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von Mehren M, Kane JM, Riedel RF, Sicklick JK, Pollack SM, Agulnik M, Bui MM, Carr-Ascher J, Choy E, Connelly M, Dry S, Ganjoo KN, Gonzalez RJ, Holder A, Homsi J, Keedy V, Kelly CM, Kim E, Liebner D, McCarter M, McGarry SV, Mesko NW, Meyer C, Pappo AS, Parkes AM, Petersen IA, Poppe M, Schuetze S, Shabason J, Spraker MB, Zimel M, Bergman MA, Sundar H, Hang LE. NCCN Guidelines® Insights: Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors, Version 2.2022. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2022; 20:1204-1214. [PMID: 36351335 PMCID: PMC10245542 DOI: 10.6004/jnccn.2022.0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are the most common type of soft tissue sarcoma that occur throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Most of these tumors are caused by oncogenic activating mutations in the KIT or PDGFRA genes. The NCCN Guidelines for GIST provide recommendations for the diagnosis, evaluation, treatment, and follow-up of patients with these tumors. These NCCN Guidelines Insights summarize the panel discussion behind recent important updates to the guidelines, including revised systemic therapy options for unresectable, progressive, or metastatic GIST based on mutational status, and updated recommendations for the management of GIST that develop resistance to specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Seth M Pollack
- 5Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University
| | | | | | | | - Edwin Choy
- 9Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center
| | - Mary Connelly
- 10The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute
| | - Sarah Dry
- 11UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | | | | | | | - Jade Homsi
- 14UT Southwestern Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | | | | | | | - David Liebner
- 10The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute
| | | | | | - Nathan W Mesko
- 20Case Comprehensive Cancer Center/University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center and Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute
| | - Christian Meyer
- 21The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins
| | - Alberto S Pappo
- 22St. Jude Children's Research Hospital/University of Tennessee Health Science Center
| | | | | | - Matthew Poppe
- 25Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah
| | | | - Jacob Shabason
- 27Abramson Cancer Center at the University of Pennsylvania
| | - Matthew B Spraker
- 28Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Melissa Zimel
- 29UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; and
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von Mehren M, Kane JM, Agulnik M, Bui MM, Carr-Ascher J, Choy E, Connelly M, Dry S, Ganjoo KN, Gonzalez RJ, Holder A, Homsi J, Keedy V, Kelly CM, Kim E, Liebner D, McCarter M, McGarry SV, Mesko NW, Meyer C, Pappo AS, Parkes AM, Petersen IA, Pollack SM, Poppe M, Riedel RF, Schuetze S, Shabason J, Sicklick JK, Spraker MB, Zimel M, Hang LE, Sundar H, Bergman MA. Soft Tissue Sarcoma, Version 2.2022, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2022; 20:815-833. [PMID: 35830886 PMCID: PMC10186762 DOI: 10.6004/jnccn.2022.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) are rare malignancies of mesenchymal cell origin that display a heterogenous mix of clinical and pathologic characteristics. STS can develop from fat, muscle, nerves, blood vessels, and other connective tissues. The evaluation and treatment of patients with STS requires a multidisciplinary team with demonstrated expertise in the management of these tumors. The complete NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines) for Soft Tissue Sarcoma provide recommendations for the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of extremity/superficial trunk/head and neck STS, as well as retroperitoneal/intra-abdominal STS, desmoid tumors, and rhabdomyosarcoma. This portion of the NCCN Guidelines discusses general principles for the diagnosis and treatment of retroperitoneal/intra-abdominal STS, outlines treatment recommendations, and reviews the evidence to support the guidelines recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Edwin Choy
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center
| | - Mary Connelly
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute
| | - Sarah Dry
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | | | | | | | - Jade Homsi
- UT Southwestern Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | | | | | - Edward Kim
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance
| | - David Liebner
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute
| | | | | | - Nathan W Mesko
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center/University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center and Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute
| | - Christian Meyer
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins
| | - Alberto S Pappo
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital/The University of Tennessee Health Science Center
| | | | | | - Seth M Pollack
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University
| | | | | | | | - Jacob Shabason
- Abramson Cancer Center at the University of Pennsylvania
| | | | - Matthew B Spraker
- Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Melissa Zimel
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; and
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Abstract
Genome maintenance requires coordinated actions of diverse DNA metabolism processes. Scaffolding proteins, such as those containing multiple BRCT domains, can influence these processes by collaborating with numerous partners. The best-studied examples of multi-BRCT scaffolds are the budding yeast Dpb11 and its homologues in other organisms, which regulate DNA replication, repair, and damage checkpoints. Recent studies have shed light on another group of multi-BRCT scaffolds, including Rtt107 in budding yeast and related proteins in other organisms. These proteins also influence several DNA metabolism pathways, though they use strategies unlike those employed by the Dpb11 family of proteins. Yet, at the same time, these 2 classes of multi-BRCT proteins can collaborate under specific situations. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of how these multi-BRCT proteins function in distinct manners and how they collaborate, with a focus on Dpb11 and Rtt107.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Wan
- a Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York , NY , USA
| | - Lisa E Hang
- a Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York , NY , USA
| | - Xiaolan Zhao
- a Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York , NY , USA
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Hang LE, Peng J, Tan W, Szakal B, Menolfi D, Sheng Z, Lobachev K, Branzei D, Feng W, Zhao X. Rtt107 Is a Multi-functional Scaffold Supporting Replication Progression with Partner SUMO and Ubiquitin Ligases. Mol Cell 2015; 60:268-79. [PMID: 26439300 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2015.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Elucidating the individual and collaborative functions of genome maintenance factors is critical for understanding how genome duplication is achieved. Here, we investigate a conserved scaffold in budding yeast, Rtt107, and its three partners: a SUMO E3 complex, a ubiquitin E3 complex, and Slx4. Biochemical and genetic findings show that Rtt107 interacts separately with these partners and contributes to their individual functions, including a role in replisome sumoylation. We also provide evidence that Rtt107 associates with replisome components, and both itself and its associated E3s are important for replicating regions far from initiation sites. Corroborating these results, replication defects due to Rtt107 loss and genotoxic sensitivities in mutants of Rtt107 and its associated E3s are rescued by increasing replication initiation events through mutating two master repressors of late origins, Mrc1 and Mec1. These findings suggest that Rtt107 functions as a multi-functional platform to support replication progression with its partner E3 enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa E Hang
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jie Peng
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Wei Tan
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Barnabas Szakal
- IFOM, The FIRC (Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro) of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Demis Menolfi
- IFOM, The FIRC (Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro) of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Ziwei Sheng
- School of Biology and Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Kirill Lobachev
- School of Biology and Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Dana Branzei
- IFOM, The FIRC (Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro) of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Wenyi Feng
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Xiaolan Zhao
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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5
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Hang LE, Lopez CR, Liu X, Williams JM, Chung I, Wei L, Bertuch AA, Zhao X. Regulation of Ku-DNA association by Yku70 C-terminal tail and SUMO modification. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:10308-10317. [PMID: 24567323 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.526178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ku70-Ku80 ring complex encloses DNA ends to facilitate telomere maintenance and DNA break repair. Many studies focus on the ring-forming regions of subunits Ku70 and Ku80. Less is known about the Ku70 C-terminal tail, which lies outside the ring. Our results suggest that this region is responsible for dynamic sumoylation of Yku70 upon DNA association in budding yeast. Mutating a cluster of five lysines in this region largely eliminates Yku70 sumoylation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses show that yku70 mutants with these lysines replaced by arginines exhibit reduced Ku-DNA association at both telomeres and internal DNA breaks. Consistent with this physical evidence, Yku70 sumoylation deficiency is associated with impaired ability to block DNA end resection and suppression of multiple defects caused by inefficient resection. Correlating with these, yku70 mutants with reduced sumoylation levels exhibit shorter telomeres, increased G overhang levels, and altered levels of non-homologous end joining. We also show that diminution of sumoylation does not affect Yku70 protein levels or its interactions with protein and RNA partners. These results suggest a model whereby Yku70 sumoylation upon DNA association strengthens Ku-DNA interaction to promote multiple functions of Ku.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa E Hang
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065; Programs in Biochemistry, Cell, and Molecular Biology, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, New York 10065
| | | | - Xianpeng Liu
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Jaime M Williams
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Inn Chung
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Lei Wei
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065; Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, New York 10065
| | - Alison A Bertuch
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Xiaolan Zhao
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065; Programs in Biochemistry, Cell, and Molecular Biology, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, New York 10065; Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, New York 10065.
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Yong-Gonzales V, Hang LE, Castellucci F, Branzei D, Zhao X. The Smc5-Smc6 complex regulates recombination at centromeric regions and affects kinetochore protein sumoylation during normal growth. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51540. [PMID: 23284708 PMCID: PMC3527468 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Smc5-Smc6 complex in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is both essential for growth and important for coping with genotoxic stress. While it facilitates damage tolerance throughout the genome under genotoxin treatment, its function during unperturbed growth is mainly documented for repetitive DNA sequence maintenance. Here we provide physical and genetic evidence showing that the Smc5–Smc6 complex regulates recombination at non-repetitive loci such as centromeres in the absence of DNA damaging agents. Mutating Smc6 results in the accumulation of recombination intermediates at centromeres and other unique sequences as assayed by 2D gel analysis. In addition, smc6 mutant cells exhibit increased levels of Rad52 foci that co-localize with centromere markers. A rad52 mutation that decreases centromeric, but not overall, levels of Rad52 foci in smc6 mutants suppresses the nocodazole sensitivity of these cells, suggesting that the Smc6-mediated regulation of recombination at centromeric regions impacts centromere-related functions. In addition to influencing recombination, the SUMO ligase subunit of the Smc5–Smc6 complex promotes the sumoylation of two kinetochore proteins and affects mitotic spindles. These results suggest that the Smc5–Smc6 complex regulates both recombination and kinetochore sumoylation to facilitate chromosomal maintenance during growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Yong-Gonzales
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Lisa E. Hang
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Programs in Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Dana Branzei
- IFOM, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Xiaolan Zhao
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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7
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Cremona CA, Sarangi P, Yang Y, Hang LE, Rahman S, Zhao X. Extensive DNA damage-induced sumoylation contributes to replication and repair and acts in addition to the mec1 checkpoint. Mol Cell 2012; 45:422-32. [PMID: 22285753 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2011.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The cellular response to DNA damage employs multiple dynamic protein modifications to exert rapid and adaptable effects. Substantial work has detailed the roles of canonical checkpoint-mediated phosphorylation in this program. Recent studies have also implicated sumoylation in the DNA damage response; however, a systematic view of the contribution of sumoylation to replication and repair and its interplay with checkpoints is lacking. Here, using a biochemical screen in yeast, we establish that DNA damage-induced sumoylation occurs on a large scale. We identify MRX (Mre11-Rad50-Xrs2) as a positive regulator of this induction for a subset of repair targets. In addition, we find that defective sumoylation results in failure to complete replication of a damaged genome and impaired DNA end processing, highlighting the importance of the SUMO-mediated response in genome integrity. We also show that DNA damage-induced sumoylation does not require Mec1 checkpoint signaling, and the presence of both enables optimal DNA damage resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Cremona
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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9
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Hang LE, Liu X, Cheung I, Yang Y, Zhao X. SUMOylation regulates telomere length homeostasis by targeting Cdc13. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2011; 18:920-6. [PMID: 21743457 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Telomere length homeostasis is an important aspect of telomere biology. Here, we show that SUMOylation limits telomere length and targets multiple telomere proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A main target is Cdc13, which both positively and negatively regulates telomerase and confers end protection. We demonstrate that Cdc13 SUMOylation restrains telomerase functions by promoting Cdc13 interaction with the telomerase inhibitor Stn1 without affecting end protection. Mutation of the Cdc13 SUMOylation site (cdc13-snm) lengthens telomeres and reduces the Stn1 interaction, whereas Cdc13-SUMO fusion has the opposite effects. cdc13-snm's effect on telomere length is epistatic with stn1, but not with yku70, tel1 or est1 alleles, and is suppressed by Stn1 overexpression. Cdc13 SUMOylation peaks in early-mid S phase, prior to its known Cdk1-mediated phosphorylation, and the two modifications act antagonistically, suggesting that the opposite roles of Cdc13 in telomerase regulation can be separated temporally and regulated by distinct modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa E Hang
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
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Abstract
Corn silage juice was found to be a favorable substrate for production of fodder yeasts. Kluyveromyces marxianus NRRL Y-610 yielded significantly more cell dry weight than other cultures examined. In shake-flask experiments, the yeast produced over 13 g of cell dry weight per liter of corn silage juice and completely consumed the organic pollutants (lactic acid, acetic acid, and ethanol). The yeast settled rapidly and had a yeast volume index of 21 ml/g. The results indicate that K. marxianus NRRL Y-610 could be used to efficiently remove lactic acid and other organic compounds from corn silage juice with the concomitant production of fodder yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong D Hang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456, USA.
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