1
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Trócoli R, Houdeville R, Frontera C, Vincent S, Garcia Lastra JM, Palacín MR. Prussian Blue Analogues as Positive Electrodes for Mg Batteries: Insights into Mg 2+ Intercalation. ChemSusChem 2024; 17:e202301224. [PMID: 37917571 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Potassium manganese hexacianoferrate has been prepared by co-precipitation from manganese (II) chloride and potassium citrate, with chemical analysis yielding the formula K1.72 Mn[Fe(CN)6 ]0.92 □0.08 ⋅ 1.1H2 O (KMnHCF). Its X-ray diffraction pattern is consistent with a monoclinic structure (space group P 21 /n, no. 14) with cell parameters a=10.1202(6)Å, b=7.2890(5)Å, c=7.0193(4)Å, and β=89.90(1)°. Its redox behavior has been studied in magnesium containing electrolytes. Both K+ ions deintercalated from the structure upon oxidation and contamination with Na+ ions coming from the separator were found to interfere in the electrochemical response. In the absence of alkaline ions, pre-oxidized manganese hexacianoferrate showed reversible magnesium intercalation, and the process has been studied by operando synchrotron X-ray diffraction. The location of Mg2+ ions in the crystal structure was not possible with the available experimental data. Still, density functional theory simulations indicated that the most favorable position for Mg2+ intercalation is at 32f sites (considering a pseudo cubic F m-3m phase), which are located between 8c and Mn sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Trócoli
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica e Ingeniería Química, Instituto Químico para la Energía y el Medio Ambiente (IQUEMA), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Córdoba, 14071, Spain
| | - Raphaëlle Houdeville
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carlos Frontera
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Smobin Vincent
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Juan Maria Garcia Lastra
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - M Rosa Palacín
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
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2
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Black AP, Sorrentino A, Fauth F, Yousef I, Simonelli L, Frontera C, Ponrouch A, Tonti D, Palacín MR. Synchrotron radiation based operando characterization of battery materials. Chem Sci 2023; 14:1641-1665. [PMID: 36819848 PMCID: PMC9931056 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04397a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Synchrotron radiation based techniques are powerful tools for battery research and allow probing a wide range of length scales, with different depth sensitivities and spatial/temporal resolutions. Operando experiments enable characterization during functioning of the cell and are thus a precious tool to elucidate the reaction mechanisms taking place. In this perspective, the current state of the art for the most relevant techniques (scattering, spectroscopy, and imaging) is discussed together with the bottlenecks to address, either specific for application in the battery field or more generic. The former includes the improvement of cell designs, multi-modal characterization and development of protocols for automated or at least semi-automated data analysis to quickly process the huge amount of data resulting from operando experiments. Given the recent evolution in these areas, accelerated progress is expected in the years to come, which should in turn foster battery performance improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley P Black
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB 08193 Bellaterra Catalonia Spain
| | - Andrea Sorrentino
- CELLS - ALBA Synchrotron 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès Catalonia Spain
| | - François Fauth
- CELLS - ALBA Synchrotron 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès Catalonia Spain
| | - Ibraheem Yousef
- CELLS - ALBA Synchrotron 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès Catalonia Spain
| | - Laura Simonelli
- CELLS - ALBA Synchrotron 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès Catalonia Spain
| | - Carlos Frontera
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB 08193 Bellaterra Catalonia Spain
| | - Alexandre Ponrouch
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB 08193 Bellaterra Catalonia Spain
| | - Dino Tonti
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB 08193 Bellaterra Catalonia Spain
| | - M Rosa Palacín
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB 08193 Bellaterra Catalonia Spain
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3
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Trócoli R, Parajuli P, Frontera C, Black AP, Alexander GCB, Roy I, Arroyo-de Dompablo ME, Klie RF, Cabana J, Palacín MR. β-V 2O 5 as Magnesium Intercalation Cathode. ACS Appl Energy Mater 2022; 5:11964-11969. [PMID: 36311467 PMCID: PMC9597546 DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.2c02371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium batteries have attracted great attention as an alternative to Li-ion batteries but still suffer from limited choice of positive electrode materials. V2O5 exhibits high theoretical capacities, but previous studies have been mostly limited to α-V2O5. Herein, we report on the β-V2O5 polymorph as a Mg intercalation electrode. The structural changes associated with the Mg2+ (de-) intercalation were analyzed by a combination of several characterization techniques: in situ high resolution X-ray diffraction, scanning transmission electron microscopy, electron energy-loss spectroscopy, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The reversible capacity reached 361 mAh g-1, the highest value found at room temperature for V2O5 polymorphs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Trócoli
- Instituto
de Ciencia de Materiales de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica e Ingeniería Química,
Instituto Universitario de Nanoquímica (IUNAN), Facultad de
Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Córdoba 14071, Spain
| | - Prakash Parajuli
- Department
of Physics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Carlos Frontera
- Instituto
de Ciencia de Materiales de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ashley P. Black
- Instituto
de Ciencia de Materiales de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Grant C. B. Alexander
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
- Joint Center
for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National
Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United
States
| | - Indrani Roy
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | | | - Robert F. Klie
- Department
of Physics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
- Joint Center
for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National
Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United
States
| | - Jordi Cabana
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
- Joint Center
for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National
Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United
States
| | - M. Rosa Palacín
- Instituto
de Ciencia de Materiales de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
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4
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Serrano-Sevillano J, Oró-Solé J, Gázquez J, Frontera C, Black AP, Casas-Cabanas M, Palacín MR. Assessing the local structure and quantifying defects in Ca 4Fe 9O 17 combining STEM and FAULTS. Inorg Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qi01951e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Defects in crystalline structures play a vital role in their properties, so their proper characterization is essential to understanding and improving the behaviour of the materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Serrano-Sevillano
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ICMCB, UMR 5026, F-33600 Pessac, France
- Centro de Investigación Cooperativa de Energías Alternativas (CIC energiGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnológico de Alava, Albert Einstein 48, 01510 Vitoria-Gasteiz, España
- Alistore-European Research Institute, CNRS, Amiens, 80000, France
| | - Judith Oró-Solé
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jaume Gázquez
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carlos Frontera
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ashley P. Black
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Montse Casas-Cabanas
- Centro de Investigación Cooperativa de Energías Alternativas (CIC energiGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnológico de Alava, Albert Einstein 48, 01510 Vitoria-Gasteiz, España
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz de Haro 3, 48013, Bilbao, Spain
| | - M. Rosa Palacín
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
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5
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Affiliation(s)
- Montse Casas‐Cabanas
- CIC energiGUNE Albert Einstein 48 01510 Miñano Alava Spain
- Ikerbasque Basque Foundation for Science María Díaz de Haro 3 48013 Bilbao Spain
| | - Alexandre Ponrouch
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona ICMAB-CSIC Campus UAB 08193 Bellaterra Catalonia Spain
| | - M. Rosa Palacín
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona ICMAB-CSIC Campus UAB 08193 Bellaterra Catalonia Spain
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6
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Monti D, Jónsson E, Boschin A, Palacín MR, Ponrouch A, Johansson P. Towards standard electrolytes for sodium-ion batteries: physical properties, ion solvation and ion-pairing in alkyl carbonate solvents. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:22768-22777. [PMID: 33021285 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03639k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The currently emerging sodium-ion battery technology is in need of an optimized standard organic solvent electrolyte based on solid and directly comparable data. With this aim we have made a systematic study of "simple" electrolyte systems consisting of two sodium salts (NaTFSI and NaPF6) dissolved in three different alkyl carbonate solvents (EC, PC, DMC) within a wide range of salt concentrations and investigated: (i) their more macroscopic physico-chemical properties such as ionic conductivity, viscosity, thermal stability, and (ii) the molecular level properties such as ion-pairing and solvation. From this all electrolytes were found to have useful thermal operational windows and electrochemical stability windows, allowing for large scale energy storage technologies focused on load levelling or (to a less extent) electric vehicles, and ionic conductivities on par with analogous lithium-ion battery electrolytes, giving promise to also be power performant. Furthermore, at the molecular level the NaPF6-based electrolytes are more dissociated than the NaTFSI-based ones because of the higher ionic association strength of TFSI compared to PF6- while two different conformers of DMC participate in the Na+ first solvation shells - a Na+ affected conformational equilibrium and induced polarity of DMC. The non-negligible presence of DMC in the Na+ first solvation shells increases as a function of salt concentration. Overall, these results should both have a general impact on the design of more performant Na-conducting electrolytes and provide useful insight on the very details of the importance of DMC conformers in any cation solvation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Monti
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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7
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Black AP, Torres A, Frontera C, Palacín MR, Arroyo-de Dompablo ME. Appraisal of calcium ferrites as cathodes for calcium rechargeable batteries: DFT, synthesis, characterization and electrochemistry of Ca 4Fe 9O 17. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:2671-2679. [PMID: 32048697 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt04688g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Sustainability combined with high energy density prospects makes Fe-based oxides attractive as cathodes for calcium rechargeable batteries. This work presents a DFT evaluation of the CaFe2+nO4+n (0 < n < 3) family, for which both the average intercalation voltage and the theoretical specific capacity decrease with the increasing n value. The term n = 1/4, Ca4Fe9O17, meets the most appealing characteristics: a calculated average voltage of 4.16 V, a theoretical specific capacity of 230 mA h g-1 and the lowest energy barrier for Ca migration so far predicted for an existing oxide (0.72 eV). To overcome the previously reported synthesis difficulties, we employed a novel synthesis procedure in sealed quartz tubes followed by quenching in water. The XRD and SAED patterns of the prepared Ca4Fe9O17 powder reveal a certain degree of stacking defects along the c axis. Attempts to deinsert Ca ions from Ca4Fe9O17 by chemical means (NO2BF4 in ACN) and in electrochemical Ca cells were unsuccessful, although some hints of oxidation are observed in Li cells with the LP30 electrolyte. The suitability of Ca4Fe9O17 as a Ca cathode is pending further studies utilizing Ca-electrolytes with high anodic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley P Black
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain and ALISTORE-ERI European Research Institute, CNRS FR 3104, Hub de l'Energie, 15 Rue Baudelocque, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Arturo Torres
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carlos Frontera
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain and ALISTORE-ERI European Research Institute, CNRS FR 3104, Hub de l'Energie, 15 Rue Baudelocque, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - M Rosa Palacín
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain and ALISTORE-ERI European Research Institute, CNRS FR 3104, Hub de l'Energie, 15 Rue Baudelocque, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - M Elena Arroyo-de Dompablo
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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8
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Abstract
This Review flows from past attempts to develop a (rechargeable) battery technology based on Ca via crucial breakthroughs to arrive at a comprehensive discussion of the current challenges at hand. The realization of a rechargeable Ca battery technology primarily requires identification and development of suitable electrodes and electrolytes, which is why we here cover the progress starting from the fundamental electrode/electrolyte requirements, concepts, materials, and compositions employed and finally a critical analysis of the state-of-the-art, allowing us to conclude with the particular roadblocks still existing. As for crucial breakthroughs, reversible plating and stripping of calcium at the metal-anode interface was achieved only recently and for very specific electrolyte formulations. Therefore, while much of the current research aims at finding suitable cathodes to achieve proof-of-concept for a full Ca battery, the spectrum of electrolytes researched is also expanded. Compatibility of cell components is essential, and to ensure this, proper characterization is needed, which requires design of a multitude of reliable experimental setups and sometimes methodology development beyond that of other next generation battery technologies. Finally, we conclude with recommendations for future strategies to make best use of the current advances in materials science combined with computational design, electrochemistry, and battery engineering, all to propel the Ca battery technology to reality and ultimately reach its full potential for energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Elena Arroyo-de Dompablo
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense sn, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alexandre Ponrouch
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain.,ALISTORE-European Research Institute, CNRS FR 3104, Hub de l'Energie, 15 Rue Baudelocque, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Patrik Johansson
- ALISTORE-European Research Institute, CNRS FR 3104, Hub de l'Energie, 15 Rue Baudelocque, 80039 Amiens, France.,Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - M Rosa Palacín
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain.,ALISTORE-European Research Institute, CNRS FR 3104, Hub de l'Energie, 15 Rue Baudelocque, 80039 Amiens, France
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9
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Abstract
Current societal challenges in terms of energy storage have prompted an intensification in the research aiming at unravelling new high energy density battery technologies. These would have the potential of having disruptive effects in the world transition towards a less carbon-dependent energy economy through transport, both by electrification and renewable energy integration. Aside from controversial debates on lithium supply, the development of new sustainable battery chemistries based on abundant elements is appealing, especially for large-scale stationary applications. Interesting alternatives are to use sodium, magnesium or calcium instead of lithium. While for the Na-ion case, fast progresses are expected as a result of chemical similarities with lithium and the cumulated Li-ion battery know-how over the years, for Ca and Mg the situation is radically different. On the one hand, the possibility to use Ca or Mg metal anodes would bring a breakthrough in terms of energy density; on the other, development of suitable electrolytes and cathodes with efficient multivalent ion migration are bottlenecks to overcome. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Energy materials for a low carbon future'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Ponrouch
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- ALISTORE-ERI European Research Institute, France
| | - M. Rosa Palacín
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- ALISTORE-ERI European Research Institute, France
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10
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Verrelli R, Black AP, Frontera C, Oró-Solé J, Arroyo-de Dompablo ME, Fuertes A, Palacín MR. On the Study of Ca and Mg Deintercalation from Ternary Tantalum Nitrides. ACS Omega 2019; 4:8943-8952. [PMID: 31459982 PMCID: PMC6648860 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Layered CaTaN2 and MgTa2N3 and cubic Mg2Ta2N4 were prepared by direct solid state reaction from the binary nitrides Ta3N5 and A3N2 (A: Mg, Ca). CaTaN2 showed a slight Ca deficiency (0.11 moles per formula), and a monoclinic distortion from previously reported R3̅m symmetry, with space group C2/m and cell parameters a = 5.4011(2), b = 3.1434(1), c = 5.9464(2) Å and β = 107.91(3)°. Ca2+ and Mg2+ deintercalation was investigated in the three compounds both chemically and electrochemically. No significant Mg2+ extraction could be inferred for MgTa2N3 and Mg2Ta2N4, neither after reaction with NO2BF4 nor after electrochemical oxidation at 100 °C in alkyl carbonate electrolytes. Rietveld refinement of the X-ray powder diffraction pattern of chemically oxidized Ca0.89TaN2 indicates a decrease of the Ca content to 0.34 concomitant to the disappearance of the monoclinic distortion and expansion of the interlayer space from 5.658 to 5.762 Å, space group R3̅m and cell parameters a = 3.1103(1) and c = 17.287(1) Å. Deintercalation in this compound was also achieved electrochemically at 100 °C. Results of density functional theory calculations seem to indicate that reaction mechanisms for CaTaN2 oxidation additional and/or alternative to deintercalation are taking place, which is likely related to the loss of crystallinity observed upon oxidation and the irreversibility of the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Verrelli
- Institut
de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- ALISTORE-ERI
European Research Institute, CNRS FR 3104, Hub de l’Energie, Rue Baudelocque, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France
| | - Ashley Philip Black
- Institut
de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- ALISTORE-ERI
European Research Institute, CNRS FR 3104, Hub de l’Energie, Rue Baudelocque, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France
| | - Carlos Frontera
- Institut
de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Judith Oró-Solé
- Institut
de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | - Amparo Fuertes
- Institut
de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - M. Rosa Palacín
- Institut
de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- ALISTORE-ERI
European Research Institute, CNRS FR 3104, Hub de l’Energie, Rue Baudelocque, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France
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11
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Monti D, Ponrouch A, Araujo RB, Barde F, Johansson P, Palacín MR. Multivalent Batteries-Prospects for High Energy Density: Ca Batteries. Front Chem 2019; 7:79. [PMID: 30842941 PMCID: PMC6391315 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Batteries based on Ca hold the promise to leapfrog ahead regarding increases in energy densities and are especially attractive as Ca is the 5th most abundant element in the Earth's crust. The viability of Ca metal anodes has recently been shown by approaches that either use wide potential window electrolytes at moderately elevated temperatures or THF-based electrolytes at room temperature. This paper provides realistic estimates of the practical energy densities for Ca-based rechargeable batteries at the cell level, calculated using open source models for several concepts. The results from the Ca metal anode batteries indicate that doubled or even tripled energy density as compared to the state-of-the-art Li-ion batteries is viable if a practical proof-of-concept can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Monti
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Alexandre Ponrouch
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Rafael B Araujo
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Fanny Barde
- Battery & Fuel Cell, Advanced Material Research and Development Department, Technical Centre, Toyota Motor Europe, Zaventem, Belgium
| | - Patrik Johansson
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden.,ALISTORE-ERI European Research Institute, CNRS FR 3104, Hub de l'Energie, Rue Baudelocque, Amiens, France
| | - M Rosa Palacín
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Bellaterra, Spain.,ALISTORE-ERI European Research Institute, CNRS FR 3104, Hub de l'Energie, Rue Baudelocque, Amiens, France
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12
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Abstract
The electrochemical oxidation of a transition metal oxide through calcium extraction is achieved for the first time. The 1D framework of Ca3Co2O6 is maintained upon oxidation and the new phase formed exhibits a modulated structure. The process occurs at high potential and is partially reversible, which opens prospects for a calcium battery proof-of-concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyana S Tchitchekova
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain.
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13
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Abstract
Performance degradation over Li-ion battery lifetime is unavoidable and ultimately rooted in chemical processes. Their extent is mostly determined by battery material components and operation conditions (charge/discharge rates, voltage operation limits and temperature) and can also be influenced by battery design. The two major factors contributing to loss of negative electrode performance are the instability of the passivation layer formed at the electrode/electrolyte interface (enhanced at higher temperatures) and lithium metal plating (intensified at low temperatures). In contrast, capacity fading at the positive electrode mostly results from partial dissolution of the active material during cycling/storage or electrolyte solvent oxidation, which is promoted by temperature and high potential. While it would be most useful to be able to monitor degradation at all levels while the cell is being cycled, the feasibility of this approach remains limited, and most approaches involve accelerated testing with ante/post mortem characterization. Yet, the use of suitable protocols for battery opening and disassembling is crucial to avoid biased interpretation. Finally, the relevance of degradation diagnosis coupled to modelling is also worth mentioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rosa Palacín
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain.
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Johansson
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
- ALISTORE-ERI European Research Institute, FR CNRS 3104, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France
| | - Patrick Rozier
- University of Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, CIRIMAT CNRS UMR 5085, 118 route de Narbonne, Toulouse, Cedex 09 31062, France
- ALISTORE-ERI European Research Institute, FR CNRS 3104, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France
| | - M. Rosa Palacín
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- ALISTORE-ERI European Research Institute, FR CNRS 3104, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France
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Arroyo-de Dompablo ME, Krich C, Nava-Avendaño J, Palacín MR, Bardé F. In quest of cathode materials for Ca ion batteries: the CaMO3 perovskites (M = Mo, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 18:19966-72. [PMID: 27398629 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp03381d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Basic electrochemical characteristics of CaMO3 perovskites (M = Mo, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni) as cathode materials for Ca ion batteries are investigated using first principles calculations at the Density Functional Theory level (DFT). Calculations have been performed within the Generalized Gradient Approximation (GGA) and GGA+U methodologies, and considering cubic and orthorhombic perovskite structures for CaxMO3 (x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1). The analysis of the calculated voltage-composition profile and volume variations identifies CaMoO3 as the most promising perovskite compound. It combines good electronic conductivity, moderate crystal structure modifications, and activity in the 2-3 V region with several intermediate CaxMoO3 phases. However, we found too large barriers for Ca diffusion (around 2 eV) which are inherent to the perovskite structure. The CaMoO3 perovskite was synthesized, characterized and electrochemically tested, and results confirmed the predicted trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Arroyo-de Dompablo
- Malta Consolider Team, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - C Krich
- Toyota Motor Europe, Research & Development 3, Advanced Technology 1, Technical Centre, Hoge Wei 33 B, B-1930 Zaventem, Belgium
| | - J Nava-Avendaño
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - M R Palacín
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - F Bardé
- Toyota Motor Europe, Research & Development 3, Advanced Technology 1, Technical Centre, Hoge Wei 33 B, B-1930 Zaventem, Belgium
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Ponrouch A, Frontera C, Bardé F, Palacín MR. Towards a calcium-based rechargeable battery. Nat Mater 2016; 15:169-72. [PMID: 26501412 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The development of a rechargeable battery technology using light electropositive metal anodes would result in a breakthrough in energy density. For multivalent charge carriers (M(n+)), the number of ions that must react to achieve a certain electrochemical capacity is diminished by two (n = 2) or three (n = 3) when compared with Li(+) (ref. ). Whereas proof of concept has been achieved for magnesium, the electrodeposition of calcium has so far been thought to be impossible and research has been restricted to non-rechargeable systems. Here we demonstrate the feasibility of calcium plating at moderate temperatures using conventional organic electrolytes, such as those used for the Li-ion technology. The reversibility of the process on cycling has been ascertained and thus the results presented here constitute the first step towards the development of a new rechargeable battery technology using calcium anodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ponrouch
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - C Frontera
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - F Bardé
- Toyota Motor Europe, Research and Development 3, Advanced Technology 1, Technical Centre, Hoge Wei 33 B, B-1930 Zaventem, Belgium
| | - M R Palacín
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
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Nava-Avendaño J, Ayllón JA, Frontera C, Oró-Solé J, Estruga M, Molins E, Palacín MR. Low temperature synthesis and characterization of Na–M–(O)–F phases with M=Ti, V. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Fernández de Luis R, Ponrouch A, Rosa Palacín M, Karmele Urtiaga M, Arriortua MI. Electrochemical behavior of [{Mn(Bpy)}(VO3)2]≈(H2O)1.24 and [{Mn(Bpy)0.5}(VO3)2]≈(H2O)0.62 inorganic–organic Brannerites in lithium and sodium cells. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2014.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Meignen V, Oró-Solé J, Bonin W, Morcrette M, Palacín MR, Attfield JP, Fuertes A. Re-entrant layer reconstruction during intercalation in hafnium nitride chloride. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4sc00499j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Ponrouch A, Cabana J, Dugas R, Slack JL, Palacín MR. Electroanalytical study of the viability of conversion reactions as energy storage mechanisms. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra05189k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroanalytical techniques indicate that voltage hysteresis in electrochemical conversion reactions has thermodynamic origins, which highlights the significant challenge to their prospects of application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Ponrouch
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) Campus UAB
- Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordi Cabana
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Illinois at Chicago
- Chicago, USA
- Environmental Energy Technologies Division
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
| | - Romain Dugas
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) Campus UAB
- Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jonathan L. Slack
- Environmental Energy Technologies Division
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley, USA
| | - M. Rosa Palacín
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) Campus UAB
- Catalonia, Spain
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Nava-Avendaño J, Frontera C, Ayllón JA, Oró-Solé J, Senguttuvan P, Palacín MR. Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Sodium Transition Metal Oxyfluoride: NaMnMoO3F3·H2O. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:9791-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ic401447p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Nava-Avendaño
- Institut de Ciència
de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), ALISTORE-ERI European Research Institute, Campus UAB,
E-08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carlos Frontera
- Institut de Ciència
de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), ALISTORE-ERI European Research Institute, Campus UAB,
E-08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | - Judith Oró-Solé
- Institut de Ciència
de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), ALISTORE-ERI European Research Institute, Campus UAB,
E-08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Premkumar Senguttuvan
- Institut de Ciència
de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), ALISTORE-ERI European Research Institute, Campus UAB,
E-08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- Laboratoire de Réactivité
et Chimie des Solides, ALISTORE-ERI European Research Institute, UPJV, CNRS UMR6007, 33 rue Saint
Leu 80039 Amiens, France
| | - M. Rosa Palacín
- Institut de Ciència
de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), ALISTORE-ERI European Research Institute, Campus UAB,
E-08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
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Ponrouch A, Taberna PL, Simon P, Palacín MR. On the origin of the extra capacity at low potential in materials for Li batteries reacting through conversion reaction. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Cabana J, Monconduit L, Larcher D, Palacín MR. Beyond intercalation-based Li-ion batteries: the state of the art and challenges of electrode materials reacting through conversion reactions. Adv Mater 2010; 22:E170-92. [PMID: 20730811 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201000717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 904] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Despite the imminent commercial introduction of Li-ion batteries in electric drive vehicles and their proposed use as enablers of smart grids based on renewable energy technologies, an intensive quest for new electrode materials that bring about improvements in energy density, cycle life, cost, and safety is still underway. This Progress Report highlights the recent developments and the future prospects of the use of phases that react through conversion reactions as both positive and negative electrode materials in Li-ion batteries. By moving beyond classical intercalation reactions, a variety of low cost compounds with gravimetric specific capacities that are two-to-five times larger than those attained with currently used materials, such as graphite and LiCoO(2), can be achieved. Nonetheless, several factors currently handicap the applicability of electrode materials entailing conversion reactions. These factors, together with the scientific breakthroughs that are necessary to fully assess the practicality of this concept, are reviewed in this report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Cabana
- Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Cabana J, Ionica-Bousquet CM, Grey CP, Palacín MR. High rate performance of lithium manganese nitride and oxynitride as negative electrodes in lithium batteries. Electrochem commun 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2009.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Casas-Cabanas M, Canales-Vazquez J, Rodríguez-Carvajal J, Palacín MR. Deciphering the Structural Transformations during Nickel Oxyhydroxide Electrode Operation. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:5840-2. [PMID: 17432856 DOI: 10.1021/ja068433a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Montse Casas-Cabanas
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, Campus UAB E-08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
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Casas-Cabanas M, Rodríguez-Carvajal J, Canales-Vázquez J, Palacín MR. New insights on the microstructural characterisation of nickel hydroxides and correlation with electrochemical properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1039/b602491b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Cabana J, Ling CD, Oró-Solé J, Gautier D, Tobías G, Adams S, Canadell E, Palacín MR. Antifluorite-Type Lithium Chromium Oxide Nitrides: Synthesis, Structure, Order, and Electrochemical Properties. Inorg Chem 2004; 43:7050-60. [PMID: 15500342 DOI: 10.1021/ic049138z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Antifluorite-type lithium chromium oxide nitrides were prepared by solid-state reaction of Li(3)N, Li(2)O, and Cr(2)N. Depending on the reaction time and starting Li/Cr and O/Cr ratios, either an ordered or a disordered phase (or mixtures of both) is obtained. The formation of the former is favored by short reaction times and low Cr/O ratios whereas the formation of the latter is favored by higher Cr/O ratios and longer reaction times. The two phases were characterized, and the first one was confirmed to be the already reported Li(14)Cr(2)N(8)O phase, whereas the stoichiometry of the second is Li(10)CrN(4)O(2). Interestingly, even if both contain cationic vacancies in the structure, electrochemical lithium intercalation could only be achieved for Li(10)CrN(4)O(2). This phase exhibits a reversible capacity of 160 mAh/g very stable upon cycling. Bond valence and first-principles DFT calculations were carried out to understand the absence of lithium insertion in Li(14)Cr(2)N(8)O. Li-Li repulsion and destabilization of the tetrahedral CrN(4) units induced by occupation of the potential sites, as well as the absence of energetically favorable pathways for transport of the ions to these sites, are suggested to be the reasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Cabana
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain, Institut Laue Langevin, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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Cabana J, Rousse G, Fuertes A, Palacín MR. The first lithium manganese oxynitride, Li7.9MnN5 − yOy: preparation and use as electrode material in lithium batteries. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1039/b305040h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Vlassov M, Palacín MR, Beltrán-Porter D, Oró-Solé J, Canadell E, Alemany P, Fuertes A. Chemical Transport Synthesis, Electrochemical Behavior, and Electronic Structure of Superconducting Zirconium and Hafnium Nitride Halides. Inorg Chem 1999; 38:4530-4538. [PMID: 11671167 DOI: 10.1021/ic9903127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The layered nitrides beta-MNX (M = Zr, Hf; X = Cl, Br) crystallize in the space group R&thremacr;m with a hexagonal cell of dimensions a = 3.6031(6) Å, c = 27.672(2) Å for beta-ZrNCl, a = 3.5744(3) Å, c = 27.7075(9) Å for beta-HfNCl, and a = 3.6379(5) Å, c = 29.263(2) Å for beta-ZrNBr. Lithium intercalation using n-buthyllithium in hexane solutions leads to solvent free superconductors of formula Li(0.20)ZrNCl, Li(0.42)HfNCl, Li(0.67)HfNCl, and Li(0.17)ZrNBr showing critical temperatures of 12, 18, 24, and 13.5 K, respectively. Whereas several samples of beta-ZrNBr and beta-ZrNCl showed reproducibility in the lithium uptake and in the corresponding critical temperatures, different samples of beta-HfNCl subjected to the same treatment in n-buthyllithium showed lithium uptakes ranging from 0.07 to 0.67, and corresponding critical temperatures between 0 and 24 K. A linear dependence of T(c) versus the lithium content is observed when all the superconducting samples are considered. The results obtained from electrochemical lithiation are consistent with those obtained with chemical methods, as samples with larger capacity on discharge are also those found to have larger lithium contents after chemical lithiation. Most samples present a reduction step around 1.8 V vs Li(0)-Li(+) whose origin is still unclear. The electrochemical capacity on discharge for beta-HfNCl and beta-ZrNBr depends on the milling time spent in the preparation of the electrodes, with long milling times resulting in lower intercalation degree. Possible causes for this effect are either the creation of structural defects (e.g., stacking faults) or some sample decomposition induced by local heating. The same phenomena are proposed to account for the different behavior of beta-HfNCl samples, although additional aspects such as the presence of hydrogen, oxygen, or extra hafnium atoms in the structure have to be considered. Tight-binding band structure calculations for beta-MNX (M = Zr, X = Cl, Br; M = Hf, X = Cl), ZrCl, and Y(2)C(2)Br(2) are reported. The density of states and Fermi surfaces of the beta-MNX phases as well as the relationship between the electronic structure of the beta-ZrNCl and ZrCl are discussed. Despite the structural relationships, the electronic structures near the Fermi level of the beta-MNX and Y(2)Br(2)C(2) phases are found to be very different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Vlassov
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain, Institut de Ciència de Materials de la Universitat de València, P.O. Box 2085, 46071 València, Spain, and Departament de Química-Física, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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