles University, 12109 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Linda J Roman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Xiao-Ping Xu
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92075, USA
| | - Christopher Page
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92075, USA
| | - Mark Swift
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92075, USA
| | - Dorit Hanein
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92075, USA.
| | - Bettie Sue Masters
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kang S, Tang W, Li H, Chreifi G, Martásek P, Roman LJ, Poulos TL, Silverman RB. Nitric oxide synthase inhibitors that interact with both heme propionate and tetrahydrobiopterin show high isoform selectivity. J Med Chem 2014; 57:4382-96. [PMID: 24758147 PMCID: PMC4032192 DOI: 10.1021/jm5004182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Overproduction of NO by nNOS is implicated in the pathogenesis of diverse neuronal disorders. Since NO signaling is involved in diverse physiological functions, selective inhibition of nNOS over other isoforms is essential to minimize side effects. A series of α-amino functionalized aminopyridine derivatives (3-8) were designed to probe the structure-activity relationship between ligand, heme propionate, and H4B. Compound 8R was identified as the most potent and selective molecule of this study, exhibiting a Ki of 24 nM for nNOS, with 273-fold and 2822-fold selectivity against iNOS and eNOS, respectively. Although crystal structures of 8R complexed with nNOS and eNOS revealed a similar binding mode, the selectivity stems from the distinct electrostatic environments in two isoforms that result in much lower inhibitor binding free energy in nNOS than in eNOS. These findings provide a basis for further development of simple, but even more selective and potent, nNOS inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soosung Kang
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life
Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Wei Tang
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life
Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Huiying Li
- Departments
of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and
Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
| | - Georges Chreifi
- Departments
of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and
Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
| | - Pavel Martásek
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health
Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78384-7760, United States
| | - Linda J. Roman
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health
Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78384-7760, United States
| | - Thomas L. Poulos
- Departments
of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and
Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
| | - Richard B. Silverman
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life
Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Trane AE, Pavlov D, Sharma A, Saqib U, Lau K, van Petegem F, Minshall RD, Roman LJ, Bernatchez PN. Deciphering the binding of caveolin-1 to client protein endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS): scaffolding subdomain identification, interaction modeling, and biological significance. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:13273-83. [PMID: 24648521 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.528695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) gene inactivation interferes with caveolae formation and causes a range of cardiovascular and pulmonary complications in vivo. Recent evidence suggests that blunted Cav-1/endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS) interaction, which occurs specifically in vascular endothelial cells, is responsible for the multiple phenotypes observed in Cav-1-null animals. Under basal conditions, Cav-1 binds eNOS and inhibits nitric oxide (NO) production via the Cav-1 scaffolding domain (CAV; amino acids 82-101). Although we have recently shown that CAV residue Phe-92 is responsible for eNOS inhibition, the "inactive" F92A Cav-1 mutant unexpectedly retains its eNOS binding ability and can increase NO release, indicating the presence of a distinct eNOS binding domain within CAV. Herein, we identified and characterized a small 10-amino acid CAV subsequence (90-99) that accounted for the majority of eNOS association with Cav-1 (Kd = 49 nM), and computer modeling of CAV(90-99) docking to eNOS provides a rationale for the mechanism of eNOS inhibition by Phe-92. Finally, using gene silencing and reconstituted cell systems, we show that intracellular delivery of a F92A CAV(90-99) peptide can promote NO bioavailability in eNOS- and Cav-1-dependent fashions. To our knowledge, these data provide the first detailed analysis of Cav-1 binding to one of its most significant client proteins, eNOS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andy E Trane
- From the St. Paul's Hospital's Centre of Heart and Lung Innovation
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Cinelli MA, Li H, Chreifi G, Martásek P, Roman LJ, Poulos TL, Silverman RB. Simplified 2-aminoquinoline-based scaffold for potent and selective neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibition. J Med Chem 2014; 57:1513-30. [PMID: 24472039 PMCID: PMC3954451 DOI: 10.1021/jm401838x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Since high levels of nitric oxide
(NO) are implicated in neurodegenerative
disorders, inhibition of the neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase
(nNOS) and reduction of NO levels are therapeutically desirable. Nonetheless,
many nNOS inhibitors mimic l-arginine and are poorly bioavailable.
2-Aminoquinoline-based scaffolds were designed with the hope that
they could (a) mimic aminopyridines as potent, isoform-selective arginine
isosteres and (b) possess chemical properties more conducive to oral
bioavailability and CNS penetration. A series of these compounds was
synthesized and assayed against purified nNOS enzymes, endothelial
NOS (eNOS), and inducible NOS (iNOS). Several compounds built on a
7-substituted 2-aminoquinoline core are potent and isoform-selective;
X-ray crystallography indicates that aminoquinolines exert inhibitory
effects by mimicking substrate interactions with the conserved active
site glutamate residue. The most potent and selective compounds, 7 and 15, were tested in a Caco-2 assay and showed
good permeability and low efflux, suggesting high potential for oral
bioavailability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maris A Cinelli
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Jing Q, Li H, Roman LJ, Martásek P, Poulos TL, Silverman RB. An Accessible Chiral Linker to Enhance Potency and Selectivity of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:56-60. [PMID: 24660051 DOI: 10.1021/ml400381s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The three important mammalian isozymes of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) are neuronal NOS (nNOS), endothelial NOS (eNOS), and inducible NOS (iNOS). Inhibitors of nNOS show promise as treatments for neurodegenerative diseases. Eight easily-synthesized compounds containing either one (20a,b) or two (9a-d; 15a,b) 2-amino-4-methylpyridine groups with a chiral pyrrolidine linker were designed as selective nNOS inhibitors. Inhibitor 9c is the best of these compounds, having a potency of 9.7 nM and dual selectivity of 693 and 295 against eNOS and iNOS, respectively. Crystal structures of nNOS complexed with either 9a or 9c show a double-headed binding mode, where each 2-aminopyridine head group interacts with either a nNOS active site Glu residue or a heme propionate. In addition, the pyrrolidine nitrogen of 9c contributes additional hydrogen bonds to the heme propionate, resulting in a unique binding orientation. In contrast, the lack of hydrogen bonds from the pyrrolidine of 9a to the heme propionate allows the inhibitor to adopt two different binding orientations. Both 9a and 9c bind to eNOS in a single-headed mode, which is the structural basis for the isozyme selectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Jing
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry
of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug
Discovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Huiying Li
- Departments
of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and
Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
| | - Linda J. Roman
- Department
of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78384-7760, United States
| | - Pavel Martásek
- Department
of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78384-7760, United States
- Department
of Pediatrics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Thomas L. Poulos
- Departments
of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and
Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
| | - Richard B. Silverman
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry
of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug
Discovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Panda SP, Li W, Venkatakrishnan P, Chen L, Astashkin AV, Masters BSS, Feng C, Roman LJ. Differential calmodulin-modulatory and electron transfer properties of neuronal nitric oxide synthase mu compared to the alpha variant. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:3973-8. [PMID: 24211446 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal nitric oxide synthase μ (nNOSμ) contains 34 additional residues in an autoregulatory element compared to nNOSα. Cytochrome c and flavin reductions in the absence of calmodulin (CaM) were faster in nNOSμ than nNOSα, while rates in the presence of CaM were smaller. The magnitude of stimulation by CaM is thus notably lower in nNOSμ. No difference in NO production was observed, while electron transfer between the FMN and heme moieties and formation of an inhibitory ferrous-nitrosyl complex were slower in nNOSμ. Thus, the insert affects electron transfer rates, modulation of electron flow by CaM, and heme-nitrosyl complex formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satya P Panda
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center in San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Panda SP, Guntur AR, Polusani SR, Fajardo RJ, Gakunga PT, Roman LJ, Masters BS. Conditional deletion of cytochrome p450 reductase in osteoprogenitor cells affects long bone and skull development in mice recapitulating antley-bixler syndrome: role of a redox enzyme in development. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75638. [PMID: 24086598 PMCID: PMC3783497 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) is the primary electron donor for cytochromes P450, dehydrocholesterol reductase, heme oxygenase, and squalene monooxygenase. Human patients with specific mutations in POR exhibit severe developmental malformations including disordered steroidogenesis, sexual ambiguities and various bone defects, similar to those seen in patients with Antley-Bixler syndrome (ABS). To probe the role of POR during bone development, we generated a conditional knockout mouse (CKO) by cross breeding Porlox/lox and Dermo1 Cre mice. CKO mice were smaller than their littermate controls and exhibited significant craniofacial and long bone abnormalities. Differential staining of the CKO mice skull bases shows premature fusion of the sphenooccipital and basioccipital-exoccipital synchondroses. Class III malocclusion was noted in adult knockout mice with an unusual overgrowth of the lower incisors. Shorter long bones were observed along with a reduction in the bone volume fraction, measured by microCT, in the Por-deleted mice compared to age- and sex-matched littermate controls. Concerted up- or down-regulation of proteins in the FGF signaling pathway observed by immunohistochemistry in the tibia samples of CKO mice compared to wild type controls shows a decrease in the FGF signaling pathway. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a mouse model that recapitulates both skull and long bone defects upon Por deletion, offering an approach to study the sequelae of POR mutations. This unique model demonstrates that P450 metabolism in bone itself is potentially important for proper bone development, and that an apparent link exists between the POR and FGF signaling pathways, begging the question of how an oxidation-reduction flavoprotein affects developmental and cellular signaling processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satya P. Panda
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: ; (BSM)
| | - Anyonya R. Guntur
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Srikanth R. Polusani
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Roberto J. Fajardo
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Peter T. Gakunga
- Department of Developmental Dentistry, Division of Orthodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Linda J. Roman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bettie Sue Masters
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: ; (BSM)
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Jing Q, Li H, Chreifi G, Roman LJ, Martásek P, Poulos TL, Silverman RB. Chiral linkers to improve selectivity of double-headed neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:5674-9. [PMID: 23993333 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
To develop potent and selective nNOS inhibitors, new double-headed molecules with chiral linkers that derive from natural amino acids or their derivatives have been designed. The new structures contain two ether bonds, which greatly simplifies the synthesis and accelerates structure optimization. Inhibitor (R)-6b exhibits a potency of 32nM against nNOS and is 475 and 244 more selective for nNOS over eNOS and iNOS, respectively. Crystal structures show that the additional binding between the aminomethyl moiety of 6b and the two heme propionates in nNOS, but not eNOS, is the structural basis for its high selectivity. This work demonstrates the importance of stereochemistry in this class of molecules, which significantly influences the potency and selectivity of the inhibitors. The structure-activity information gathered here provides a guide for future structure optimization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Jing
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lee DY, Wauquier F, Eid AA, Roman LJ, Ghosh-Choudhury G, Khazim K, Block K, Gorin Y. Nox4 NADPH oxidase mediates peroxynitrite-dependent uncoupling of endothelial nitric-oxide synthase and fibronectin expression in response to angiotensin II: role of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:28668-86. [PMID: 23940049 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.470971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of glomerular mesangial cells (MCs) by angiotensin II (Ang II) leads to extracellular matrix accumulation. Here, we demonstrate that, in MCs, Ang II induces endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS) uncoupling with enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreased production of NO. Ang II promotes a rapid increase in 3-nitrotyrosine formation, and uric acid attenuates Ang II-induced decrease in NO bioavailability, demonstrating that peroxynitrite mediates the effects of Ang II on eNOS dysfunction. Ang II rapidly up-regulates Nox4 protein. Inhibition of Nox4 abolishes the increase in ROS and peroxynitrite generation as well as eNOS uncoupling triggered by Ang II, indicating that Nox4 is upstream of eNOS. This pathway contributes to Ang II-mediated fibronectin accumulation in MCs. Ang II also elicits an increase in mitochondrial abundance of Nox4 protein, and the oxidase contributes to ROS production in mitochondria. Overexpression of mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase prevents the stimulatory effects of Ang II on mitochondrial ROS production, loss of NO availability, and MC fibronectin accumulation, whereas manganese superoxide dismutase depletion increases mitochondrial ROS, NO deficiency, and fibronectin synthesis basally and in cells exposed to Ang II. This work provides the first evidence that uncoupled eNOS is responsible for Ang II-induced MC fibronectin accumulation and identifies Nox4 and mitochondrial ROS as mediators of eNOS dysfunction. These data shed light on molecular processes underlying the oxidative signaling cascade engaged by Ang II and identify potential targets for intervention to prevent renal fibrosis.
Collapse
|
23
|
Hinchee-Rodriguez K, Garg N, Venkatakrishnan P, Roman MG, Adamo ML, Masters BS, Roman LJ. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase is phosphorylated in response to insulin stimulation in skeletal muscle. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 435:501-5. [PMID: 23680665 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM) is the seventh leading cause of death in the United States, and is quickly becoming a global pandemic. T2DM results from reduced insulin sensitivity coupled with a relative failure of insulin secretion. Reduced insulin sensitivity has been associated with reduced nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity and impaired glucose uptake in T2DM skeletal muscle. Upon insulin stimulation, NO synthesis increases in normal adult skeletal muscle, whereas no such increase is observed in T2DM adults. Endothelial NOS is activated by phosphorylation in the C-terminal tail in response to insulin. Neuronal NOS (nNOS), the primary NOS isoform in skeletal muscle, contains a homologous phosphorylation site, raising the possibility that nNOS, too, may undergo an activating phosphorylation event upon insulin treatment. Yet it remains unknown if or how nNOS is regulated by insulin in skeletal muscle. Data shown herein indicate that nNOS is phosphorylated in response to insulin in skeletal muscle and that this phosphorylation event occurs rapidly in C2C12 myotubes, resulting in increased NO production. In vivo phosphorylation of nNOS was also observed in response to insulin in mouse skeletal muscle. These results indicate, for the first time, that nNOS is phosphorylated in skeletal muscle in response to insulin and in association with increased NO production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Hinchee-Rodriguez
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr., San Antonio, TX 78229-7760, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Jansen Labby K, Li H, Roman LJ, Martásek P, Poulos TL, Silverman RB. Methylated N(ω)-hydroxy-L-arginine analogues as mechanistic probes for the second step of the nitric oxide synthase-catalyzed reaction. Biochemistry 2013; 52:3062-73. [PMID: 23586781 DOI: 10.1021/bi301571v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) catalyzes the conversion of L-arginine to L-citrulline through the intermediate N(ω)-hydroxy-L-arginine (NHA), producing nitric oxide, an important mammalian signaling molecule. Several disease states are associated with improper regulation of nitric oxide production, making NOS a therapeutic target. The first step of the NOS reaction has been well-characterized and is presumed to proceed through a compound I heme species, analogous to the cytochrome P450 mechanism. The second step, however, is enzymatically unprecedented and is thought to occur via a ferric peroxo heme species. To gain insight into the details of this unique second step, we report here the synthesis of NHA analogues bearing guanidinium methyl or ethyl substitutions and their investigation as either inhibitors of or alternate substrates for NOS. Radiolabeling studies reveal that N(ω)-methoxy-L-arginine, an alternative NOS substrate, produces citrulline, nitric oxide, and methanol. On the basis of these results, we propose a mechanism for the second step of NOS catalysis in which a methylated nitric oxide species is released and is further metabolized by NOS. Crystal structures of our NHA analogues bound to nNOS have been determined, revealing the presence of an active site water molecule only in the presence of singly methylated analogues. Bulkier analogues displace this active site water molecule; a different mechanism is proposed in the absence of the water molecule. Our results provide new insights into the steric and stereochemical tolerance of the NOS active site and substrate capabilities of NOS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Jansen Labby
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhao JL, Roman LJ, Wu Y, Johnson JM, Kellogg DL. Inhibition of the mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) does not alter nitric oxide or superoxide levels in human skin. FASEB J 2013. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.lb699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joan L Zhao
- PhysiologyUniv. of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioTX
| | - Linda J Roman
- BiochemistryUniv. of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioTX
| | - Yubo Wu
- PhysiologyUniv. of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioTX
| | - John M Johnson
- PhysiologyUniv. of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioTX
| | - Dean L Kellogg
- MedicineUniv. of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioTX
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hinchee‐Rodriguez K, Garg N, Venkatakrishnan P, Roman MG, Adamo M, Masters BS, Roman LJ. A muscle‐specific isoform of neuronal nitric oxide synthase is phosphorylated in response to insulin. FASEB J 2013. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.1051.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Neha Garg
- BiochemistryUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioTX
| | | | - Madeline G. Roman
- BiochemistryUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioTX
| | - Martin Adamo
- BiochemistryUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioTX
| | - Bettie Sue Masters
- BiochemistryUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioTX
| | - Linda J. Roman
- BiochemistryUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioTX
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Huang H, Li H, Martásek P, Roman LJ, Poulos TL, Silverman RB. Structure-guided design of selective inhibitors of neuronal nitric oxide synthase. J Med Chem 2013; 56:3024-32. [PMID: 23451760 DOI: 10.1021/jm4000984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide synthases (NOSs) comprise three closely related isoforms that catalyze the oxidation of L-arginine to L-citrulline and the important second messenger nitric oxide (NO). Pharmacological selective inhibition of neuronal NOS (nNOS) has the potential to be therapeutically beneficial in various neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we present a structure-guided, selective nNOS inhibitor design based on the crystal structure of lead compound 1 in nNOS. The best inhibitor, 7, exhibited low nanomolar inhibitory potency and good isoform selectivities (nNOS over eNOS and iNOS are 472-fold and 239-fold, respectively). Consistent with the good selectivity, 7 binds to nNOS and eNOS with different binding modes. The distinctly different binding modes of 7, driven by the critical residue Asp597 in nNOS, offers compelling insight to explain its isozyme selectivity, which should guide future drug design programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- He Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Panda SP, Polusani SR, Kellogg DL, Venkatakrishnan P, Roman MG, Demeler B, Masters BSS, Roman LJ. Intra- and inter-molecular effects of a conserved arginine residue of neuronal and inducible nitric oxide synthases on FMN and calmodulin binding. Arch Biochem Biophys 2013; 533:88-94. [PMID: 23507581 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide synthases (NOSs) synthesize nitric oxide (NO), a signaling molecule, from l-arginine, utilizing electrons from NADPH. NOSs are flavo-hemo proteins, with two flavin molecules (FAD and FMN) and one heme per monomer, which require the binding of calcium/calmodulin (Ca(2+)/CaM) to produce NO. It is therefore important to understand the molecular factors influencing CaM binding from a structure/function perspective. A crystal structure of the CaM-bound iNOS FMN-binding domain predicted a salt bridge between R536 of human iNOS and E47 of CaM. To characterize the interaction between the homologous Arg of rat nNOS (R753) and murine iNOS (R530) with CaM, the Arg was mutated to Ala and, in iNOS, to Glu. The mutation weakens the interaction between nNOS and CaM, decreasing affinity by ~3-fold. The rate of electron transfer from FMN is greatly attenuated; however, little effect on electron transfer from FAD is observed. The mutated proteins showed reduced FMN binding, from 20% to 60%, suggesting an influence of this residue on FMN incorporation. The weakened FMN binding may be due to conformational changes caused by the arginine mutation. Our data show that this Arg residue plays an important role in CaM binding and influences FMN binding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satya Prakash Panda
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kaplánek R, Martásek P, Grüner B, Panda S, Rak J, Masters BSS, Král V, Roman LJ. Nitric oxide synthases activation and inhibition by metallacarborane-cluster-based isoform-specific affectors. J Med Chem 2012; 55:9541-8. [PMID: 23075390 DOI: 10.1021/jm300805x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A small library of boron-cluster- and metallacarborane-cluster-based ligands was designed, prepared, and tested for isoform-selective activation or inhibition of the three nitric oxide synthase isoforms. On the basis of the concept of creating a hydrophobic analogue of a natural substrate, a stable and nontoxic basic boron cluster system, previously used for boron neutron capture therapy, was modified by the addition of positively charged moieties to its periphery, providing hydrophobic and nonclassical hydrogen bonding interactions with the protein. Several of these compounds show efficacy for inhibition of NO synthesis with differential effects on the various nitric oxide synthase isoforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Kaplánek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology in Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Huang H, Ji H, Li H, Jing Q, Labby KJ, Martásek P, Roman LJ, Poulos TL, Silverman RB. Selective monocationic inhibitors of neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Binding mode insights from molecular dynamics simulations. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:11559-72. [PMID: 22731813 DOI: 10.1021/ja302269r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The reduction of pathophysiologic levels of nitric oxide through inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) has the potential to be therapeutically beneficial in various neurodegenerative diseases. We have developed a series of pyrrolidine-based nNOS inhibitors that exhibit excellent potencies and isoform selectivities (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 5437). However, there are still important challenges, such as how to decrease the multiple positive charges derived from basic amino groups, which contribute to poor bioavailability, without losing potency and/or selectivity. Here we present an interdisciplinary study combining molecular docking, crystallography, molecular dynamics simulations, synthesis, and enzymology to explore potential pharmacophoric features of nNOS inhibitors and to design potent and selective monocationic nNOS inhibitors. The simulation results indicate that different hydrogen bond patterns, electrostatic interactions, hydrophobic interactions, and a water molecule bridge are key factors for stabilizing ligands and controlling ligand orientation. We find that a heteroatom in the aromatic head or linker chain of the ligand provides additional stability and blocks the substrate binding pocket. Finally, the computational insights are experimentally validated with double-headed pyridine analogues. The compounds reported here are among the most potent and selective monocationic pyrrolidine-based nNOS inhibitors reported to date, and 10 shows improved membrane permeability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- He Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, amd Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Venkatakrishnan P, Panda S, Masters BSS, Roman LJ. Menadione‐Induced Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress In C2C12 Myotubes. FASEB J 2012. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.26.1_supplement.lb128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Priya Venkatakrishnan
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of Texas Health Science Center San AntonioSan AntonioTX
| | - Satya Panda
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of Texas Health Science Center San AntonioSan AntonioTX
| | - Bettie Sue S Masters
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of Texas Health Science Center San AntonioSan AntonioTX
| | - Linda J Roman
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of Texas Health Science Center San AntonioSan AntonioTX
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Labby KJ, Xue F, Kraus JM, Ji H, Mataka J, Li H, Martásek P, Roman LJ, Poulos TL, Silverman RB. Intramolecular hydrogen bonding: a potential strategy for more bioavailable inhibitors of neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:2435-43. [PMID: 22370337 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Selective neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) inhibitors have therapeutic applications in the treatment of numerous neurodegenerative diseases. Here we report the synthesis and evaluation of a series of inhibitors designed to have increased cell membrane permeability via intramolecular hydrogen bonding. Their potencies were examined in both purified enzyme and cell-based assays; a comparison of these results demonstrates that two of the new inhibitors display significantly increased membrane permeability over previous analogs. NMR spectroscopy provides evidence of intramolecular hydrogen bonding under physiological conditions in two of the inhibitors. Crystal structures of the inhibitors in the nNOS active site confirm the predicted non-intramolecular hydrogen bonded binding mode. Intramolecular hydrogen bonding may be an effective approach for increasing cell membrane permeability without affecting target protein binding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Jansen Labby
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Xue F, Kraus JM, Labby KJ, Ji H, Mataka J, Xia G, Li H, Delker SL, Roman LJ, Martásek P, Poulos TL, Silverman RB. Improved synthesis of chiral pyrrolidine inhibitors and their binding properties to neuronal nitric oxide synthase. J Med Chem 2011; 54:6399-403. [PMID: 21809851 PMCID: PMC3174355 DOI: 10.1021/jm200411j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We report an efficient synthetic route to chiral pyrrolidine inhibitors of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and crystal structures of the inhibitors bound to nNOS and to endothelial NOS. The new route enables versatile structure-activity relationship studies on the pyrrolidine-based scaffold, which can be beneficial for further development of nNOS inhibitors. The X-ray crystal structures of five new fluorine-containing inhibitors bound to nNOS provide insights into the effect of the fluorine atoms on binding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengtian Xue
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - James M. Kraus
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - Kristin Jansen Labby
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - Haitao Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - Jan Mataka
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - Guoyao Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - Huiying Li
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-3900
| | - Silvia L. Delker
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-3900
| | - Linda J. Roman
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78384-7760
| | - Pavel Martásek
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78384-7760
- Department of Pediatrics and Center for Applied Genomics, 1st School of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Thomas L. Poulos
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-3900
| | - Richard B. Silverman
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Xue F, Fang J, Delker SL, Li H, Martásek P, Roman LJ, Poulos TL, Silverman RB. Symmetric double-headed aminopyridines, a novel strategy for potent and membrane-permeable inhibitors of neuronal nitric oxide synthase. J Med Chem 2011; 54:2039-48. [PMID: 21410186 DOI: 10.1021/jm101071n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We report novel neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) inhibitors based on a symmetric double-headed aminopyridine scaffold. The inhibitors were designed from crystal structures of leads 1 and 2 (Delker, S. L.; Ji, H.; Li, H.; Jamal, J.; Fang, J.; Xue, F.; Silverman, R. B.; Poulos, T. L. Unexpected binding modes of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors effective in the prevention of cerebral palsy . J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 5437-5442) and synthesized using a highly efficient route. The best inhibitor, 3j, showed low nanomolar inhibitory potency and modest isoform selectivity. It also exhibited enhanced membrane permeability. Inhibitor 3j binds to both the substrate site and the pterin site in nNOS but only to the substrate site in eNOS. These compounds provide a basis for further development of novel, potent, isoform selective, and bioavailable inhibitors for nNOS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengtian Xue
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ji H, Delker SL, Li H, Martásek P, Roman LJ, Poulos TL, Silverman RB. Exploration of the active site of neuronal nitric oxide synthase by the design and synthesis of pyrrolidinomethyl 2-aminopyridine derivatives. J Med Chem 2010; 53:7804-24. [PMID: 20958055 DOI: 10.1021/jm100947x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) represents an important therapeutic target for the prevention of brain injury and the treatment of various neurodegenerative disorders. A series of trans-substituted amino pyrrolidinomethyl 2-aminopyridine derivatives (8-34) was designed and synthesized. A structure-activity relationship analysis led to the discovery of low nanomolar nNOS inhibitors ((±)-32 and (±)-34) with more than 1000-fold selectivity for nNOS over eNOS. Four enantiomerically pure isomers of 3'-[2''-(3'''-fluorophenethylamino)ethoxy]pyrrolidin-4'-yl}methyl}-4-methylpyridin-2-amine (4) also were synthesized. It was found that (3'R,4'R)-4 can induce enzyme elasticity to generate a new "hot spot" for ligand binding. The inhibitor adopts a unique binding mode, the same as that observed for (3'R,4'R)-3'-[2''-(3'''-fluorophenethylamino)ethylamino]pyrrolidin-4'-yl}methyl}-4-methylpyridin-2-amine ((3'R,4'R)-3) (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132 (15), 5437 - 5442). On the basis of structure-activity relationships of 8-34 and different binding conformations of the cis and trans isomers of 3 and 4, critical structural requirements of the NOS active site for ligand binding are revealed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, and Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Xue F, Li H, Fang J, Roman LJ, Martásek P, Poulos TL, Silverman RB. Peripheral but crucial: a hydrophobic pocket (Tyr(706), Leu(337), and Met(336)) for potent and selective inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:6258-61. [PMID: 20833542 PMCID: PMC2952696 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.08.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Revised: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Selective inhibition of the neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) over endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) has become a promising strategy for the discovery of new therapeutic agents for neurodegenerative diseases. However, because of the high sequence homology of different isozymes in the substrate binding pocket, developing inhibitors with both potency and excellent isoform selectivity remains a challenging problem. Herein, we report the evaluation of a recently discovered peripheral hydrophobic pocket (Tyr(706), Leu(337), and Met(336)) that opens up upon inhibitor binding and its potential in designing potent and selective nNOS inhibitors using three compounds, 2a, 2b, and 3. Crystal structure results show that inhibitors 2a and 3 adopted the same binding mode as lead compound 1. We also found that hydrophobic interactions between the 4-methyl group of the aminopyridine ring of these compounds with the side chain of Met(336), as well as the π-π stacking interaction between the pyridinyl motif and the side chain of Tyr(706) are important for the high potency and selectivity of these nNOS inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengtian Xue
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, and Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois, 60208-3113, , 847-491-5653
| | - Huiying Li
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-3900, , 949-824-7020
| | - Jianguo Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, and Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois, 60208-3113, , 847-491-5653
| | - Linda J. Roman
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78384-7760
| | - Pavel Martásek
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78384-7760
| | - Thomas L. Poulos
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-3900, , 949-824-7020
| | - Richard B. Silverman
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, and Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois, 60208-3113, , 847-491-5653
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Xue F, Li H, Delker SL, Fang J, Martásek P, Roman LJ, Poulos TL, Silverman RB. Potent, highly selective, and orally bioavailable gem-difluorinated monocationic inhibitors of neuronal nitric oxide synthase. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:14229-38. [PMID: 20843082 PMCID: PMC2956604 DOI: 10.1021/ja106175q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In our efforts to discover neuronal isoform selective nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors, we have developed a series of compounds containing a pyrrolidine ring with two stereogenic centers. The enantiomerically pure compounds, (S,S) versus (R,R), exhibited two different binding orientations, with (R,R) inhibitors showing much better potency and selectivity. To improve the bioavailability of these inhibitors, we have introduced a CF(2) moiety geminal to an amino group in the long tail of one of these inhibitors, which reduced its basicity, resulting in compounds with monocationic character under physiological pH conditions. Biological evaluations have led to a nNOS inhibitor with a K(i) of 36 nM and high selectivity for nNOS over eNOS (3800-fold) and iNOS (1400-fold). MM-PBSA calculations indicated that the low pK(a) NH is, at least, partially protonated when bound to the active site. A comparison of rat oral bioavailability of the difluorinated compound to the parent molecule shows 22% for the difluorinated compound versus essentially no oral bioavailability for the parent compound. This indicates that the goal of this research to make compounds with only one protonated nitrogen atom at physiological pH to allow for membrane permeability, but which can become protonated when bound to NOS, has been accomplished.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengtian Xue
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
| | - Huiying Li
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-3900
| | - Silvia L. Delker
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-3900
| | - Jianguo Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
| | - Pavel Martásek
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
- Department of Pediatrics and Center for Applied Genomics, 1 School of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Linda J. Roman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Thomas L. Poulos
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-3900
| | - Richard B. Silverman
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Kashyap SR, Roman LJ, Mandarino L, DeFronzo R, Bajaj M. Hypoadiponectinemia is closely associated with impaired nitric oxide synthase activity in skeletal muscle of type 2 diabetic subjects. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2010; 8:459-63. [PMID: 20854065 PMCID: PMC3125557 DOI: 10.1089/met.2010.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In vitro studies suggest that adiponectin plays an important role in nitric oxide (NO) generation. We studied the relationship between plasma adiponectin and skeletal muscle nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity in type 2 diabetic (T2DM) patients. METHODS We determined NOS activity in skeletal muscle of 7 T2DM and 8 nondiabetic control subjects under basal conditions and after a 4-h euglycemic insulin (80 mU/m2 x min) clamp. RESULTS Insulin-stimulated glucose disposal (Rd) (5.2 +/-0.4 vs. 9.0 +/-0.9 mg/kg-min, P < 0.01) and basal NOS activity (107 +/-45 vs. 459 +/- 100 pmol/min-mg protein, P < 0.05) were reduced in T2DM versus controls. In response to hyperinsulinemia, NOS activity increased approximately two-fold in controls (757 +/- 244, P < 0.05 vs basal) but failed to increase in T2DM (105 +/- 38, P < 0.01 vs. T2DM). Basal NOS protein content was similar in controls and T2DM and did not change following insulin. Plasma adiponectin was decreased in T2DM (4.5 +/- 0.8 vs. 7.0 +/-1.0 microg/mL, P < 0.02) and correlated with insulin-stimulated NOS activity (r = 0.49, P < 0.05) and with Rd (r = 0.50, P < 0.05). In controls and T2DM collectively, Rd correlated with insulin-stimulated NOS activity (r = 0.48, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Decreased plasma adiponectin correlates with impaired insulin-stimulated NOS activity and severity of insulin resistance in T2DM. Because impaired NO generation plays a central role in endothelial dysfunction and development of atherosclerosis, our results may provide a link between reduced plasma adiponectin levels and accelerated atherosclerosis in T2DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta R. Kashyap
- Cleveland Clinic, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Linda J. Roman
- Diabetes Division, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Lawrence Mandarino
- Diabetes Division, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Ralph DeFronzo
- Diabetes Division, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Mandeep Bajaj
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Division, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Xue F, Huang J, Ji H, Fang J, Li H, Martásek P, Roman LJ, Poulos TL, Silverman RB. Structure-based design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of lipophilic-tailed monocationic inhibitors of neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:6526-37. [PMID: 20673724 PMCID: PMC2925225 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.06.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2010] [Revised: 06/18/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Selective inhibitors of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) have the potential to develop into new neurodegenerative therapeutics. Recently, we described the discovery of novel nNOS inhibitors (1a and 1b) based on a cis-pyrrolidine pharmacophore. These compounds and related ones were found to have poor blood-brain barrier permeability, presumably because of the basic nitrogens in the molecule. Here, a series of monocationic compounds was designed on the basis of docking experiments using the crystal structures of 1a,b bound to nNOS. These compounds were synthesized and evaluated for their ability to inhibit neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Despite the excellent overlap of these compounds with 1a,b bound to nNOS, they exhibited low potency. This is because they bound in the nNOS active site in the normal orientation rather than the expected flipped orientation used in the computer modeling. The biphenyl or phenoxyphenyl tail is disordered and does not form good protein-ligand interactions. These studies demonstrate the importance of the size and rigidity of the side chain tail and the second basic amino group for nNOS binding efficiency and the importance of the hydrophobic tail for conformational orientation in the active site of nNOS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengtian Xue
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, and Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
| | - Jinwen Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, and Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
| | - Haitao Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, and Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
| | - Jianguo Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, and Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
| | - Huiying Li
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-3900
| | - Pavel Martásek
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
- Department of Pediatrics and Center for Applied Genomics, 1 School of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Linda J. Roman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Thomas L. Poulos
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-3900
| | - Richard B. Silverman
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, and Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Kellogg DL, Masters BSS, Roman LJ. Mutational disruption of the nitric oxide synthase/calmodulin interaction causes increased formation of reactive oxygen species. FASEB J 2010. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.24.1_supplement.463.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dean L. Kellogg
- BiochemistryUniversity of Texas Health Science CenterSan AntonioTX
| | | | - Linda J. Roman
- BiochemistryUniversity of Texas Health Science CenterSan AntonioTX
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Martell JD, Li H, Doukov T, Martásek P, Roman LJ, Soltis M, Poulos TL, Silverman RB. Heme-coordinating inhibitors of neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Iron-thioether coordination is stabilized by hydrophobic contacts without increased inhibitor potency. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:798-806. [PMID: 20014790 PMCID: PMC2826131 DOI: 10.1021/ja908544f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The heme-thioether ligand interaction often occurs between heme iron and native methionine ligands, but thioether-based heme-coordinating (type II) inhibitors are uncommon due to the difficulty in stabilizing the Fe-S bond. Here, a thioether-based inhibitor (3) of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) was designed, and its binding was characterized by spectrophotometry and crystallography. A crystal structure of inhibitor 3 coordinated to heme iron was obtained, representing, to our knowledge, the first crystal structure of a thioether inhibitor complexed to any heme enzyme. A series of related potential inhibitors (4-8) also were evaluated. Compounds 4-8 were all found to be type I (non-heme-coordinating) inhibitors of ferric nNOS, but 4 and 6-8 were found to switch to type II upon heme reduction to the ferrous state, reflecting the higher affinity of thioethers for ferrous heme than for ferric heme. Contrary to what has been widely thought, thioether-heme ligation was found not to increase inhibitor potency, illustrating the intrinsic weakness of the thioether-ferric heme linkage. Subtle changes in the alkyl groups attached to the thioether sulfur caused drastic changes in the binding conformation, indicating that hydrophobic contacts play a crucial role in stabilizing the thioether-heme coordination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D. Martell
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Cell Biology, and Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
| | - Huiying Li
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-3900
| | - Tzanko Doukov
- Macromolecular Crystallographic Group, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94309
| | - Pavel Martásek
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78384-7760
| | - Linda J. Roman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78384-7760
| | - Michael Soltis
- Macromolecular Crystallographic Group, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94309
| | - Thomas L. Poulos
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-3900
| | - Richard B. Silverman
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Cell Biology, and Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Xue F, Fang J, Lewis WW, Martásek P, Roman LJ, Silverman RB. Potent and selective neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitors with improved cellular permeability. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 20:554-7. [PMID: 19963381 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.11.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2009] [Revised: 11/17/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a series of potent and selective neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitors containing two basic nitrogen atoms was reported (Ji, H.; Stanton, B. Z.; Igarashi, J.; Li, H.; Martásek, P.; Roman, L. J.; Poulos, T. L.; Silverman, R. B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 3900-3914). In an effort to improve their bioavailability, three compounds (2a-c) were designed with electron-withdrawing groups near one of the basic nitrogen atoms to lower its pK(a). Inhibition studies with these compounds showed that two of them not only retained most of the potency and selectivity of the best analogue of the earlier series, but also showed improved membrane permeability based on data from a cell-based assay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengtian Xue
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Fang J, Ji H, Lawton GR, Xue F, Roman LJ, Silverman RB. L337H mutant of rat neuronal nitric oxide synthase resembles human neuronal nitric oxide synthase toward inhibitors. J Med Chem 2009; 52:4533-7. [PMID: 19537690 DOI: 10.1021/jm900380j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A common dichotomy exists in inhibitor design: should the compounds be designed to block the enzymes of animals in the preclinical studies or to inhibit the human enzyme? We report that a single mutation of Leu-337 in rat neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) to His makes the enzyme resemble human nNOS more than rat nNOS. We expect that the approach used in this study can unite the dichotomy and speed up the process of inhibitor design and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Lawton GR, Ji H, Martásek P, Roman LJ, Silverman RB. Synthesis and enzymatic evaluation of 2- and 4-aminothiazole-based inhibitors of neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Beilstein J Org Chem 2009; 5:28. [PMID: 19590740 PMCID: PMC2707017 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.5.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly potent and selective inhibitors of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) possessing a 2-aminopyridine group were recently designed and synthesized in our laboratory and were shown to have significant in vivo efficacy. In this work, analogs of our lead compound possessing 2- and 4-aminothiazole rings in place of the aminopyridine were synthesized. The less basic aminothiazole rings will be less protonated at physiological pH than the aminopyridine ring, and so the molecule will carry a lower net charge. This could lead to an increased ability to cross the blood-brain barrier thereby increasing the in vivo potency of these compounds. The 2-aminothiazole-based compound was less potent than the 2-aminopyridine-based analogue. 4-Aminothiazoles were unstable in water, undergoing tautomerization and hydrolysis to give inactive thiazolones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graham R Lawton
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, and Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Ji H, Tan S, Igarashi J, Li H, Derrick M, Martásek P, Roman LJ, Vásquez-Vivar J, Poulos TL, Silverman RB. Selective neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitors and the prevention of cerebral palsy. Ann Neurol 2009; 65:209-17. [PMID: 19235180 DOI: 10.1002/ana.21555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To design a new class of selective neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors, and demonstrate that administration in a rabbit model for cerebral palsy (CP) prevents hypoxia-ischemia-induced deaths and reduces the number of newborn kits exhibiting signs of CP. METHODS We used a novel computer-based drug design method called fragment hopping to identify new chemical entities, synthesized them, and conducted in vitro enzyme inhibition studies with the three isozymes of NOS and in vivo experiments to monitor cardiovascular effects on pregnant rabbit dams, NOS activity, and NO(x) (NO and NO(2)) concentration in fetal brain, and assess neurobehavioral effects on kits born to saline- and compound treated dams. RESULTS The computer-based design led to the development of powerful and highly selective compounds for inhibition of neuronal NOS over the other isozymes. After maternal administration in a rabbit model of CP, these compounds were found to distribute to fetal brain, to be nontoxic, without cardiovascular effects, inhibit fetal brain NOS activity in vivo, reduce NO concentration in fetal brain, and dramatically ameliorate deaths and number of newborn kits exhibiting signs of CP. INTERPRETATION This approach may lead to new preventive strategies for CP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Drug Discovery and Chemical Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Ji H, Li H, Martásek P, Roman LJ, Poulos TL, Silverman RB. Discovery of highly potent and selective inhibitors of neuronal nitric oxide synthase by fragment hopping. J Med Chem 2009; 52:779-97. [PMID: 19125620 DOI: 10.1021/jm801220a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Selective inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) has been shown to prevent brain injury and is important for the treatment of various neurodegenerative disorders. This study shows that not only greater inhibitory potency and isozyme selectivity but more druglike properties can be achieved by fragment hopping. On the basis of the structure of lead molecule 6, fragment hopping effectively extracted the minimal pharmacophoric elements in the active site of nNOS for ligand hydrophobic and steric interactions and generated appropriate lipophilic fragments for lead optimization. More potent and selective inhibitors with better druglike properties were obtained within the design of 20 derivatives (compounds 7-26). Our structure-based inhibitor design for nNOS and SAR analysis reveal the robustness and efficiency of fragment hopping in lead discovery and structural optimization, which implicates a broad application of this approach to many other therapeutic targets for which known druglike small-molecule modulators are still limited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Lawton GR, Ralay Ranaivo H, Chico LK, Ji H, Xue F, Martásek P, Roman LJ, Watterson DM, Silverman RB. Analogues of 2-aminopyridine-based selective inhibitors of neuronal nitric oxide synthase with increased bioavailability. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:2371-80. [PMID: 19268602 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Overproduction of nitric oxide by neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) has been linked to several neurodegenerative diseases. We have recently designed potent and isoform selective inhibitors of nNOS, but the lead compound contains several basic functional groups. A large number of charges and hydrogen bond donors can impede the ability of molecules to cross the blood brain barrier and thereby limit the effectiveness of potential neurological therapeutics. Replacement of secondary amines in our lead compound with neutral ether and amide groups was made to increase bioavailability and to determine if the potency and selectivity of the inhibitor would be impacted. An ether analogue has been identified that retains a similar potency and selectivity to that of the lead compound, and shows increased ability to penetrate the blood brain barrier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graham R Lawton
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Feng C, Roman LJ, Hazzard JT, Ghosh DK, Tollin G, Masters BSS. Deletion of the autoregulatory insert modulates intraprotein electron transfer in rat neuronal nitric oxide synthase. FEBS Lett 2008; 582:2768-72. [PMID: 18625229 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Revised: 07/03/2008] [Accepted: 07/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Comparative CO photolysis kinetics studies on wild-type and autoregulatory (AR) insert-deletion mutant of rat nNOS holoenzyme were conducted to directly investigate the role of the unique AR insert in the catalytically significant FMN-heme intraprotein electron transfer (IET). Although the amplitude of the IET kinetic traces was decreased two- to three-fold, the AR deletion did not change the rate constant for the calmodulin-controlled IET. This suggests that the rate-limiting conversion of the electron-accepting state to a new electron-donating (output) state does not involve interactions with the AR insert, but that AR may stabilize the output state once it is formed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changjian Feng
- College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Ji H, Stanton BZ, Igarashi J, Li H, Martásek P, Roman LJ, Poulos TL, Silverman RB. Minimal pharmacophoric elements and fragment hopping, an approach directed at molecular diversity and isozyme selectivity. Design of selective neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitors. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:3900-14. [PMID: 18321097 PMCID: PMC2929563 DOI: 10.1021/ja0772041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fragment hopping, a new fragment-based approach for de novo inhibitor design focusing on ligand diversity and isozyme selectivity, is described. The core of this approach is the derivation of the minimal pharmacophoric element for each pharmacophore. Sites for both ligand binding and isozyme selectivity are considered in deriving the minimal pharmacophoric elements. Five general-purpose libraries are established: the basic fragment library, the bioisostere library, the rules for metabolic stability, the toxicophore library, and the side chain library. These libraries are employed to generate focused fragment libraries to match the minimal pharmacophoric elements for each pharmacophore and then to link the fragment to the desired molecule. This method was successfully applied to neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), which is implicated in stroke and neurodegenerative diseases. Starting with the nitroarginine-containing dipeptide inhibitors we developed previously, a small organic molecule with a totally different chemical structure was designed, which showed nanomolar nNOS inhibitory potency and more than 1000-fold nNOS selectivity. The crystallographic analysis confirms that the small organic molecule with a constrained conformation can exactly mimic the mode of action of the dipeptide nNOS inhibitors. Therefore, a new peptidomimetic strategy, referred to as fragment hopping, which creates small organic molecules that mimic the biological function of peptides by a pharmacophore-driven strategy for fragment-based de novo design, has been established as a new type of fragment-based inhibitor design. As an open system, the newly established approach efficiently incorporates the concept of early "ADME/Tox" considerations and provides a basic platform for medicinal chemistry-driven efforts.
Collapse
|
50
|
Ji H, Igarashi J, Li H, Martásek P, Roman LJ, Vivar JV, Derrick M, Poulos TL, Tan S, Silverman RB. O69. Prevention of cerebral palsy with de novo designed neuronal nitric oxide synthase selective inhibitors. Nitric Oxide 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2008.06.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|