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Martinotti G, Festa GM, Ceci F, Di Muzio I, Callea A, Capparelli A, Bonifaci L, Chillemi E, Pepe M, Pettorruso M, Chiappini S, Di Nicola M, Janiri L. Evaluating Craving in Alcohol Use Disorder: Psychometric Characteristics of the Craving Typology Questionnaire-15 (CTQ-15). Alcohol Alcohol 2023; 58:142-150. [PMID: 36283997 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agac051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The Craving Typology Questionnaire (CTQ) is a psychometric instrument used to assess alcohol craving in normal controls and subjects with alcohol use disorder (AUD). It allows a dimensional self-rating assessment of craving according to a three-pathway psychobiological model of craving distinguishing craving into a reward, relief and obsessive component. The aim of the present study is to evaluate psychometric properties of the CTQ-15, a revised version of CTQ with 15 items. METHODS The CTQ-15 was firstly administered to two groups of control subjects, one (414 subjects) used for the exploratory factor analysis and the other one (415 subjects) for the confirmatory factor analysis. A three-factor model was assessed and compared to alternative models. RESULTS The resulting structure was in line with the original scale CTQ. Obsessive craving accounted for 15.20% of the total variance, relief craving for the 13.99% and reward craving for 13.13% of the total variance. The three-factor model (M1) reached good fit indices (CFI = 0.96, TLI = 0.95, RMSEA = 0.06 and SRMR = 0.05) and was significantly better than other alternative models. Reliability showed good internal consistency for each scale, i.e. obsessive craving (α = 0.92), relief craving (α = 0.82) and reward craving (α = 0.81). CONCLUSIONS The CTQ-15 proved to be reliable and practical for identifying the three dimensions of craving in clinical practice. Craving plays a crucial role in the mechanisms of dependence and relapse; thus, characterizing the craving can be fundamental to a targeted drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Martinotti
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. D'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy.,Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Giuseppe Manuel Festa
- Pontifical Faculty of Educational Sciences «AUXILIUM», Via Cremolino 141, Rome 00166, Italy.,Interdisciplinary Institute of Advanced Clinical Training «IACT», Rome 00186, Italy
| | - Franca Ceci
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. D'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy
| | - Ilenia Di Muzio
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. D'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy
| | - Antonino Callea
- Department of Human Science, Lumsa University, Borgo S. Angelo 13, Rome 00193, Italy
| | - Ada Capparelli
- Department of Human Science, Lumsa University, Borgo S. Angelo 13, Rome 00193, Italy
| | - Ludovica Bonifaci
- Department of Human Science, Lumsa University, Borgo S. Angelo 13, Rome 00193, Italy
| | - Eleonora Chillemi
- Villa Maria Pia Psychiatric Hospital, Via del Forte Trionfale 36, Rome 00135, Italy
| | - Maria Pepe
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, 00168, Italy
| | - Mauro Pettorruso
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. D'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy
| | - Stefania Chiappini
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. D'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy.,Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Marco Di Nicola
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, 00168, Italy.,Department of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, 00168, Italy
| | - Luigi Janiri
- Department of Human Science, Lumsa University, Borgo S. Angelo 13, Rome 00193, Italy
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Martinotti G, Lupi M, Carlucci L, Cinosi E, Santacroce R, Acciavatti T, Chillemi E, Bonifaci L, Janiri L, Di Giannantonio M. Novel psychoactive substances: use and knowledge among adolescents and young adults in urban and rural areas. Hum Psychopharmacol 2015. [PMID: 26216566 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Novel psychoactive substances (NPS) are new psychotropic drugs, not scheduled under the International Conventions on Psychotropic Substances, but which may pose a relevant public health threat. In this study, we investigated knowledge and use of NPS in a sample of Italian youth in urban and rural areas. METHODS Between December 2012 and October 2013, we administered a questionnaire to a sample of 3011 healthy subjects (44.7% men; 55.3% women), aged between 16 and 24 years and recruited in urban, intermediate and rural areas of Italy. RESULTS Of the global sample, 53.3% declared to have some knowledge on NPS, with a higher knowledge in urban areas. Mephedrone (26%), desomorphine (22.6%) and methamphetamine (21.7%) were the most commonly known drugs. NPS use was reported by 4.7% of the sample, without significant differences between urban and rural areas; mephedrone (3.3%), synthetic cannabinoids (1.2%) and Salvia divinorum (0.3%) consumption has been identified. NPS use was also predictive of binge-drinking behaviours (χ(2) (4) = 929.58, p < .001). DISCUSSION Urban areas may represent a focal point for preventive strategies, given the presence of higher levels of NPS knowledge. Moreover, the association between binge-drinking habits and NPS use was really strong. This issue should not be underestimated because of its medical, psychopathological and social consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Martinotti
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, " G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Matteo Lupi
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, " G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Leonardo Carlucci
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Humanities and Territory, " G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Eduardo Cinosi
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, " G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Rita Santacroce
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, " G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Tiziano Acciavatti
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, " G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
| | | | | | - Luigi Janiri
- Institute of Psychiatry and Psychology, Catholic University Medical School, Rome, Italy
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