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Global hypo-methylation in a proportion of glioblastoma enriched for an astrocytic signature is associated with increased invasion and altered immune landscape. eLife 2022; 11:e77335. [PMID: 36412091 PMCID: PMC9681209 DOI: 10.7554/elife.77335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a subset of glioblastoma, the most prevalent malignant adult brain tumour, harbouring a bias towards hypomethylation at defined differentially methylated regions. This epigenetic signature correlates with an enrichment for an astrocytic gene signature, which together with the identification of enriched predicted binding sites of transcription factors known to cause demethylation and to be involved in astrocytic/glial lineage specification, point to a shared ontogeny between these glioblastomas and astroglial progenitors. At functional level, increased invasiveness, at least in part mediated by SRPX2, and macrophage infiltration characterise this subset of glioblastoma.
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Comparative epigenetic analysis of tumour initiating cells and syngeneic EPSC-derived neural stem cells in glioblastoma. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6130. [PMID: 34675201 PMCID: PMC8531305 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26297-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms which play an essential role in normal developmental processes, such as self-renewal and fate specification of neural stem cells (NSC) are also responsible for some of the changes in the glioblastoma (GBM) genome. Here we develop a strategy to compare the epigenetic and transcriptional make-up of primary GBM cells (GIC) with patient-matched expanded potential stem cell (EPSC)-derived NSC (iNSC). Using a comparative analysis of the transcriptome of syngeneic GIC/iNSC pairs, we identify a glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-mediated mechanism of recruitment of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in GBM. Integrated analysis of the transcriptome and DNA methylome of GBM cells identifies druggable target genes and patient-specific prediction of drug response in primary GIC cultures, which is validated in 3D and in vivo models. Taken together, we provide a proof of principle that this experimental pipeline has the potential to identify patient-specific disease mechanisms and druggable targets in GBM.
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Role of Lamin A/C as Candidate Biomarker of Aggressiveness and Tumorigenicity in Glioblastoma Multiforme. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9101343. [PMID: 34680461 PMCID: PMC8533312 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear lamina components have long been regarded as scaffolding proteins, forming a dense fibrillar structure necessary for the maintenance of the nucleus shape in all the animal kingdom. More recently, mutations, aberrant localisation and deregulation of these proteins have been linked to several diseases, including cancer. Using publicly available data we found that the increased expression levels of the nuclear protein Lamin A/C correlate with a reduced overall survival in The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network (TCGA) patients affected by glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). We show that the expression of the LMNA gene is linked to the enrichment of cancer-related pathways, particularly pathways related to cell adhesion and cell migration. Mimicking the modulation of LMNA in a GBM preclinical cancer model, we confirmed both in vitro and in vivo that the increased expression of LMNA is associated with an increased aggressiveness and tumorigenicity. In addition, delving into the possible mechanism behind LMNA-induced GBM aggressiveness and tumorigenicity, we found that the mTORC2 component, Rictor, plays a central role in mediating these effects.
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Microglia promote glioblastoma via mTOR-mediated immunosuppression of the tumour microenvironment. EMBO J 2020; 39:e103790. [PMID: 32567735 PMCID: PMC7396846 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019103790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour-associated microglia/macrophages (TAM) are the most numerous non-neoplastic populations in the tumour microenvironment in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most common malignant brain tumour in adulthood. The mTOR pathway, an important regulator of cell survival/proliferation, is upregulated in GBM, but little is known about the potential role of this pathway in TAM. Here, we show that GBM-initiating cells induce mTOR signalling in the microglia but not bone marrow-derived macrophages in both in vitro and in vivo GBM mouse models. mTOR-dependent regulation of STAT3 and NF-κB activity promotes an immunosuppressive microglial phenotype. This hinders effector T-cell infiltration, proliferation and immune reactivity, thereby contributing to tumour immune evasion and promoting tumour growth in mouse models. The translational value of our results is demonstrated in whole transcriptome datasets of human GBM and in a novel in vitro model, whereby expanded-potential stem cells (EPSC)-derived microglia-like cells are conditioned by syngeneic patient-derived GBM-initiating cells. These results raise the possibility that microglia could be the primary target of mTOR inhibition, rather than the intrinsic tumour cells in GBM.
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Circulating miRNAs in Small Extracellular Vesicles Secreted by a Human Melanoma Xenograft in Mouse Brains. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061635. [PMID: 32575666 PMCID: PMC7352810 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of liquid biomarkers remains a major challenge to improve the diagnosis of melanoma patients with brain metastases. Circulating miRNAs packaged into tumor-secreted small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) contribute to tumor progression. To investigate the release of tumor-secreted miRNAs by brain metastasis, we developed a xenograft model where human metastatic melanoma cells were injected intracranially in nude mice. The comprehensive profiles of both free miRNAs and those packaged in sEVs secreted by the melanoma cells in the plasma demonstrated that most (80%) of the sEV-associated miRNAs were also present in serum EVs from a cohort of metastatic melanomas, included in a publicly available dataset. Remarkably, among them, we found three miRNAs (miR-224-5p, miR-130a-3p and miR-21-5p) in sEVs showing a trend of upregulation during melanoma progression. Our model is proven to be valuable for identifying miRNAs in EVs that are unequivocally secreted by melanoma cells in the brain and could be associated to disease progression.
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Polycomb-mediated repression of EphrinA5 promotes growth and invasion of glioblastoma. Oncogene 2020; 39:2523-2538. [PMID: 31988455 PMCID: PMC7082224 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-1161-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and most aggressive intrinsic brain tumour in adults. Integrated transcriptomic and epigenomic analyses of glioblastoma initiating cells (GIC) in a mouse model uncovered a novel epigenetic regulation of EfnA5. In this model, Bmi1 enhances H3K27me3 at the EfnA5 locus and reinforces repression of selected target genes in a cellular context-dependent fashion. EfnA5 mediates Bmi1-dependent proliferation and invasion in vitro and tumour formation in an allograft model. Importantly, we show that this novel Polycomb feed-forward loop is also active in human GIC and we provide pre-clinical evidence of druggability of the EFNA5 signalling pathway in GBM xenografts overexpressing Bmi1.
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Abstract
Established cell lines have been extensively used in cancer research. They are easy to obtain and expand and are composed of a relatively uniform population of cells. When experimental conditions are kept standard, these cells allow a high reproducibility of experimental findings from independent research groups. However, because these cell lines have been propagated in culture for decades, additional genetic lesions may be acquired leading to modification of their characteristics as compared to the original tumor. Primary cultures represent a valid alternative. Here, we describe standardized protocols to establish medulloblastoma (MB) patient-derived primary cultures from fresh tumor samples. MB primary cells grow as an adherent culture on a laminin coating and can be propagated in vitro for a limited number of passages, therefore reducing the chances to accumulate molecular alterations compared to long-term cultures. Consequently, they better resemble the original tumor both in terms of biological behavior and molecular characteristics. Low-passage MB primary cells can be used as an in vitro model for biochemical studies and functional assays, representing a useful tool to dissect the contribution of molecular pathways to MB pathogenesis. They can also represent a useful screening tool for potential therapeutic agents in preclinical studies.
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THREE-DIMENSIONAL MULTICOLOUR LINEAGE TRACING OF INTRINSIC BRAIN TUMOUR MODELS. Neuro Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noy129.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Inhibition of GPR158 by microRNA-449a suppresses neural lineage of glioma stem/progenitor cells and correlates with higher glioma grades. Oncogene 2018; 37:4313-4333. [PMID: 29720725 PMCID: PMC6072706 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0277-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
To identify biomarkers for glioma growth, invasion and progression, we used a candidate gene approach in mouse models with two complementary brain tumour phenotypes, developing either slow-growing, diffusely infiltrating gliomas or highly proliferative, non-invasive primitive neural tumours. In a microRNA screen we first identified microRNA-449a as most significantly differentially expressed between these two tumour types. miR-449a has a target dependent effect, inhibiting cell growth and migration by downregulation of CCND1 and suppressing neural phenotypes by inhibition of G protein coupled-receptor (GPR) 158. GPR158 promotes glioma stem cell differentiation and induces apoptosis and is highest expressed in the cerebral cortex and in oligodendrogliomas, lower in IDH mutant astrocytomas and lowest in the most malignant form of glioma, IDH wild-type glioblastoma. The correlation of GPR158 expression with molecular subtypes, patient survival and therapy response suggests a possible role of GPR158 as prognostic biomarker in human gliomas.
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Dissection of Bmi1-mediated epigenetic regulation of target genes in glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nox237.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Convergence of BMI1 and CHD7 on ERK Signaling in Medulloblastoma. Cell Rep 2017; 21:2772-2784. [PMID: 29212025 PMCID: PMC5732319 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe molecular convergence between BMI1 and CHD7 in the initiation of medulloblastoma. Identified in a functional genomic screen in mouse models, a BMI1High;CHD7Low expression signature within medulloblastoma characterizes patients with poor overall survival. We show that BMI1-mediated repression of the ERK1/2 pathway leads to increased proliferation and tumor burden in primary human MB cells and in a xenograft model, respectively. We provide evidence that repression of the ERK inhibitor DUSP4 by BMI1 is dependent on a more accessible chromatin configuration in G4 MB cells with low CHD7 expression. These findings extend current knowledge of the role of BMI1 and CHD7 in medulloblastoma pathogenesis, and they raise the possibility that pharmacological targeting of BMI1 or ERK may be particularly indicated in a subgroup of MB with low expression levels of CHD7.
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GENE-27. DIFFERENTIAL LEVELS OF H3K27me3 AT THE EfnA5 PROMOTER ARE CONTROLLED BY Bmi1 THROUGH MODULATION OF JmjD3 IN GLIOBLASTOMA. Neuro Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nox168.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Down-regulation of the Lamin A/C in neuroblastoma triggers the expansion of tumor initiating cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:32821-40. [PMID: 26439802 PMCID: PMC4741732 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-initiating cells constitute a population within a tumor mass that shares properties with normal stem cells and is considered responsible for therapy failure in many cancers. We have previously demonstrated that knockdown of the nuclear envelope component Lamin A/C in human neuroblastoma cells inhibits retinoic acid-mediated differentiation and results in a more aggressive phenotype. In addition, Lamin A/C is often lost in advanced tumors and changes in the nuclear envelope composition occur during tumor progression. Based on our previous data and considering that Lamin A/C is expressed in differentiated tissues, we hypothesize that the lack of Lamin A/C could predispose cells toward a stem-like phenotype, thus influencing the development of tumor-initiating cells in neuroblastoma. This paper demonstrates that knockdown of Lamin A/C triggers the development of a tumor-initiating cell population with self-renewing features in human neuroblastoma cells. We also demonstrates that the development of TICs is due to an increased expression of MYCN gene and that in neuroblastoma exists an inverse relationship between LMNA and MYCN expression.
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Confocal Analysis of Nuclear Lamina Behavior during Male Meiosis and Spermatogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151231. [PMID: 26963718 PMCID: PMC4786128 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lamin family proteins are structural components of a filamentous framework, the nuclear lamina (NL), underlying the inner membrane of nuclear envelope. The NL not only plays a role in nucleus mechanical support and nuclear shaping, but is also involved in many cellular processes including DNA replication, gene expression and chromatin positioning. Spermatogenesis is a very complex differentiation process in which each stage is characterized by nuclear architecture dramatic changes, from the early mitotic stage to the sperm differentiation final stage. Nevertheless, very few data are present in the literature on the NL behavior during this process. Here we show the first and complete description of NL behavior during meiosis and spermatogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster. By confocal imaging, we characterized the NL modifications from mitotic stages, through meiotic divisions to sperm differentiation with an anti-laminDm0 antibody against the major component of the Drosophila NL. We observed that continuous changes in the NL structure occurred in parallel with chromatin reorganization throughout the whole process and that meiotic divisions occurred in a closed context. Finally, we analyzed NL in solofuso meiotic mutant, where chromatin segregation is severely affected, and found the strict correlation between the presence of chromatin and that of NL.
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Human placenta-derived neurospheres are susceptible to transformation after extensive in vitro expansion. Stem Cell Res Ther 2014; 5:55. [PMID: 24754904 PMCID: PMC4055136 DOI: 10.1186/scrt444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The cancer stem cell model links neoplastic cells with normal stem cell biology, but little is known on how normal stem cells are transformed into cancer stem cells. Methods To investigate the processes underlying the transformation of normal stem cells we developed in vitro a cancer stem cell model from human amniotic and chorionic placenta membranes. In this model we studied the expression of specific stem cell molecules by flow cytometry, and genes, by real time RT-PCR. Microscopy immunfluorescence was employed to investigate the proliferative and differentiation patterns. Fluorescence microscopy and FACS were employed to investigate the proliferative and differentiation patterns. To evaluate the tumorigenic potential of our model we injected the cells into NOD.CB17-Prkdcscid/NCrHsd mice. Results Normal human stem cells from amniotic and chorionic placenta membranes were converted into neural cell lineages, under specific conditions, to form secondary neurospheres with a capacity for self-renewal. After extensive in vitro culture, these cells underwent spontaneous transformations and acquired a neuroblastoma (NB)-like phenotype with an elevated proliferative potential that is comparable to established neuroblastoma cell lines. The ability of these cells to transform their phenotype was evidenced by increased clonogenic ability in vitro; by augmented expression level of certain proliferation- and transformation-related genes (e.g., CCNA2, MYCN, ENPP2, GRIA3, and KIT); by the presence of multinucleated and hyperdiploid cells. We further demonstrated that the transformed phenotype is an NB by measuring the expression of NB-specific markers, disialoganglioside GD2 and N-Myc proteins. Conclusions We have developed a cancer stem cell model starting from normal human stem cells derived from amniotic and chorionic placenta membranes. These cells are able to differentiate into neural cell lineages and to undergo spontaneous transformations and acquire an NB-like phenotype.
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MYCN gene expression is required for the onset of the differentiation programme in neuroblastoma cells. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1081. [PMID: 24556696 PMCID: PMC3944258 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is an embryonic tumour of the sympathetic nervous system and is one of the most common cancers in childhood. A high differentiation stage has been associated with a favourable outcome; however, the mechanisms governing neuroblastoma cell differentiation are not completely understood. The MYCN gene is considered the hallmark of neuroblastoma. Even though it has been reported that MYCN has a role during embryonic development, it is needed its decrease so that differentiation can be completed. We aimed to better define the role of MYCN in the differentiation processes, particularly during the early stages. Considering the ability of MYCN to regulate non-coding RNAs, our hypothesis was that N-Myc protein might be necessary to activate differentiation (mimicking embryonic development events) by regulating miRNAs critical for this process. We show that MYCN expression increased in embryonic cortical neural precursor cells at an early stage after differentiation induction. To investigate our hypothesis, we used human neuroblastoma cell lines. In LAN-5 neuroblastoma cells, MYCN was upregulated after 2 days of differentiation induction before its expected downregulation. Positive modulation of various differentiation markers was associated with the increased MYCN expression. Similarly, MYCN silencing inhibited such differentiation, leading to negative modulation of various differentiation markers. Furthermore, MYCN gene overexpression in the poorly differentiating neuroblastoma cell line SK-N-AS restored the ability of such cells to differentiate. We identified three key miRNAs, which could regulate the onset of differentiation programme in the neuroblastoma cells in which we modulated MYCN. Interestingly, these effects were accompanied by changes in the apoptotic compartment evaluated both as expression of apoptosis-related genes and as fraction of apoptotic cells. Therefore, our idea is that MYCN is necessary during the activation of neuroblastoma differentiation to induce apoptosis in cells that are not committed to differentiate.
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The antiretroviral agent saquinavir enhances hTERT expression and telomerase activity in human T leukaemia cells in vitro. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2013; 32:38. [PMID: 23759068 PMCID: PMC3682913 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-32-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Saquinavir, a protease inhibitor utilized in HIV infection, shows antitumor activity in various experimental models. In previous studies performed in our laboratory the drug was found to induce a substantial increase of telomerase activity in normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Aim of the present investigation was to test whether saquinavir was able to increase telomerase activity and the expression of the catalytic subunit of telomerase, hTERT, in human malignant hematopoietic cells. METHODS Human Jurkat CD4+ T cell leukaemia cell line was used throughout the present study. The antiproliferative effect of saquinavir was tested by the MTT assay. Telomerase activity was determined according to the telomeric repeat amplification protocol. The expression of hTERT mRNA was semi-quantitative evaluated by RT-PCR amplification and quantitative Real Time PCR. The binding of the transcription factor c-Myc to its specific E-Box DNA binding-site of hTERT promoter was analyzed by Electophoretic Mobility Shift Assay (EMSA). The amount of c-Myc in cytoplasm and nucleus of leukemia cells was determined by Western Blot analysis, and c-Myc down-regulation was obtained by siRNA transfection. RESULTS Saquinavir produced a substantial increase of telomerase activity in Jurkat cells in vitro without increasing but rather reducing target cell proliferation rate. Telomerase up-regulation appeared to be the result of enhanced expression of hTERT. Saquinavir-mediated up-regulation of hTERT gene was the result of the increased binding of proteins to the E-Box sequence of the promoter. Moreover, saquinavir amplified the expression of c-Myc especially in the nuclear cell fraction. The direct influence of saquinavir on this transcription factor was also demonstrated by the antagonistic effect of the drug on siRNA induced c-Myc suppression. Since c-Myc is the main responsible for hTERT transcription, these findings suggest that the main mechanism underlying saquinavir-induced telomerase activation is mediated by c-Myc up-regulation. CONCLUSIONS Saquinavir augments hTERT expression while inhibiting leukemic cell growth. Experimental evidences show that this effect is mediated by saquinavir-influenced increase of c-Myc levels. This could have relevance in terms of enhanced hTERT-dependent tumor cell immunogenicity and suggests new paharmacological approaches interfering with c-Myc dependent pathways.
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The Pierre Auger Research and Development Array (RDA) in southeastern Colorado – R&D for a giant ground array. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2013. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/20135308017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic reactions to beta-lactam antibiotics represent the most frequent cause of immunological drug reactions. OBJECTIVE This study evaluates the involvement of genetic susceptibility factors in patients with immediate allergic reactions to beta-lactams. We examined 15 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of genes coding proteins implicated in immunoglobulin (Ig)E synthesis regulation. METHODS We performed a case-control study involving 44 patients with immediate beta-lactam allergy and 44 control subjects, all matched for sex and atopy. Interleukin (IL)-4, IL-13, IL-4Ralpha, signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6), interferon (IFN)-gammaR1, IFN-gammaR2 and FcepsilonRIbeta gene polymorphisms were determined using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) restriction fragment length polymorphism, and IL-21R gene and IL-10 promoter polymorphisms by direct sequencing. RESULTS Our analysis did not reveal differences in the distribution of the 15 SNPs between allergic patients and controls. However, among atopic subjects, we found two distinct significant associations between immediate beta-lactam allergy in women and the Ile75Val variant of IL-4Ralpha gene (P = 0.012, OR = 5.4, CI: 1.16-27.7), and two linked IL-10 promoter gene polymorphisms, -819C>T and -592 C>A (P = 0.023, OR = 17.5, CI: 1.26-533.07). In contrast, we observed no association in allergic male subjects in the atopic population. Interestingly, the IL-4Ralpha Ile75Val variant could have a paradoxal protective effect in atopic male patients (P = 0.004, OR = 0.07, CI: 0.01-0.66). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that polymorphisms in the IL-10 promoter and IL-4Ralpha genes are genetic factors that favour beta-lactam immediate allergies in female patients with atopy.
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Drug hypersensitivity: epidemiology and risk factors. Curr Pharm Des 2006; 12:3309-12. [PMID: 17017925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Drug allergies are heterogeneous and multifactorial diseases and are always the consequence of an exaggerated immune-mediated reaction. Previously described models of immunologic mechanisms (mainly based on Gell and Combs' classification) cannot fully explain the physiopathology of these diseases; it seems therefore important to identify risk factors. Clinical and biologic tests are helpful diagnostic tools but are limited in their sensitivity and reliability and are certainly not predictive. Epidemiologic data supply information concerning the prevalence of drug hypersensitivity: female gender, concomitant infections (HIV, herpes) and concurrent illnesses (systemic lupus erythematosus) are all significant risk factors. Another host-related factor is the genetic predisposition of patients and is currently under investigation in our laboratory. Most genetic studies concern HLA haplotype association or polymorphism in genes encoding drug-metabolising enzymes. A current study by our group seems to implicate polymorphisms within the promoter of IL-10, a cytokine with anti-inflammatory properties. The chemical properties of the drug and the treatment regimen also influence the development of drug allergies.
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094 IFN-gamma-mediated inhibition of human IgE synthesis by IL-21 is associated with a polymorphism in the IL-21 R gene. Rev Mal Respir 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0761-8425(05)92506-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Detection of functional platelet-activating factor receptors on leukemic B cells of chronic lymphocytic leukemic patients. Leuk Lymphoma 2004; 45:515-8. [PMID: 15160913 DOI: 10.1080/1042819032000141293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Although platelet-activating factor receptors (PAF-R) are reported on normal B cells, few results are available concerning leukemic ones. We demonstrated functional PAF-R on cell and nuclear surfaces of leukemic B cells of chronic lymphocytic leukemic (CLL) patients. Analysis of 102 patients revealed dramatic differences for their membrane PAF-R expression, a result that might be related to their plasma IL-4 levels. In the light of the potent immunoregulatory role of PAF on B cell physiology, it is suggested that the presence or absence of PAF-R on leukemic B cells may profoundly affect their in vivo behavior.
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Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Sorting for the Generation of Transgenic Mice by Sedimentation Field-Flow Fractionation. Anal Chem 2004; 76:1580-5. [PMID: 15018554 DOI: 10.1021/ac030218e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells are an important tool for generation of transgenic mice and genetically modified mice. A rapid and efficient separation of ES cells that respects cell integrity, viability, and their developmental potential while also allowing purified ES fraction collection under sterile conditions might be of great interest to facilitate the generation of chimeric animals. In this study, we demonstrated for the first time the effectiveness of a sedimentation field-flow fractionation (SdFFF) cell sorter to provide, with a characteristic DNA content, a purified ES cell fraction and with a high in vivo developmental potential to prepare transgenic mice by generation of chimeras having a high percentage of chimerism.
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Presence of membrane platelet-activating factor receptors on B cells of chronic B cell leukaemia patients. Leuk Lymphoma 2003; 44:1087-8. [PMID: 12854918 DOI: 10.1080/1042819031000083352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Membrane and intracellular platelet-activating factor receptor expression in leukemic blasts of patients with acute myeloid and lymphoid leukemia. Stem Cells 2003; 20:394-401. [PMID: 12351810 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.20-5-394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor (PAF), a phospholipid mediator with a wide range of actions on mature leukocytes, acts through PAF-receptors (PAF-Rs) on the membranes of responsive cells. No results are available concerning the putative presence of PAF-Rs on leukemic blasts. Using multiparameter flow cytometry, we assessed intracellular and membrane PAF-Rs on blast cells of acute myeloid leukemic (AML) and acute lymphoid leukemic (ALL) patients. Membrane PAF-Rs were documented in 7/15 cases of ALL and 0/28 cases of AML. Putative intracellular PAF-Rs were found in blasts of 8/8 ALL and 13/13 AML patients. Vitamin D(3) and dimethyl sulfoxide that induced the expression of PAF-Rs on the membrane of the human promyelocytic leukemia cell line, HL60, failed to induce their expression on the membranes of CD34(+) AML blasts. The lack of membrane PAF-Rs on the membranes of AML blasts confirms that these receptors represent a marker of mature cells and that their membrane induction is a consequence of cell maturation and differentiation.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Adult
- Aged
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD34/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/immunology
- Biomarkers, Tumor/immunology
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Membrane/immunology
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/immunology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Humans
- Intracellular Fluid/immunology
- Intracellular Fluid/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphoid/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphoid/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/immunology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Male
- Platelet Activating Factor/immunology
- Platelet Activating Factor/metabolism
- Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/immunology
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled
- Sialic Acid Binding Ig-like Lectin 3
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28
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Testing the effect of selectors in the control of bulking and foaming in full scale activated-sludge plants. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2002; 46:495-498. [PMID: 12216675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Selectors were operated at four full-scale activated sludge plants to control bulking and foaming problems due to filamentous microorganisms. Selector effectiveness was not related to reduction of biodegradable organic matter in the contact zone, but was related to soluble COD levels in selector effluent. Significant reductions in the numbers of filamentous m icroorganisms were reported.
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29
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30
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Abstract
The local government of Regione Lombardia, Italy, recently (1994) funded a clinical and research project specifically devoted to dementia (Piano Alzheimer). A central role in this project has been reserved for the special care units (SCUs) for demented patients with behavioral disturbances. In order to evaluate their effectiveness, eight SCUs took part in this study. A specifically designed care program, focusing on environment and staff, was implemented in each SCU. Cognitive, functional, and somatic health status, and use of psychotropic drugs and of physical restraints were assessed at baseline, and after 3 and 6 months in 55 consecutively admitted patients. The data show an overall reduction in behavioral disturbances and a decreased use of psychotropic drugs and physical restraints.
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31
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[The body and its meanings]. PROFESSIONI INFERMIERISTICHE 1996; 49:27-30. [PMID: 9096040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The human body is the natural object of studies, analyses and care in the health field. The Authors, starting from this remark and taking the body language and its meaning into consideration, point out that the body contact allows either to deliver an adequate nursing care or to take off dignity and humanity. A concise review of the human body significance during the course of history makes us aware that, as a matter of fact, the different and opposite conceptions that followed one another haven't made the concept of body definitively clear. Inside the care field, the knowledge and use of the body language--complementary to the verbal one--assumes many different meanings, that can condition the relation process in a substantial way.
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32
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[1000 osteoarthrosis patients in treatment with GGGs: an assessment of joint pain]. Minerva Med 1995; 86:175-80. [PMID: 7623975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The analgesic activity of a chondroprotective agent--galactosamineglucuronoglycan sulphate (Condral) was evaluated in the course of an open investigation in a large number of outpatients attending the Istituto Emilio Bruzzone of Genoa or related Centres. Out of 1720 outpatients seen, 1000 were treated for 2 years with 800-1200 mg daily of GGG in one single administration (2-3 sachets or capsules of 400 mg) By the results obtained GGG was shown to have analgesic activity in a large number of cases. Tolerance of the treatment was good and no significant clinical side effects were ever observed.
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33
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[The organization of a working group for the prevention of decubitus lesions]. RIVISTA DELL'INFERMIERE 1989; 8:179-89. [PMID: 2517355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The authors report the results of a two years monitoring program focused on patients at risk of and with bedsores in the general hospital of Castelfranco Veneto. The purpose of the multidisciplinary exercise (which saw the participation of nurses, pharmacists, doctors) was the activation and the evaluation of treatment protocols. The overall recruited sample included 679 patients, with a prevalence of 61% of lesions at the occasion of the first observation, and of 57% in the last one. The hardly quantitatively different prevalence is better understood from a qualitative point of view: the number of lesions per patients drops slightly from 1.9 to 1.7; one out of four of the "at risk" patients became "at no risk"; a 30% improvement is observed with respect to treatment efficacy. It is suggested that a positive effect may be obtained through a sustained attention to the problem and the careful definition of the interventions to be planned.
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34
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Behaviour in biotin-deficient rats of thymic peptides controlling DNA transcription. ARCHIVES INTERNATIONALES DE PHYSIOLOGIE ET DE BIOCHIMIE 1980; 88:163-8. [PMID: 6159840 DOI: 10.3109/13813458009075681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Biotin-deficient rats show a slowing down of the growth and an involution of the thymus. The amount of the thymic peptides controlling DNA template, if referred to the thymus weight is higher in deficient than in control rats; no significant difference is noticed among the contents of the active peptides when evaluated per rat. The inhibiting activity on RNA synthesis is the same for the peptides extracted from normal and from biotin-deficient rat thymus.
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35
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Inhibition of exogenous mRNA translation in a cell-free system by chromatin peptides from calf thymus. Mol Biol Rep 1980; 6:27-9. [PMID: 7393223 DOI: 10.1007/bf00775750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Low molecular weight chromatin peptides isolated from calf thymus by affinity chromatography on DNA-cellulose inhibit significantly translation of exogenous isolated mRNA in a reticulocyte cell-free system. Translation with endogenous mRNA present in the system is not inhibited by low peptide concentrations. The data obtained combined with the previous findings suggest that chromatin peptides control gene expression at two levels: transcription and translation.
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36
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Specific thymic peptides-DNA interaction. Correlation with the possible stereochemical kinking scheme of DNA. Mol Biol Rep 1979; 4:195-201. [PMID: 35742 DOI: 10.1007/bf00777553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Low molecular weight peptides from calf thymus cause a strong dose-dependent stabilization of the DNA. The strength od DNA-peptide interaction is pH-dependent and decreases repidly above pH 6.5. Moreover the complete kinetics of DNA denaturation and renaturation demonstrates that the peptide fraction increases significantly the DNA renaturation mostly at low temperature, showing that the interaction DNA-thymic effector helps the recombination of complementary DNA segments. The DNA stabilization rate by the peptide fraction is comparable to that obtained by means of high concentration of histones or synthetic polycationic peptides. However, the lack of basic amino acids in the peptide structure is not in favor of strong electrostatic interactions and implies a specific binding of peptide to DNA. The possible correlation of the specific thymic peptides-DNA interaction with the stereochemical kinking scheme of DNA is discussed.
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37
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Low molecular weight peptides controlling transcription are present in the calf thymus chromatin structure. Mol Biol Rep 1977; 3:429-36. [PMID: 593273 DOI: 10.1007/bf00808384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A calf thymus peptide fraction controlling DNA and chromatin template has been purified by DNA-cellulose and Dowex 50 WX2 chromatography and its amino acid composition determined. The active peptide fraction can be extracted in high pH buffer from calf thymus native chromatin previously deproteinized by chloroform-isamyl alcohol and phenol. These data demonstrate that the thymic peptide(s) is (are) a chromatin protein constituent strongly linked to DNA. The specificity in association of the peptide(s) to DNA has also been considered.
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38
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Low-molecular-weight peptide inhibits RNA synthesis in human leukemic and phytohemagglutinin-stimulated leukocytes and globin mRNA transcription in differentiating Friend cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1977; 74:3869-73. [PMID: 269438 PMCID: PMC431764 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.74.9.3869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The RNA synthesis of human leukemic leukocytes and phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes is markedly reduced by administration of a low-molecular-weight nonhistone peptide factor from calf thymus. Treatment with the factor strongly inhibits hemoglobin production and globin mRNA transcription in dimethyl sulfoxide-stimulated Friend cells without appreciably modifying the rate of cell growth. Evidence for specificity of these effects is provided by the lack of action of the factor on both growth rate and RNA synthesis of a number of nondifferentiating cell lines from various animal species. After removal of the compound, both human lymphocytes and Friend cells can be stimulated by phytohemagglutinin and by dimethyl sulfoxide, respectively, ruling out any toxic effect.
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39
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Stabilization of double-stranded DNA molecule by non-histone peptidic effector from calf thymus. Mol Biol Rep 1976; 3:55-64. [PMID: 1034203 DOI: 10.1007/bf00357209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A peptidic effector from calf thymus causes a strong stabilization of DNA double-stranded molecule in vitro. The active factor was isolated from aqueous ultrafiltered thymus extracts and purified by means of chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and then on Dowex 50 WX2. The purified thymic factor was characterized as a peptide of low molecular weight (less than 5000). The biological activity of the thymic factor cannot be attributed to a histone fragment. Melting data of the control DNA and of the DNA-active factor complex in various conditions of ionic strength and dielectric constant of the solution medium are recorded.
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40
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Restriction of template capacity of rat liver chromatin by a non-histone peptide from calf thymus. Nature 1976; 262:622-3. [PMID: 958432 DOI: 10.1038/262622a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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41
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Evidence for the presence in calf thymus of a peptidic factor controlling DNA transcription in vitro. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1975; 414:9-19. [PMID: 1191703 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(75)90121-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A thymic factor causes a strong inhibition of the DNA-directed RNA polymerase reaction in vitro. The active factor was isolated from aqueous ultrafiltered thymus extracts and purified by means of chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and then on Dowex 50 WX2. The purified thymic factor was characterized as a peptide of low molecular weight (less than 5000). The biological activity of the thymic factor cannot be attributed to the presence of a nuclease or of a histone fragment. The RNA synthesis is controlled by this factor by means of electrostatic interactions between the peptide compound and DNA. Inhibitory activity on RNA synthesis was absent from kidney extracts.
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42
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Regulation by thymus extracts of RNA synthesis in spleen cells "in vitro". BOLLETTINO DELLA SOCIETA ITALIANA DI BIOLOGIA SPERIMENTALE 1975; 51:1497-500. [PMID: 1231835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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43
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An aqueous thymus extract modifies DNA-proteins interactions in the liver of old rats. Spectrophotometrical data. EXPERIENTIA 1974; 30:1049-50. [PMID: 4411954 DOI: 10.1007/bf01939003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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44
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[Possible reparative action of aqueous extracts of thymus on cultures of E. coli B damaged by ultraviolet light]. BOLLETTINO DELLA SOCIETA ITALIANA DI BIOLOGIA SPERIMENTALE 1974; 50:1102-7. [PMID: 4618782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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45
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An aqueous thymus extract modifies DNA-protein interactions in the liver of old rats. Spectrophotometrical data. EXPERIENTIA 1974; 30:213-4. [PMID: 4814619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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46
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[Influence of the concentration of pyrimidine nucleosides on the metabolic activity of E. coli B. II. Ribonucleotide reductase; CTP synthetase]. BOLLETTINO DELLA SOCIETA ITALIANA DI BIOLOGIA SPERIMENTALE 1973; 49:1097-103. [PMID: 4605750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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47
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[Influence of the concentration of pyrimidine nucleosides on the metabolic activity of E. coli B. I. Behavior of uridine-H3 uptake in relation to the presence of inert nucleosides]. BOLLETTINO DELLA SOCIETA ITALIANA DI BIOLOGIA SPERIMENTALE 1973; 49:1090-6. [PMID: 4605749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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48
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[Fractionation on Sephadex of an aqueous extract of thymus gland manifesting a regulatory action on RNA synthesis by E. coli B]. BOLLETTINO DELLA SOCIETA ITALIANA DI BIOLOGIA SPERIMENTALE 1973; 49:1085-9. [PMID: 4605679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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49
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[Treatment of Parkinson's disease with L-dopa]. LA CLINICA TERAPEUTICA 1970; 53:259-69. [PMID: 4917328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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